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Transcript of 1 Foundations of the Modern World II Autumn 2015 Chapter 25 – Europe and the World, 1870-1914 Bill...
1
Foundations of the Modern World II
Autumn 2015
Chapter 25 –• Europe and the World,
1870-1914
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
2
Agenda
• Europe and the World, 1870-1914The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914The New ImperialismThe Search for Territory and MarketsResults of a European-Dominated World
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
3
Balance of Power – Focus Questions
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What was the Three Emperors’ League?
• What was the Triple Alliance?
• What was the Triple Entente?
4
Balance of Power – Three Emperors’ League
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• By 1871, Europe consisted of the Big Five – Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia
• Bismarck forged a new alliance system – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia into the Three Emperors’ League
5
Review questions !
• The Three Emperors’ League, renewed in 1881, contained all of the following nations EXCEPT
A. Italy
B. Germany
C. Russia
D. Austria
E. Hungary
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
6
Balance of Power – Ottoman Empire
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• The Ottoman Empire was called “the sick man of Europe”
It was politically feeble and on the verge of bankruptcy
• Rivalry among its enemies helped to preserve it
7
Balance of Power – Ottoman Empire
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
8
Balance of Power – Congress of Berlin
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Russia hoped to foster the creation of independent states in the Balkans
• In 1874, a Serbian revolt began in two Ottoman provinces (Bosnia and Herzegovina), and Russia declared war against the Ottoman Empire (“First Balkan crisis”)
• The war was quickly over, and Russia captured all of Armenia
9
Balance of Power – Congress of Berlin
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Bismarck hosted the peace conference that met in Berlin in 1878
Russia felt betrayed by Bismarck and abandoned its alliance with Germany
Italy joined Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance in 1882
10
Balance of Power – Triple Entente
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• In 1907, the Triple Entente came into existence – Great Britain, France and Russia
• The Triple Entente was allied against the Triple Alliance
• A second Balkan crisis occurred in 1885
• A third Balkan crisis occurred in 1912, when Italy and Turkey fought over the possession of Tripoli in North Africa
11
Balance of Power – Review Questions
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What was the Three Emperors’ League?
• What was the Triple Alliance?
• What was the Triple Entente?
12
Agenda
• Europe and the World, 1870-1914The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914 The New ImperialismThe Search for Territory and MarketsResults of a European-Dominated World
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
13
The New Imperialism – Focus Questions
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What was the “new imperialism” after 1870?
• What technologies facilitated the new imperialism?
• What were the motivations for the new imperialism?
14
The New Imperialism – Overview
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• The “new imperialism” after 1870 was the acquisition of territories on an intense and unprecedented scale
• The new imperialism was the domination by the industrial powers over the nonindustrial world
• Why did the European empires create vast empires?
15
The New Imperialism – Technology
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Great iron steamships fueled by coal made large-scale exploration and trade possible
• Until 1850, Europeans ventured no farther on the African continent than the coastal areas
• The installation of coal-burning boilers on smaller boats allowed navigation of rivers
16
The New Imperialism – Technology
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• To accommodate the new ships, harbors were deepened and canals were constructed
• The 100-mile long Suez Canal was completed in 1869
Joined the Mediterranean and the Red Seas
Created a new trade route to the East
17
The New Imperialism – Technology
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• The French also tried to construct the Panama Canal
• The US acquired the rights to the Panama project and completed it in 1914
18
Review questions !
• A primary purpose for building the Suez Canal was to
A. Encourage Jewish settlement in nearby Palestine
B. Increase trade between the Middle East, Europe and Asia
C. Reduce the time needed for travel between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea
D. Allow Indian merchants to reach the east coast of Africa
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
19
The New Imperialism – Technology
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Thousands of miles of copper telegraph wire and insulated underwater cables linked countries and continents together
In the late 19th century, a telegraph network connected Europe to every area of the world
20
The New Imperialism – Technology
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Quinine was discovered to be an effective treatment for malaria
David Livingstone and Henry Stanley explored the waterways of Africa after malaria had been controlled
• New types of firearms were produced after 1850 – breech-loading rifles, repeating rifles and machine guns
21
The New Imperialism – Motives for Empire
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What explains the new imperialism of the late 19th century?
