1 FIRE OFFICER DEVELOPEMENT INCIDENT SAFETY OFFICER.

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FIRE OFFICER DEVELOPEMENTFIRE OFFICER

DEVELOPEMENT

INCIDENT SAFETY OFFICER

INCIDENT SAFETY OFFICER

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NIOSH Fatality InvestigationsNIOSH Fatality Investigations

• Federal Mandate

• Reports found at: www.cdc.gov/niosh• Reoccurring recommendation:

“…ensure that a separate Incident Safety Officer, independent from the IC, is appointed…responds automatically to pre-designated incidents.”

• Federal Mandate

• Reports found at: www.cdc.gov/niosh• Reoccurring recommendation:

“…ensure that a separate Incident Safety Officer, independent from the IC, is appointed…responds automatically to pre-designated incidents.”

Applicable StandardsApplicable Standards

• NFPA-1521• EM-06• EM-07• EM-29 (references Increased Hazards)

• NFPA-1521• EM-06• EM-07• EM-29 (references Increased Hazards)

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Benefits of the Incident Safety Officer

Benefits of the Incident Safety Officer

• Diminishes accident potential and enhances safety culture

• Minimizes time lost due to injuries• Helps protect against liability• Maximizes Incident Commander focus• Instills safety-consciousness in the

Firefighters themselves• Enhances efficiency and effectiveness

• Diminishes accident potential and enhances safety culture

• Minimizes time lost due to injuries• Helps protect against liability• Maximizes Incident Commander focus• Instills safety-consciousness in the

Firefighters themselves• Enhances efficiency and effectiveness

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The Nature of FirefightersThe Nature of Firefighters• Aggressive - want to get in

• Action oriented• Results oriented• Risk-takers

• Hot and cold influences on behavior

• Fatigue (post incident)• Adrenaline burn – chemical

imbalance?• What do we know about

ourselves?

• Aggressive - want to get in • Action oriented• Results oriented• Risk-takers

• Hot and cold influences on behavior

• Fatigue (post incident)• Adrenaline burn – chemical

imbalance?• What do we know about

ourselves?

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Duties of the ISODuties of the ISO

In it’s simplest form, the ISO evaluates:

• Fire Behavior• Building Behavior - the environment• Firefighter Behavior

This helps you READ the RISK!

In it’s simplest form, the ISO evaluates:

• Fire Behavior• Building Behavior - the environment• Firefighter Behavior

This helps you READ the RISK!

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Risk ManagementRisk Management

• Risk : A chance of damage, injury or loss

• Risk Management: process of minimizing the Chance, Degree, or Probability of damage, loss, or injury

• Risk : A chance of damage, injury or loss

• Risk Management: process of minimizing the Chance, Degree, or Probability of damage, loss, or injury

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Classic Risk ManagementClassic Risk Management

• Hazard identification

• Hazard evaluation

• Prioritize hazards

• Control hazards

• Monitor hazards

• Hazard identification

• Hazard evaluation

• Prioritize hazards

• Control hazards

• Monitor hazards

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The ISO as a Risk ManagerThe ISO as a Risk Manager

• ISO identifies hazards• Provides an assessment of hazards for IC• Provides solutions to the IC

• Develops credibility• Predicts injuries BEFORE they happen• Makes a DIFFERENCE!

• ISO identifies hazards• Provides an assessment of hazards for IC• Provides solutions to the IC

• Develops credibility• Predicts injuries BEFORE they happen• Makes a DIFFERENCE!

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The ART of Reading Smoke


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Why “Read” Smoke?Why “Read” Smoke?

