NCCOR Childhood Obesity Evidence Base: A Novel Taxonomic

Meta-Analytic Method

MANUAL OF PROCEDURES

Prepared by:

Lori A. J. Scott-Sheldon, PhD

The Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Research Methods Team

The Miriam Hospital and Brown University

for

Mission Measurement

CHILDHOOD OBESITY EVIDENCE BASE PROJECTThis work is a collaborative effort between Mission Measurement and the National Collabo-

rative on Childhood Obesity Research (NCCOR). It was funded by Office of Behavioral and Social

Science Research (OBSSR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and guided by members of NC-

COR and an NCCOR External Expert Panel. The four organizations represented in NCCOR are the

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Robert

Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

NCCOR is supported by the NCCOR Coordinating Center staff at FHI360

Mission Measurement

Jason Saul (CEO and Founder), Chris Cyr (VP, Data & Analytics),

Heather King, PhD (Chief Ontologist), and Mackenzie Magnus, MPH, MBA

The Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Research Methods Team

Lori A. J. Scott-Sheldon, PhD (Director)

Melissa M. Feulner, MPH, Brittany L. Balletto, BS, and Julie DeCosta, MA

Lead Methodologists

Larry V. Hedges, PhD, and Lori A. J. Scott-Sheldon, PhD

NCCOR Childhood Obesity Evidence Base Working Group

S. Sonia Arteaga, PhD, Christine Hunter, PhD, Young Jo, PhD, Laura Kettel Khan, PhD, and Debo-

rah Young-Hyman, PhD and NCCOR Coordinating Center staff: Mirada Brna, Van Do, and Lav-

erne Canady

NCCOR Childhood Obesity Evidence Base External Expert Panel

Leann L. Birch, PhD, John Cawley, PhD, Jamie F. Chriqui, PhD, MHS, Angie L. Cradock, ScD, MEd,

Christina D. Economos, PhD, Debra Haire-Joshu, PhD, RN, Shiriki Kumanyika, PhD, MPH, Bruce

Lee, MD, MBA, Lorrene D. Ritchie, PhD, RD, Thomas N. Robinson, MD, MPH, and Marlene B.

Schwartz, PhD

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Contents1.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA.....................................................................................................................42. INFORMATION SOURCES...........................................................................................................53. SEARCH STRATEGY.....................................................................................................................64. STUDY SELECTION....................................................................................................................185. DATA COLLECTION PROCESS....................................................................................................206. DATA ITEMS............................................................................................................................. 427. RISK OF BIAS IN INDIVIDUAL STUDIES......................................................................................778. SUMMARY MEASURES.............................................................................................................819. SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS............................................................................................................8210. REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................83

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1. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIAThe study inclusion criteria were developed based on the Population, Interventions, Compar-isons, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS) framework (Center for Reviews and Dissemination, 2008). Each study record or full-text manuscript was reviewed using a well-defined set of inclu-sion and exclusion criteria (see Table 1.1). Table 1.1. Study Eligibility Criteria.

Parameter Inclusion Criteria Exclusion CriteriaPopulation All children living in the United

States between the ages of 2 to 5 years at the time of recruitment.

Neonates, newborns, or infants less than 2 years and children and ado-lescents greater than 5 years at the time of recruitment.

Intervention Any intervention targeting child obesity prevention (e.g., diet, phys-ical activity, sleep). Interventions may be delivered via (a) childcare, preschool programs, schools, home, primary care, or commu-nity-based settings, (b) technology, or (c) structural changes (e.g., pol-icy, environmental).

Interventions targeting obesity in children with birth defects and con-genital anomalies (e.g., spina bifida, heart disease), motor disabilities (e.g., cerebral palsy), genetic de-fects (e.g., Prader-Willi syndrome), or chronic health conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes, cancer).

Comparison Control/comparison condition in-cluding assessment-only/waitlist/no treatment controls, usual care, or an active comparison (e.g., time-matched comparison condition on unrelated topic such as an early lit-eracy program).

Comparison conditions evaluating an alternative childhood obesity prevention program in the absence of a control/comparison group.

Outcomes Objective measures of child weight-related changes (primary outcomes); physical activity, diet/nutrition, or sleep (secondary out-comes).

No anthropometric measures be-yond height and weight of child weight-related changes or body composition were included.

Study Design Published or unpublished studies available on or after January 1, 2000 through August 2019.