Economic motivations
Nationalism (prestige through the acquisition of empire)
Geopolitical concerns
Strategic value of certain lands
Proximity to sea routes
Fueling bases throughout the world for coal-powered ships
Newspapers shaped public opinion and influenced policy
22
The New Imperialism – Review Questions
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What was the “new imperialism” after 1870?
• What technologies facilitated the new imperialism?
• What were the motivations for the new imperialism?
23
Agenda
• Europe and the World, 1870-1914The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914 The New Imperialism The Search for Territory and MarketsResults of a European-Dominated World
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
24
Territory and Markets – Focus Questions
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What were the motives for the scramble for Africa?
• What was the importance of the machine gun?
• What was the Boer War?
• What was different about Ethiopia?
• What was imperialism like in India?
• What was the Opium War?
• How were Japan and the United States involved in imperialism?
25
Territory and Markets – Overview
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• European empire builders pursued a variety of models
Formal military empires (as in Africa)
Informal empires (as in China)
Formal but indirect rule over hierarchical societies (as in India)
Hegemonic influence (by United States)
26
Territory and Markets – The Scramble for Africa
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• The scramble for Africa was a partitioning of Africa (1875-1912)
• By the end of the scramble for Africa, Europeans controlled virtually all of Africa
27
Territory and Markets – The Scramble for Africa
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What were the motives for the scramble for Africa?
Ambitious military men sought to advance their careers by carving out grand colonies (Sahara desert)
The existence of valuable minerals motivated the scramble in some areas (Zimbabwe)
Some colonies were created to please missionaries (Uganda)
Some colonies were created for strategic reasons (Egypt)
Europeans seized territory to keep other Europeans from doing the same thing (Mozambique, Tanzania, Namibia, Botswana)
• Only Ethiopia and Liberia escaped the European grasp
28
Review questions !
• After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were
A. In need of land for their surplus populations
B. Competing for raw materials and markets
C. Determined to bring Christianity to the Muslim world
D. Interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
29
Territory and Markets – The Scramble for Africa
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• The economic downturn in Europe from 1873-1906 influenced imperialist expansion in Africa
Many Europeans acquired African territory in case it would be useful in the long run
• The catalyst for the scramble was Leopold II, king of the Belgians
Under the pretense of philanthropy, Leopold II organized the International African Association (1876)
At the Berlin Conference, the Congo was given to Leopold II
30
Territory and Markets – The Scramble for Africa
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Every instance of European expansion in Africa was characterized by a readiness to shoot Africans
In 1884, Hiram Maxim invented a machine gun that could fire 11 bullets per second
The Brussels Convention of 1890 banned the sale of modern weapons to Africans
• In 1893, in Zimbabwe, 50 Europeans with 6 machine guns killed 3,000 Africans in less than 2 hours
31
Territory and Markets – The Scramble for Africa
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• In South Africa, Afrikaners (or Boers) were settlers of Dutch background who had arrived in the 17th century
• In 1886, the world’s largest deposits of gold were discovered
• Cecil Rhodes and his British colleagues in South Africa identified Afrikaner governmental policies as an impediment to profitable gold production
• In 1895, they organized an attempt to overthrow the Afrikaner government – the Boer War
32
Territory and Markets – The Scramble for Africa
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• One exception to the general rule of conquest was Ethiopia
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 made the Red Sea attractive to European countries eager to protect their trade routes to Asia
The emperor Menelik II played rival European powers against each other to obtain weapons
• When World War I broke out in 1914, the scramble for Africa was over
33Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
Video – The Berlin Conference
• Focus questions:
• What was the effect of Livingstone and Stanley’s exploration of the Congo?
• How does the Berlin Conference still affect Africa today?
34
Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – India
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• India was the starting point of all British expansion
• Formal British rule in India began in 1861
• India was ruled by a viceroy, who was assisted by legislative and executive councils
• Indian representatives were included in the two councils
• The British found it to their advantage to maintain the divisions of the highly stratified Hindu society
35
Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – India
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
36
Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – China
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Britain’s demand for Chinese tea grew
• To balance the trade deficit created by tea, Britain used opium exports to China
• Concerned with the rise in addiction, social problems and the outflow of silver, the Chinese government reacted
• In 1839, the Chinese government destroyed British opium in the port of Canton, beginning the Opium War (1839-1842)
37
Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – China
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Between 1842 and 1895, China fought 5 wars with foreigners and lost all of them
• By 1912, more than 50 major Chinese ports had been handed over to foreign control as “treaty ports”
Treaty ports were centers of foreign residence and trade
Rules of extraterritoriality applied
38
Review questions !