To determine To determine ““HOW MUCHHOW MUCH” fire” fireTo determine To determine ““HOW MUCHHOW MUCH” fire” fire

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To help find the To help find the LOCATIONLOCATION

of the fireof the fire

To help find the To help find the LOCATIONLOCATION

of the fireof the fire

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To help predict To help predict COLLAPSECOLLAPSE

potentialpotential

To help predict To help predict COLLAPSECOLLAPSE

potentialpotential

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To help To help PRIORITIZEPRIORITIZE Strategies Strategies

& Tactics& Tactics

To help To help PRIORITIZEPRIORITIZE Strategies Strategies

& Tactics& Tactics

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To To PROTECTPROTECT Firefighters from aFirefighters from a

““HOSTILE FIRE HOSTILE FIRE

EVENT”EVENT”

To To PROTECTPROTECT Firefighters from aFirefighters from a

““HOSTILE FIRE HOSTILE FIRE

EVENT”EVENT”

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The “ADVANCED” Basics


Concept #1: “Smoke”Concept #1: “Smoke”

Is FuelIs Fuel

Concept #1: “Smoke”Concept #1: “Smoke”

Is FuelIs Fuel

Particulates Particulates

Aerosols Aerosols

Gases Gases

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Concept #2: Fuels have Concept #2: Fuels have changed - Mass and Make-changed - Mass and Make-up!up!

Concept #2: Fuels have Concept #2: Fuels have changed - Mass and Make-changed - Mass and Make-up!up!

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Concept 3: Concept 3:

The Fuel has Triggers:The Fuel has Triggers:

•Flash Point Flash Point

•Fire PointFire Point

•Ignition TemperatureIgnition Temperature

Concept 3: Concept 3:

The Fuel has Triggers:The Fuel has Triggers:

•Flash Point Flash Point

•Fire PointFire Point

•Ignition TemperatureIgnition Temperature

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How does How does “flammable range”“flammable range” factor factor in?in?

How does How does “flammable range”“flammable range” factor factor in?in?

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Flammable Range & the Three Fires

Flammable Range & the Three Fires

Too Lean . . .Too Lean . . .

Too Rich . . .Too Rich . . .

Just Right . . .Just Right . . .

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“ HOSTILE ” Fire Events

“ HOSTILE ” Fire Events

• FlashoverFlashover

• BackdraftBackdraft

• Smoke ExplosionSmoke Explosion

• Rapid Fire SpreadRapid Fire Spread

• FlashoverFlashover

• BackdraftBackdraft

• Smoke ExplosionSmoke Explosion

• Rapid Fire SpreadRapid Fire Spread

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FLASHOVERFLASHOVER

WARNING SIGNS:WARNING SIGNS:Turbulent SmokeTurbulent Smoke““Rollover”Rollover”Auto Ignition outsideAuto Ignition outsideSmoke –Cloud Ignition is likely after Smoke –Cloud Ignition is likely after

flashoverflashover

WARNING SIGNS:WARNING SIGNS:Turbulent SmokeTurbulent Smoke““Rollover”Rollover”Auto Ignition outsideAuto Ignition outsideSmoke –Cloud Ignition is likely after Smoke –Cloud Ignition is likely after

flashoverflashover

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BACKDRAFTBACKDRAFT

Remember – Backdraft is triggered by O2 Remember – Backdraft is triggered by O2 being introduced to a pressurized being introduced to a pressurized “box”“box”

Yellowish-grey smokeYellowish-grey smoke WhistlingWhistling Bowing windowsBowing windows ““Sealed” containersSealed” containers

Remember – Backdraft is triggered by O2 Remember – Backdraft is triggered by O2 being introduced to a pressurized being introduced to a pressurized “box”“box”

Yellowish-grey smokeYellowish-grey smoke WhistlingWhistling Bowing windowsBowing windows ““Sealed” containersSealed” containers

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SMOKE EXPLOSIONSMOKE EXPLOSIONRemember – A Smoke Explosion is a spark Remember – A Smoke Explosion is a spark

or flame applied to a mixture below its or flame applied to a mixture below its ignition temperatureignition temperature

Trapped gases in upper areasTrapped gases in upper areas Growing fireGrowing fire Increasing smoke densityIncreasing smoke density Air intake overtaking smoke exitingAir intake overtaking smoke exiting

Remember – A Smoke Explosion is a spark Remember – A Smoke Explosion is a spark or flame applied to a mixture below its or flame applied to a mixture below its ignition temperatureignition temperature

Trapped gases in upper areasTrapped gases in upper areas Growing fireGrowing fire Increasing smoke densityIncreasing smoke density Air intake overtaking smoke exitingAir intake overtaking smoke exiting

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RAPID FIRE SPREADRAPID FIRE SPREAD