Studies published or unpublished (e.g., reports) before 2000.

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Notes and Additional Changes:POPULATION: In studies targeting some older (e.g., kindergartners, 1st graders) or younger (e.g., infants, toddlers), samples will be retained if the upper mean age is less than or equal to 5 years and the lower mean age is greater than or equal to 2 years.

POPULATION: Studies were only included for children living in the United States. If other coun-tries were included, an additional 50 primary studies and 112 [114] supplemental manuscripts (e.g., protocols, papers with results from subsequent assessments) providing additional study-related information could have been included in taxonomic meta-analysis. (Two supplemental manuscripts were used for more than one primary study.) The study samples were located in Canada (7), Germany (7), Australia (6), China (4), United Kingdom (3), Switzerland (3), Belgium (2), Chile (2), France (2), Italy (2), Sweden (2), Turkey (2), Denmark (1), Ecuador (1), Finland (1), Israel (1), Mexico (1), Scotland (1), Spain (1) and The Netherlands (1).

Outcomes: Studies must assess child weight-related changes following completion of the inter-vention (i.e., post-intervention assessment).

Study Design: Studies published (or available) on or before August 31, 2019 were included. Studies were excluded if a control or comparison group was not identified. 2. INFORMATION SOURCESThe identification, location, and retrieval of scientific research reports targeting childhood obe-sity prevention was conducted using a comprehensive search strategy developed by Dr. Scott-Sheldon and the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Research Methods Team. (This was separate from the article log created for taxonomy development as described in the Methods paper (King et al., 2020).) Studies were identified using five information sources. (see Table 2.1).

Table 2.1. Information SourcesA. Electronic Bibliographic DatabasesB. Reference Lists of Reviews and Meta-AnalysesC. Reference Lists of Included StudiesD. Government Registries of Awards and Clinical TrialsE. Consultation with members of the National Collaboration on Childhood Obesity Research

(NCCOR) Childhood Obesity Evidence Base (COEB) Project Working Group and External Expert Panel

We searched the following electronic bibliographic databases: PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, Global Health, CINAHL, SocINDEX with Full Text, Web of Science, ERIC, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global Full Text, and the Cochrane Library. Details of the topics covered, dates of cover-age, and frequency in which the databases are updated are detailed in Table 2.2.

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Table 2.2. Reference DatabasesDatabase Topics Dates of Coverage Updates

PubMed Biomedical and related fields including life sciences, behavioral sciences, chemical sciences, and bioengineering.

1800s – present Daily

Embase International coverage of the biomedi-cal sciences including pharmacology, pharmaceutical science, and clinical re-search.

1947 – present Daily

PsycInfo Psychology and related fields including sociology, business, and anthropology.

1887 – present Weekly

Global Health International health including biomedi-cal life sciences, non-communicable diseases, public health nutrition, and food safety and hygiene.

1973 – present Weekly

CINAHL Nursing and allied health 1981 – present WeeklySocINDEX with Full Text

Sociology and related fields including psychology, education, and anthropol-ogy

1895 – present Weekly

Web of Science Includes three ISI citation indices: Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index, and Science Ci-tation Index covering science, social sci-ences, and arts and humanities.

1980 – present Weekly

ERIC Education 1966 – present MonthlyProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global Full Text

Social sciences, arts & humanities, sci-ence & technology, medical sciences, business, and economic dissertations and theses.

1637 – present Daily

Cochrane Library Information compiled by the Cochrane Collaboration, including systematic re-views, clinical trials in medicine, and protocols.

1898 – present Ongoing

3. SEARCH STRATEGY

A. Electronic Bibliographic Database SearchesThe search string was developed based on the intended recipients and outcome of interest, and included a combination of keywords, Boolean operators, wildcard symbols, and quotations. Because some electronic databases have a controlled vocabulary thesaurus to index records (e.g., Medical Subject Heading [MeSH] terms used in PubMED), specific search parameters were developed for each database. Search tags (e.g., [TIAB] for limiting keywords to the title and/or

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abstract) were used to limit the searches as available in each database. No language, geographi-cal region, or publication date restrictions were applied.

The search string was entered into ten electronic bibliographic health-related databases. Multi-ple databases were searched as prior research shows that <40% of the records indexed in health-related databases are duplicates (Ahmadi, Sarabi, Orak, & Bahaadinbeigy, 2015; Hood & Wilson, 2003). The reference databases, topics covered, dates of coverage, and update fre-quency for each database can be found in Table 2.2.