• The results of the Opium War (1839-1842) indicate that China was
A. Still a major military power
B. Not strong enough to resist Western demands
C. Rapidly building a modern industrial economy
D. Accepting Western nations as equal trading partners
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
39
Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – Japan
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Japan competed as an imperialist power in Asia
• In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan defeated Chinese forces
• In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Japan expanded into the Liaodong peninsula, Korea and south Manchuria
• Japan annexed Korea in 1910
40
Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – USA
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• The USA provided another variation on imperial expansion
• By 1848, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
It achieved this by meeting the Native Americans with armed force and concentrating the survivors in assigned territories
• The USA turned to the Caribbean and Pacific Islands for markets and investment opportunities
41
Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – USA
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
42
Territory and Markets – Imperialism in Asia – USA
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
43
Territory and Markets – Review Questions
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What were the motives for the scramble for Africa?
• What was the importance of the machine gun?
• What was the Boer War?
• What was different about Ethiopia?
• What was imperialism like in India?
• What was the Opium War?
• How were Japan and the United States involved in imperialism?
44Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
Video – The 19th Century World Economy
• Focus question:
• According to the video, what were the motivations for the new imperialism?
• How were religion and the new imperialism interconnected?
45
Agenda
• Europe and the World, 1870-1914The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914 The New Imperialism The Search for Territory and Markets Results of a European-Dominated World
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
46
European Domination – Focus Questions
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What was the impact of imperialism on trade, production, consumption and capital flows?
• What is the gold standard?
• Who was Rudyard Kipling?
• What is eugenics?
• What were some other results of imperialism?
• How did imperialism produce a critique of capitalism?
47
European Domination – Results
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Industrialism and capitalism linked the continents in a communication and transportation network
Foreign trade increased from 3% of world output in 1800 to 33% by 1913
• World production and consumption were shaped to suit the needs of the West
Farmers in Kenya put aside their traditional agriculture to grow coffee, tea and sugar
Availability of cheap British textiles ended Indian weaving
48
European Domination – Results
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Capital flowed out of Europe into investments in non-industrialized regions
• European countries adopted the gold standard for exchange by 1874
This facilitated the operation of a single trading and investment system
49
European Domination – Results
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Belief in cultural superiority led to arguments for racial superiority
The British poet Rudyard Kipling wrote “White Man’s Burden” about the responsibilities of the West
• Newly-formed clubs stressed the need for careful mate selection
• In Britain, Francis Galton founded eugenics, the study of genetics for improving inherited characteristics
50
European Domination – Results
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed
Go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.
51
European Domination – Results
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Other results…
Western men and women carried diseases to people who did not share their immunity
Traditional village life was destroyed in rural India
African societies disintegrated
Some European countries used their overseas territories as dumping grounds for criminals
52
European Domination – Results
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• Imperialism produced a critique of capitalism
• J.A. Hobson published Imperialism, A Study in 1902
Argued that imperialism resulted from surplus capital at home
Surplus capital should be resolved by increasing workers’ wages – which would create new opportunities for investment in home markets
• Lenin published Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism in 1916
Argued that capitalism was inherently and inevitably imperialistic
53
European Domination – Review Questions
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
• What was the impact of imperialism on trade, production, consumption and capital flows?
• What is the gold standard?
• Who was Rudyard Kipling?
• What is eugenics?
• What were some other results of imperialism?
• How did imperialism produce a critique of capitalism?
54Bill Myer – Autumn 2015
Video – Dutch, British and Russia Colonies in Asia
• Focus questions:
• What was the outcome of the Russo-Japanese War?
• What was the outcome of the Boxer Rebellion?
55
Agenda
• Europe and the World, 1870-1914 The European Balance of Power, 1870-1914 The New Imperialism The Search for Territory and Markets Results of a European-Dominated World
Bill Myer – Autumn 2015