Usually “Container” InfluencedUsually “Container” Influenced

SMOKE is the Fuel that is spreading SMOKE is the Fuel that is spreading

the firethe fire

Look for fast moving smoke in high Look for fast moving smoke in high

pressure zones pressure zones

May result from another “event”May result from another “event”

Usually “Container” InfluencedUsually “Container” Influenced

SMOKE is the Fuel that is spreading SMOKE is the Fuel that is spreading

the firethe fire

Look for fast moving smoke in high Look for fast moving smoke in high

pressure zones pressure zones

May result from another “event”May result from another “event”

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“ Reading Smoke”“ Reading Smoke”

• Observations are Observations are

typically made typically made

from outside - from outside -

inside inside

observations hide observations hide

the “real” picture.the “real” picture.

• Observations are Observations are

typically made typically made

from outside - from outside -

inside inside

observations hide observations hide

the “real” picture.the “real” picture.

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“ Reading Smoke”“ Reading Smoke”

• Nothing is absolute Nothing is absolute

• Visible FIRE is easy to read - look past it Visible FIRE is easy to read - look past it

for the real storyfor the real story

• Compare vent openingsCompare vent openings

• Nothing is absolute Nothing is absolute

• Visible FIRE is easy to read - look past it Visible FIRE is easy to read - look past it

for the real storyfor the real story

• Compare vent openingsCompare vent openings

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A A 4-STEP PROCESS4-STEP PROCESS to help to help predict fire behavior and hostile predict fire behavior and hostile

eventsevents

A A 4-STEP PROCESS4-STEP PROCESS to help to help predict fire behavior and hostile predict fire behavior and hostile

eventsevents

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Step 1: Evaluate Key

Factors

Step 1: Evaluate Key

Factors• VolumeVolume

• Velocity Velocity

(Pressure)(Pressure)

• DensityDensity

• ColorColor

• VolumeVolume

• Velocity Velocity

(Pressure)(Pressure)

• DensityDensity

• ColorColor

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VOLUMEVOLUME

Always relative Always relative to the “Box”to the “Box”

Tells “how Tells “how much” fuel has much” fuel has off-gasedoff-gased

Sets the StageSets the Stage

Always relative Always relative to the “Box”to the “Box”

Tells “how Tells “how much” fuel has much” fuel has off-gasedoff-gased

Sets the StageSets the Stage

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VELOCITY (Pressure)VELOCITY (Pressure)

How fast is the How fast is the smoke leaving?smoke leaving?

Can indicate Can indicate volume or heatvolume or heat

Helps find the Helps find the location of the location of the actual fireactual fire

How fast is the How fast is the smoke leaving?smoke leaving?

Can indicate Can indicate volume or heatvolume or heat

Helps find the Helps find the location of the location of the actual fireactual fire

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DENSITYDENSITYMost Important Most Important

FactorFactorQuality of Quality of

BurningBurningContinuity of FuelContinuity of FuelLikelihood of an Likelihood of an

eventevent““Degree” of the Degree” of the

EventEvent

Most Important Most Important FactorFactor

Quality of Quality of BurningBurning

Continuity of FuelContinuity of FuelLikelihood of an Likelihood of an

eventevent““Degree” of the Degree” of the

EventEvent

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COLORCOLOR

Rarely tells Rarely tells “material burning“material burning

Stage of HeatingStage of Heating Location of FireLocation of Fire Amount of Amount of

FlamingFlaming ““Brown” SmokeBrown” Smoke

Rarely tells Rarely tells “material burning“material burning

Stage of HeatingStage of Heating Location of FireLocation of Fire Amount of Amount of

FlamingFlaming ““Brown” SmokeBrown” Smoke

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Step 2: Weigh Factors

Step 2: Weigh Factors

• Container (most Container (most important factor)important factor)

• Thermal BalanceThermal Balance

• WeatherWeather

• Firefighting Firefighting effortsefforts

• Container (most Container (most important factor)important factor)

• Thermal BalanceThermal Balance

• WeatherWeather

• Firefighting Firefighting effortsefforts

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Step 3: Judge the Fire Status

Step 3: Judge the Fire Status

Are conditions getting better or worse?Are conditions getting better or worse?Are conditions getting better or worse?Are conditions getting better or worse?