Records retrieved from each electronic bibliographic database were imported into an EndNote X8 library (PrevChildObs.enl) and all system-identified duplicate records were automatically re-moved from the library and imported into the duplicates library (PrevChildObes-Dupl.enl). The total number of records retrieved can be found in Table 3.1. Relevant records that were not re-trieved from the electronic bibliographic searches were imported into the library and labeled “non-database searches” in the bibliographic record.

Search Date: June 9, 2019

Broad Search Terms: children; obesity; intervention

Search string constructed using the search builder in PubMed:#1 (child [MeSH] OR child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-

school" OR kindergarten*)#2 ("pediatric obesity" [MeSH] OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR “over weight” OR

weight OR “weight gain” OR “body mass index” OR BMI OR “body fat” OR anthropomet-ric)

#3 (prevention [ti] OR prevent*[ti] OR intervention[ti] OR promot*[ti] OR maintain*[ti] OR mange*[ti] OR experiment*[ti] OR (policy[ti] OR law[ti] OR regulation[ti]) OR neighbor-hood[ti] OR environment[ti] OR telephone [ti] OR "text message"[ti] OR "smartphone"[ti] OR SMS[tiab] OR "electronic"[ti])

Database-Specific Search Strings:

PubMed:(child [MeSH] OR child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kindergarten*) AND ("pediatric obesity" [MeSH] OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR “over weight” OR weight OR “weight gain” OR “body mass index” OR BMI OR “body fat” OR adiop* OR anthropometric) AND (prevention [ti] OR prevent*[ti] OR intervention[ti] OR pro-mot*[ti] OR maintain*[ti] OR mange*[ti] OR experiment*[ti] OR (policy[ti] OR law[ti] OR regula-

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tion[ti]) OR neighborhood[ti] OR environment[ti] OR telephone [ti] OR "text message"[ti] OR smartphone[ti] OR SMS[tiab] OR electronic[ti])

Embase:(child* OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool OR 'pre-school' OR kindergarten*) AND ('pe-diatric obesity' OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR 'over weight' OR weight OR weight gain' OR body mass index' OR bmi OR 'body fat' OR adiop* OR anthropometric) AND (preven-tion:ti OR prevent*:ti OR intervention:ti OR promot*:ti OR maintain*:ti OR mange*:ti OR ex-periment*:ti OR policy:ti OR law:ti OR regulation:ti OR neighborhood:ti OR environment:ti OR telephone:ti OR 'text message':ti OR smartphone:ti OR sms:ti OR electronic:ti) Number of records: 15,335

**The Embase search was re-run on 6/11/2019 due to the large number of misses (i.e., key-words present but record not relevant). The new search was restricted to title or abstract only.

(child*:ti OR pediatric*:ti OR toddler*:ti OR preschool:ti OR 'pre-school':ti OR kinder-garten*:ti) AND ('pediatric obesity':ab,ti OR obese:ab,ti OR obesity:ab,ti OR over-weight:ab,ti OR 'over weight':ab,ti OR weight:ab,ti OR 'weight gain':ab,ti OR 'body mass index':ab,ti OR bmi:ab,ti OR 'body fat':ab,ti OR adiop*:ab,ti OR anthropometric:ab,ti) AND (prevention:ti OR prevent*:ti OR intervention:ti OR pro-mot*:ti OR maintain*:ti OR mange*:ti OR experiment*:ti OR policy:ti OR law:ti OR reg-ulation:ti OR neighborhood:ti OR environment:ti OR telephone:ti OR 'text message':ti OR smartphone:ti OR sms:ti OR electronic:ti)

PsycInfo:(child [MeSH] OR child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kindergarten*) AND ("pediatric obesity" [MeSH] OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR “over weight” OR weight OR “weight gain” OR “body mass index” OR BMI OR “body fat” OR adiop* OR anthropometric) AND TI ((prevention OR prevent*OR intervention OR promot*OR maintain*OR mange*OR experiment*OR (policy OR law OR regulation) OR neighborhood OR environment OR telephone OR "text message" OR smartphone OR SMS OR electronic))

