1

Fig. 18.1

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Monocyte

Platelets

Smalllymphocyte

Neutrophil

Largelymphocyte

Basophil

Smalllymphocyte

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Erythrocyte

Young (band)neutrophil

Monocyte

Neutrophil

2

Fig. 18.2

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Withdrawblood

Centrifuge

Plasma(55% of whole blood)

Formedelements

Erythrocytes(45% of whole blood)

Buffy coat: leukocytesand platelets(<1% of whole blood)

3

Table 18.2

4

Table 18.3

5

Fig. 18.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Surface view

Sectional view(a)

(c)

Capillarywall

Erythrocytes

(b)

7.5 µm

2.0 µm

7 µm

b: ©Susumu Nishinaga/Getty Images; c: ©Dr. Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited

6

Fig. 18.5

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(b)

Beta Alpha

Beta

Hemegroups

Alpha(a)

CH3 CH CH2

C C

HC C C CH

CH3 CC N

C C CH3

CH2 CC N

C C CH CH2

CH2

COOHHC C C CH

C

CH2 CH3

CH2

COOH

N Fe N

C

7

Fig. 18.6

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hemopoieticstem cell

Colony-formingunit (CFU)

Precursorcells

Maturecell

Erythrocyte CFU Erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte

8

Fig. 18.7

8 Remaining transferrin is distributedto other organs where Fe2+ is usedto make hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc.

7

6

5

1

2

3

Fe2+ binds toapoferritinto be storedas ferritin

In liver, some transferrinreleases Fe2+ for storage

In blood plasma,Fe2+ binds to transferrin

Ferritin

Apoferritin

Blood plasma

Transferrin

Mixture of Fe2+ andFe3+ is ingested

Stomach acidconverts Fe3+

to Fe2+

Gastroferritin

Fe2+ binds togastroferritin

4 Gastroferritin transportsFe2+ to small intestine andreleases it for absorption

Fe2+

Fe3+

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9

Fig. 18.8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Sensed by liver and kidneys

Hypoxemia(inadequate O2 transport)

IncreasedO2 transport

IncreasedRBC count

Acceleratederythropoiesis

Secretion oferythropoietin

Stimulation ofred bone marrow

10

Fig. 18.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Small intestine

Amino acidsIron Folic acidVitamin B12

Nutrientabsorption

Erythropoiesis inred bone marrow

Erythrocytescirculate for

120 days

Expired erythrocytesbreak up in liver and spleen

Cell fragmentsphagocytized

Hemoglobindegraded

Hydrolyzed to freeamino acids

Heme

Biliverdin

Bilirubin

Bile

Feces

Storage Reuse Loss bymenstruation,

injury, etc.

Globin

Iron

11

Table 18.5

12

Fig. 18.13

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Antibodies (agglutinins)

13

Fig. 18.16

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Rh– mother

Anti-Dantibody

SecondRh+ fetus

Rhantigen

Rh+ fetus

Uterus

(c) Second pregnancy(b) Between pregnancies(a) First pregnancy

Amniotic sacand chorion

Placenta

14

Fig. 18.17Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

©SIU/Science Source

Nucleus

Lysosomes

5 µm

15

Table 18.6a

16

Table 18.6b

17

Fig. 18.18Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hemopoieticstem cell

Colony-formingunits (CFUs)

Precursorcells

Maturecells

Eosinophilicmyeloblast

EosinophilicCFU

Eosinophilicpromyelocyte

Eosinophilicmyelocyte

Eosinophil

BasophilicCFU

Basophilicmyeloblast

Basophilicpromyelocyte

Basophilicmyelocyte

Basophil

NeutrophilicCFU

Neutrophilicmyeloblast

Neutrophilicpromyelocyte

Neutrophilicmyelocyte

Neutrophil

MonocyticCFU

Monoblast Promonocyte Monocyte

LymphocyticCFU

Lymphoblast

NK prolymphocyte

B lymphocyte

T lymphocyte

B prolymphocyte

T prolymphocyte

NK cell

18

Fig. 18.19 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a: ©Ed Reschke; b: ©Leonard Lessin/Photo Researchers/Getty Images

Platelets

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

Neutrophils

Erythrocytes

(a)

(b) 75 µm

19

Fig. 18.20Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a: ©NIBSC/Science Photo Library/Science Source

Megakaryocyte

Pseudopod

Granules

Opencanalicularsystem

Mitochondria

2 µm

Bloodflow

Endothelium

Sinusoid ofbone marrow

Platelets

Proplatelets

RBC

WBC

(a)

(b)

20

Fig. 18.21

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Vascular spasm

Vasoconstriction

Plateletplug

Bloodclot

Collagenfibers

(c) Coagulation(b) Platelet plug formation

Vesselinjury

Platelet

Endothelialcells

21

Fig. 18.22 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

©P. Motta/SPL/Science Source

Extrinsic mechanism Intrinsic mechanism

PlateletsFactor XII

Damagedperivascular

tissues

Thromboplastin(factor III)

Factor VII Antihemophiliacfactor A

InactiveFactor XI(active)

Factor IX(active) Inactive

Ca2+, PF3

Factor VIII(active)

Inactive

Liver

Factor X(active)

Inactive

Factor IIIFactor VCa2+

PF3

Prothrombinactivator Factor V

Blood clot

Factor XIIICa2+

Fibrinpolymer

Thrombin

FibrinFibrinogen(factor I)

Prothrombin(factor II)

Ca2+

22

Fig. 18.23Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FactorXII

FactorXI

FactorIX

FactorVIII

FactorX

Prothrombinactivator

Thrombin

Fibrin

Rea

ctio

n c

asca

de

(tim

e)

23

Fig. 18.24Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Prekallikrein

FactorXII

Kallikrein Positivefeedback

loop

PlasminPlasminogen

Fibrinpolymer

Clot dissolution

Fibrin degradationproducts