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Classify the Fire:Classify the Fire:Classify the Fire:Classify the Fire:

Stable -predictableStable -predictable

Rapidly Rapidly changingchanging -predictable-predictableUnstable/Unstable/

UnpredictableUnpredictable

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Step 4: Predict the EVENT

Step 4: Predict the EVENT

Consider that:Consider that:

• One hostile event can - One hostile event can - and and

usually willusually will - lead to another - lead to another

event.event.

• Communicate your Communicate your

observations.observations.

• Warning Signs are not always Warning Signs are not always

visual – use your KNOWLEDGE visual – use your KNOWLEDGE

and EXPERIENCE.and EXPERIENCE.

TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…

Consider that:Consider that:

• One hostile event can - One hostile event can - and and

usually willusually will - lead to another - lead to another

event.event.

• Communicate your Communicate your

observations.observations.

• Warning Signs are not always Warning Signs are not always

visual – use your KNOWLEDGE visual – use your KNOWLEDGE

and EXPERIENCE.and EXPERIENCE.

TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…TRUST YOUR INSTINCTS…

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Some other “Tricks”Some other “Tricks”

Watch open doorways - watch what Watch open doorways - watch what the smoke does – and what the the smoke does – and what the fresh air does!fresh air does!

Watch open doorways - watch what Watch open doorways - watch what the smoke does – and what the the smoke does – and what the fresh air does!fresh air does!

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THE ART OF READING SMOKE

THE ART OF READING SMOKE

Some ExamplesSome ExamplesSome ExamplesSome Examples

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The Science of Predicting Collapse

The Science of Predicting Collapse

The “Science of Predicting Collapse” is actually

A “ 5 STEP-APPROACH” to evaluating collapse potential.

The “Science of Predicting Collapse” is actually

A “ 5 STEP-APPROACH” to evaluating collapse potential.

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Methods/Types of Construction

Methods/Types of Construction Fire Resistive

Non-Combustible: Steel, concrete, masonry, glass

Ordinary: Load-bearing masonry exterior wall, combustible interior construction

Heavy Timber (Mill)

Wood Frame: Platform, Balloon, Lightweight

Hybrids?

Fire Resistive

Non-Combustible: Steel, concrete, masonry, glass

Ordinary: Load-bearing masonry exterior wall, combustible interior construction

Heavy Timber (Mill)

Wood Frame: Platform, Balloon, Lightweight

Hybrids?

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Relationship of Mass/Fire Resistance

Relationship of Mass/Fire Resistance

• The most prevalent reason the year 2002 fire is different than the 1980 fire!

• Most interior Firefighting tactics are based on a 1950’s structure!

• Mass = Fire Resistance

• The most prevalent reason the year 2002 fire is different than the 1980 fire!

• Most interior Firefighting tactics are based on a 1950’s structure!

• Mass = Fire Resistance

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The 1950’s BuildingThe 1950’s Building

Most Members are in COMPRESSION

Connections are “through” the materials

MASS not MATH Fire Loading at

8000 BTUs per Pound

Most Members are in COMPRESSION

Connections are “through” the materials

MASS not MATH Fire Loading at

8000 BTUs per Pound

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2000 & Beyond2000 & Beyond

Members in TENSION

Connections are surface attached

MATH not MASS

Fire Loading is 16,000+ BTUs #

Members in TENSION

Connections are surface attached

MATH not MASS

Fire Loading is 16,000+ BTUs #

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Lightweight ConstructionLightweight ConstructionTrusses

ThroughoutEngineered Wood:

Waste WoodGlued and Pressed Particles

CompositesExperimentation

Methods

Trusses Throughout

Engineered Wood:Waste WoodGlued and Pressed Particles

CompositesExperimentation

Methods

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Predicting Collapse: The 5-Step Process

Predicting Collapse: The 5-Step Process

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Step 1: Classify the TypeStep 1: Classify the Type

• Generalize Type of Construction• FR, NC, O, HT, & WF• **Hybrid**

• Strengths & Weaknesses• Fire behavior within type• Fire spread potential• Hazards vs. Tactics