Global Health(child [MeSH] OR child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kindergarten*) AND ("pediatric obesity" [MeSH] OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR “over weight” OR weight OR “weight gain” OR “body mass index” OR BMI OR “body fat” OR adiop* OR anthropometric) AND TI ((prevention OR prevent*OR intervention OR promot*OR maintain*OR mange*OR experiment*OR (policy OR law OR regulation) OR neighborhood OR environment OR telephone OR "text message" OR smartphone OR SMS OR electronic))

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CINAHL(child [MeSH] OR child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kindergarten*) AND ("pediatric obesity" [MeSH] OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR “over weight” OR weight OR “weight gain” OR “body mass index” OR BMI OR “body fat” OR adiop* OR anthropometric) AND TI ((prevention OR prevent*OR intervention OR promot*OR maintain*OR mange*OR experiment*OR (policy OR law OR regulation) OR neighborhood OR environment OR telephone OR "text message" OR smartphone OR SMS OR electronic))

SocIndex(child [MeSH] OR child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kindergarten*) AND ("pediatric obesity" [MeSH] OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR “over weight” OR weight OR “weight gain” OR “body mass index” OR BMI OR “body fat” OR adiop* OR anthropometric) AND TI ((prevention OR prevent*OR intervention OR promot*OR maintain*OR mange*OR experiment*OR (policy OR law OR regulation) OR neighborhood OR environment OR telephone OR "text message" OR smartphone OR SMS OR electronic))

ERIC(child [MeSH] OR child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kindergarten*) AND ("pediatric obesity" [MeSH] OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR “over weight” OR weight OR “weight gain” OR “body mass index” OR BMI OR “body fat” OR adiop* OR anthropometric) AND TI ((prevention OR prevent*OR intervention OR promot*OR maintain*OR mange*OR experiment*OR (policy OR law OR regulation) OR neighborhood OR environment OR telephone OR "text message" OR smartphone OR SMS OR electronic))

Web of Science((child [MeSH] OR child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kindergarten*))AND TOPIC: (("pediatric obesity" [MeSH] OR obese OR obesity OR over-weight OR “over weight” OR weight OR “weight gain” OR “body mass index” OR BMI OR “body fat” OR adiop* OR anthropometric)) AND TITLE: ((prevention OR prevent*OR intervention OR promot*OR maintain*OR mange*OR experiment*OR (policy OR law OR regulation) OR neigh-borhood OR environment OR telephone OR "text message" OR smartphone OR SMS OR elec-tronic))

ProQuest Dissertations & Thesesnoft((child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kinder-garten*)) AND noft(("pediatric obesity" OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR "over weight" OR weight OR "weight gain" OR "body mass index" OR BMI OR "body fat" OR adiop* OR anthro-pometric)) AND ti((prevention OR prevent*OR intervention OR promot*OR maintain*OR mange*OR experiment*OR (policy OR law OR regulation) OR neighborhood OR environment OR telephone OR "text message" OR smartphone OR SMS OR electronic))

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Cochrane Library(child OR children OR pediatric* OR toddler* OR preschool* OR "pre-school" OR kindergarten*) AND ("pediatric obesity" OR obese OR obesity OR overweight OR "over weight" OR weight OR "weight gain" OR "body mass index" OR BMI OR "body fat" OR adiop* OR anthropometric) AND (prevention OR prevent*OR intervention OR promot*OR maintain*OR mange*OR experiment*OR (policy OR law OR regulation) OR neighborhood OR environment OR telephone OR "text message" OR smartphone OR SMS OR electronic) in Title Abstract Keyword

Table 3.1. Records Retrieved from the Electronic Bibliographic Database SearchesDatabase Records Duplicates Totals

PubMed 9986 52 9934Embase 4718 3199 1519PsycInfo 1272 753 519Global Health 2220 1594 626CINAHL 1952 1511 441SocIndex 213 105 108Web of Science 3866 2515 1351ERIC 178 83 95ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 360 41 319Cochrane Library

Cochrane Reviews 179 43 136Cochrane Trials 5469 1724 3745Cochrane Protocols 1 0 1

TOTALS 30,414 11,620 18,794

B. Reference Lists of Relevant Reviews and Meta-Analyses Reviewed

Studies located in the reference sections of the following reviews and meta-analyses were re-viewed for possible inclusion:

Ash, T., Agaronov, A., Young, T., Aftosmes-Tobio, A., & Davison, K. K. (2017). Family-based childhood obesity prevention interventions: A systematic review and quantitative con-tent analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(113).

Berge, J. M., & Everts, J. C. (2011). Family-Based Interventions Targeting Childhood Obesity: A Meta-Analysis. Childhood Obesity, 7(2), 110-121. doi:10.1089/chi.2011.07.02.1004.berge

Bluford, D. A., Sherry, B., & Scanlon, K. S. (2007). Interventions to prevent or treat obesity in preschool children: A review of evaluated programs. Obesity, 15(6), 1357-1372.

Brannon, E. E., & Cushing, C. C. (2015). A systematic review: is there an app for that? Transla-tional science of pediatric behavior change for physical activity and dietary interven-

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tions. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(4), 373-384. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsu108Brown, T., Moore, T. H., Hooper, L., Gao, Y., Zayegh, A., Ijaz, S., . . . Summerbell, C. D. (2019).

Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Systematic Re-views (7). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001871.pub4

Cai, L., Wu, Y., Cheskin, L. J., Wilson, R. F., & Wang, Y. (2014). Effect of childhood obesity pre-vention programmes on blood lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 15(12), 933-944.

Cushing, C. C., Brannon, E. E., Suorsa, K. I., & Wilson, D. K. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of health promotion interventions for children and adolescents using an ecological framework. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(8), 949-962. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsu042

Hesketh, K. D., & Campbell, K. J. (2010). Interventions to prevent obesity in 0-5 year olds: An updated systematic review of the literature. Obesity, 18(Suppl 1), S27-S35.

Klingberg, S., Draper, C. E., Micklesfield, L. K., Benjamin-Neelon, S. E., & van Sluijs, E. M. F. (2019). Childhood Obesity Prevention in Africa: A Systematic Review of Intervention Effectiveness and Implementation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1212). doi:10.3390/ijerph16071212.

Lissau, I. (2007). Prevention of overweight in the school arena. Acta Paediatrica, 96(454), 19-25.

Martin, J., Chater, A., & Lorencatto, F. (2013). Effective behaviour change techniques in the prevention and management of childhood obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 1137(10), 1287-1294.

Matvienko-Sikar, K., Toomey, E., Delaney, L., Flannery, C., McHugh, S., McSharry, J., . . . Kear-ney, P. M. (2019). Behaviour change techniques and theory use in healthcare profes-sional-delivered infant feeding interventions to prevent childhood obesity: a system-atic review. Health Psychology Review, 16, 1-18.

Monasta, L., Batty, G. D., Macaluso, A., Ronfani, L., Lutje, V., Bavcar, A., . . . Cattaneo, A. (2011). Interventions for the prevention of overweight and obesity in preschool chil-dren: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews, 12(5), e119-129.

Panter, J., Andersen, P. T., Aro, A. R., & Samara, A. (2018). Obesity prevention: a systematic review of setting-based interventions from Nordic countries and the Netherlands. Journal of Obesity, 2018, Article ID 7093260-Article ID 7093260.

Redsell, S. A., Edmonds, B., Swift, J. A., Siriwardena, A. N., Weng, S., Nathan, D., & Glaze-brook, C. (2016). Systematic review of randomised controlled trials of interventions that aim to reduce the risk, either directly or indirectly, of overweight and obesity in infancy and early childhood. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 12(1), 24-38. doi:10.1111/mcn.12184

Seburg, E. M., Olson-Bullis, B. A., Bredeson, D. M., Hayes, M. G., & Sherwood, N. E. (2015). A Review of Primary Care-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Interven-tions. Current Obesity Report, 4(2), 191-197.

Showell, N. N., Fawole, O., Segal, J., Wilson, R. F., Cheskin, L. J., Bleich, S. N., . . . Wang, Y. (2013). A systematic review of home-based childhood obesity prevention studies. Pe-

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diatrics, 132(1), e109-118. Sisson, S. B., Krampe, M., Anundson, K., & Castle, S. (2016). Obesity prevention and obeso-

genic behavior interventions in child care: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 87(2016), 57-69.

van Hoek, E., Feskens, E. J., Bouwman, L. I., & Janse, A. J. (2014). Effective interventions in overweight or obese young children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Childhood Obesity, 10(6), 448-460. doi:10.1089/chi.2013.0149

Wang, X., Zhou, G., Zeng, J., Yang, T., Chen, J., & Li, T. (2018). Effect of educational interven-tions on health in childhood: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Public Health, 164, 134-147. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2018.04.013

Wang, Y., Cai, L., Wu, Y., Wilson, R. F., Weston, C., Fawole, O., . . . Segal, J. (2015). What child-hood obesity prevention programmes work? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews, 16, 547-565.