• Generalize Type of Construction• FR, NC, O, HT, & WF• **Hybrid**

• Strengths & Weaknesses• Fire behavior within type• Fire spread potential• Hazards vs. Tactics

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Step 2: Determine Structural Involvement

Step 2: Determine Structural Involvement

Structural Fire or Contents Fire

Connections Involved

Protective Barriers Compromised

Lightweight components off-gassing

Structural Fire or Contents Fire

Connections Involved

Protective Barriers Compromised

Lightweight components off-gassing

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STEP 3: Visualize Load Imposition

STEP 3: Visualize Load Imposition

Visually “Undress” the Building

Bring in your Knowledge of Materials – and how they react in fire

Weak Links?

Visually “Undress” the Building

Bring in your Knowledge of Materials – and how they react in fire

Weak Links?

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Step 4: Evaluate TIMEStep 4: Evaluate TIME

How long has the fire been burning?

How long will it take to get to the fire?

REMEMBER……

How long has the fire been burning?

How long will it take to get to the fire?

REMEMBER……

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Step 5: Predict Collapse Sequence

Step 5: Predict Collapse Sequence

• Visualize the collapse scenario• Partial or localized? General ?• Who is at most risk?• Imminent or just a potential• Proclaim a COLLAPSE ZONE• What operation(s) needs to be

altered, suspended, terminated

• Visualize the collapse scenario• Partial or localized? General ?• Who is at most risk?• Imminent or just a potential• Proclaim a COLLAPSE ZONE• What operation(s) needs to be

altered, suspended, terminated

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You Now Have the Information To

Predict Collapse

You Now Have the Information To

Predict CollapseEnvision the Collapse – see it

happen in your mind

ZONE the Incident

COMMUNICATE!

Envision the Collapse – see it happen in your mind

ZONE the Incident

COMMUNICATE!

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Once you’ve Zoned & Communicated, Remember. .

.

Once you’ve Zoned & Communicated, Remember. .

. • More FF’s are killed outside the building than

in• You Must understand defensive outside tactics

• The collapse zone - types of collapse• The reach of hose streams• The advantages & risks of aerial streams• The collapse zone for aerial streams• Flanking a fire from the safe zone

• More FF’s are killed outside the building than in

• You Must understand defensive outside tactics• The collapse zone - types of collapse• The reach of hose streams• The advantages & risks of aerial streams• The collapse zone for aerial streams• Flanking a fire from the safe zone

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Construction Sites – WATCH OUT!

Construction Sites – WATCH OUT!

• Under construction vs. Under fire attack• Components not necessarily joined - less

stable• Irregular ground, holes, mud• Power and water may not be functioning• Walk ways and worker paths may not be

secure• Beware of openings between floors,

ventilation shafts, etc.

• Under construction vs. Under fire attack• Components not necessarily joined - less

stable• Irregular ground, holes, mud• Power and water may not be functioning• Walk ways and worker paths may not be

secure• Beware of openings between floors,

ventilation shafts, etc.

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Construction Site Hazards (cont’d)Construction Site Hazards (cont’d)

• Beware of openings or upper floors not yet encased with windows or walls

• Materials in piles may be overloading a structural element

• Flammables will intensify heating• Security fencing may represent an

access/egress problem

• Beware of openings or upper floors not yet encased with windows or walls

• Materials in piles may be overloading a structural element

• Flammables will intensify heating• Security fencing may represent an

access/egress problem

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Exposure of CrewsExposure of Crews

Can you tell when your people have had enough?

Don’t Wait for this to Happen!

Can you tell when your people have had enough?

Don’t Wait for this to Happen!