Ward, D. S., Vaughn, A., McWilliams, C., & Hales, D. (2010). Interventions for increasing physi-cal activity at child care. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(3), 526-534. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cea406

C. Reference List of Included Studies

The reference lists of the following studies were reviewed for additional primary or supple-mental manuscripts:

Alkon, A., Crowley, A. A., Neelon, S. E., Hill, S., Pan, Y., Nguyen, V., . . . Kotch, J. B. (2014). Nu-trition and physical activity randomized control trial in child care centers improves knowledge, policies, and children's body mass index. BMC Public Health, 14(215). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-215

Annesi, J. J., Smith, A. E., & Tennant, G. A. (2013). Effects of a cognitive-behaviorally based physical activity treatment for 4- and 5-year-old children attending US preschools. In-ternational Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(4), 562 566. doi:10.1007/s12529-013-‐9361-7

Barkin, S. L., Gesell, S. B., Po'e, E. K., Escarfuller, J., & Tempesti, T. (2012). Culturally tailored, family-centered, behavioral obesity intervention for Latino-American preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 130(3), 445-456. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3762

Barkin, S. L., Heerman, W. J., Sommer, E. C., Martin, N. C., Buchowski, M. S., Schlundt, D., . . . Stevens, J. (2018). Effect of a Behavioral Intervention for Underserved Preschool-Age Children on Change in Body Mass Index: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 320(5), 450-460. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.9128

Bellows, L. L., Davies, P. L., Anderson, J., & Kennedy, C. (2013). Effectiveness of a physical ac-tivity intervention for Head Start preschoolers: a randomized intervention study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(1), 28-36. doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.005777

Bonis, M., Loftin, M., Ward, D., Tseng, T. S., Clesi, A., & Sothern, M. (2014). Improving physical activity in daycare interventions. Childhood Obesity, 10(4), 334 341. doi:10.1089/‐

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chi.2014.0040Davis, S. M., Myers, O. B., Cruz, T. H., Morshed, A. B., Canaca, G. F., Keane, P. C., & O'Donald,

E. R. (2016). CHILE: Outcomes of a group randomized controlled trial of an interven-tion to prevent obesity in preschool Hispanic and American Indian children. Preven-tive Medicine, 89, 162-168. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.05.018

Dennison, B. A., Russo, T. J., Burdick, P. A., & Jenkins, P. L. (2004). An intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158(2), 170-176. doi:10.1001/archpedi.158.2.170

Esquivel, M. K., Nigg, C. R., Fialkowski, M. K., Braun, K. L., Li, F., & Novotny, R. (2016). Head Start Wellness Policy Intervention in Hawaii: A Project of the Children's Healthy Living Program. Childhood Obesity, 12(1), 26-32. doi:10.1089/chi.2015.0071

Fisher, J. O., Serrano, E. L., Foster, G. D., Hart, C. N., Davey, A., Bruton, Y. P., . . . Polonsky, H. M. (2019). Title: Efficacy of a food parenting intervention for mothers with low in-come to reduce preschooler's solid fat and added sugar intakes: A randomized con-trolled trial. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 6. doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0764-3

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L., Kong, A., Braunschweig, C. L., Gomez-Perez, S. L., . . . Dyer, A. R. (2013). Family-based hip-hop to health: outcome results. Obesity, 21(2), 274 283. doi:10.1002/oby.20269‐

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L., Van Horn, L., KauferChristoffel, K., & Dyer, A. (2005). Two-year follow-up results for Hip-Hop to Health Jr.: A randomized controlled trial for overweight prevention in preschool minority children. Journal of Pediatrics, 146(5), 618-625. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.12.019

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L., Van Horn, L., KauferChristoffel, K., & Dyer, A. (2006). Hip-Hop to Health Jr. for Latino preschool children. Obesity, 14(9), 1616 1625. ‐doi:10.1038/oby.2006.186

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L. A., Braunschweig, C. L., Gomez, S. L., Van Horn, L., & Dyer, A. R. (2011). Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Obesity Prevention Effectiveness Trial: postintervention results. Obesity, 19(5), 994-1003. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.314