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PHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARDSPHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

• Ergonomics• Thermal Stress• Dehydration and Energy Depletion• Other Physiological Stressors

• 1 Noise• 2 Diurnal Effects• 3 Psychological Stressors

• Critical Incident Stress• Cumulative Stress

• Ergonomics• Thermal Stress• Dehydration and Energy Depletion• Other Physiological Stressors

• 1 Noise• 2 Diurnal Effects• 3 Psychological Stressors

• Critical Incident Stress• Cumulative Stress

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HEAT INDEXHEAT INDEX

• 85 degrees @ 35% RH = 85 degrees• 90 degrees @ 35% RH = 91 degrees• 95 degrees @ 35% RH = 98 degrees• 100 degrees @ 35% RH = 107 degrees• 105 degrees @ 35% RH = 118 degrees• 110 degrees @ 35% RH = 130 degrees

• 85 degrees @ 35% RH = 85 degrees• 90 degrees @ 35% RH = 91 degrees• 95 degrees @ 35% RH = 98 degrees• 100 degrees @ 35% RH = 107 degrees• 105 degrees @ 35% RH = 118 degrees• 110 degrees @ 35% RH = 130 degrees

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THERMAL STRESSAND

HEAT INDEX

THERMAL STRESSAND

HEAT INDEX

• Current SOP EM-29, Non Emergency

• Heat Index up to 89

• Heat Index from 90 to 99

• Heat Index of 100 or greater


• Emergency activities 90 or greater

• Current SOP EM-29, Non Emergency

• Heat Index up to 89

• Heat Index from 90 to 99



• Emergency activities 90 or greater

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U.S. ARMY STANDARDU.S. ARMY STANDARD

• 78 TO 81.9 NORMAL DUTIES• 82 TO 84.9 NORMAL DUTIES• 85 TO 87.9 USE DISCRETION• 88 TO 89.9 STRENIOUS ACTIVITIES

LIMITED• 90 AND ABOVE STRENUOUS ACTIVITY

CANCELLED

• 78 TO 81.9 NORMAL DUTIES• 82 TO 84.9 NORMAL DUTIES• 85 TO 87.9 USE DISCRETION• 88 TO 89.9 STRENIOUS ACTIVITIES

LIMITED• 90 AND ABOVE STRENUOUS ACTIVITY

CANCELLED

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HYDRATION AND FLUID REPLACEMENT

HYDRATION AND FLUID REPLACEMENT

• 17 minutes of firefighting results in a 15% reduction in plasma volume.

• Hyperthermia causes vasodilation, an increase in vessel diameter.

• Vasodilation also may reduce blood pressure.• Aggressive hydration. 1.7 liters of fluid to

replace fluid lost during 17 minutes of firefighting.

• 17 minutes of firefighting results in a 15% reduction in plasma volume.

• Hyperthermia causes vasodilation, an increase in vessel diameter.

• Vasodilation also may reduce blood pressure.• Aggressive hydration. 1.7 liters of fluid to

replace fluid lost during 17 minutes of firefighting.

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The ISO On-Scene The ISO On-Scene

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Triggers and TrapsTriggers and Traps

Triggers – Those things the ISO can do to help instill safe operations.

Traps – General approaches that will render the ISO ineffective.

Triggers – Those things the ISO can do to help instill safe operations.

Traps – General approaches that will render the ISO ineffective.

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TRIGGERS to Safe Operations


BE VISIBLE – Display the word “Safety” like a banner

BE VISIBLE – Display the word “Safety” like a banner

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Lead by Example!

SOFT Intervention – advice, sharing observations, humor, etc.

FIRM Intervention – Stop, Alter, Suspend operations. Stern Advisories.

Lead by Example!

SOFT Intervention – advice, sharing observations, humor, etc.

FIRM Intervention – Stop, Alter, Suspend operations. Stern Advisories.

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TRAPS to AvoidTRAPS to Avoid

The “Bunker Cop” SyndromeThe “Bunker Cop” Syndrome

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The “CYA” Mode

The “CYA” Mode

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The “Worker”

The “Worker”

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“Hand-Cuffing” the Operation

“Hand-Cuffing” the Operation

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Your Goal:Your Goal:

Be a Valuable Consultant:

• Present tangible - well articulated hazard observations

• Don’t subvert IC• Offer solutions and

contingencies - credibility!

• Regular contact - face to face - every 15 min

Be a Valuable Consultant:

• Present tangible - well articulated hazard observations

• Don’t subvert IC• Offer solutions and

contingencies - credibility!

• Regular contact - face to face - every 15 min

1 FIRE OFFICER DEVELOPEMENT INCIDENT SAFETY OFFICER.

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Transcript of 1 FIRE OFFICER DEVELOPEMENT INCIDENT SAFETY OFFICER.