Foster, B. A., Aquino, C. A., Gil, M., Gelfond, J. A., & Hale, D. E. (2016). A Pilot Study of Parent Mentors for Early Childhood Obesity. Journal of Obesity, 2016, 1-13. doi:10.1155/2016/2609504

French, S. A., Sherwood, N. E., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Crain, A. L., JaKa, M. M., Mitchell, N. R., . . . Esposito, L. (2018). Multicomponent Obesity Prevention Intervention in Low-In-come Preschoolers: Primary and Subgroup Analyses of the NET-Works Randomized Clinical Trial, 2012–2017. American Journal of Public Health, 108(12), 1695-1706. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304696

Goldberg, P. (2010). A comparison of BMI percentiles and predictor variables for two Head Start childhood obesity prevention programs. (PhD Dissertation), George Mason Uni-versity, Fairfax, VA. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.

Haines, J., McDonald, J., O'Brien, A., Sherry, B., Bottino, C. J., Schmidt, M. E., & Taveras, E. M. (2013). Healthy Habits, Happy Homes: randomized trial to improve household rou-tines for obesity prevention among preschool-aged children. JAMA Pediatrics,

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167(11), 1072-1079. Haines, J., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Gross, D., McDonald, J., Kleinman, K., & Gillman, M. W. (2016).

Randomized trial of a prevention intervention that embeds weight related messages ‐within a general parenting program. Obesity, 24(1), 191-199.

Hollar, D., Heitz, C., & Zhou, W. (2015). More young children in an obesity prevention inter-vention in ms and la head start centers improve/maintain BMI percentile and waist circumference compared to nonparticipants. Circulation, 131.

Jastreboff, A. M., Chaplin, T. M., Finnie, S., Savoye, M., Stults-Kolehmainen, M., Silverman, W. K., & Sinha, R. (2018). Preventing Childhood Obesity Through a Mindfulness-Based Parent Stress Intervention: A Randomized Pilot Study. Journal of Pediatrics, 202, 136-142.

Ling, J., Robbins, L. B., Zhang, N., Kerver, J. M., Lyons, H., Wieber, N., & Zhang, M. (2018). Us-ing Facebook in a Healthy Lifestyle Intervention: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 40(12), 1818-1842.

Lumeng, J. C., Miller, A. L., Horodynski, M. A., Brophy-Herb, H. E., Contreras, D., Lee, H., . . . Peterson, K. E. (2017). Improving Self-Regulation for Obesity Prevention in Head Start: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics, 139(5). doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2047

Messiah, S. E., Lebron, C., Moise, R., Mathew, M. S., Sardinas, K., Chang, C., . . . Natale, R. A. (2017). Healthy caregivers-healthy children (HC2) phase 2: Integrating culturally sensi-tive childhood obesity prevention strategies into childcare center policies. Contempo-rary Clinical Trials, 53, 60-67. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2016.12.011

Morshed, A. B., Tabak, R. G., Schwarz, C. D., & Haire-Joshu, D. (2019). The Impact of a Healthy Weight Intervention Embedded in a Home-Visiting Program on Children's Weight and Mothers' Feeding Practices. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 51(2), 237-244. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2018.09.001

Natale, R. A., Lopez-Mitnik, G., Uhlhorn, S. B., Asfour, L., & Messiah, S. E. (2014). Effect of a child care center-based obesity prevention program on body mass index and nutrition practices among preschool-aged children. Health Promotion Practice, 15(5), 695-705.

Natale, R. A., Messiah, S. E., Asfour, L. S., Uhlhorn, S. B., Englebert, N. E., & Arheart, K. L. (2017). Obesity Prevention Program in Childcare Centers: Two-Year Follow-Up. Ameri-can Journal of Health Promotion, 31(6), 502-510. doi:10.1177/0890117116661156

Nezami, B. T., Ward, D. S., Lytle, L. A., Ennett, S. T., & Tate, D. F. (2018). A mHealth random-ized controlled trial to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake in preschool-aged children. Pediatric Obesity, 13(11), 668 676. doi:10.1111/ijpo.12258‐

Ostbye, T., Krause, K. M., Stroo, M., Lovelady, C. A., Evenson, K. R., Peterson, B. L., . . . Zucker, N. L. (2012). Parent-focused change to prevent obesity in preschoolers: results from the KAN-DO study. Preventive Medicine, 55(3), 188-195. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.06.005

Romero, A. (2005). Prevention of childhood obesity among low-income preschool-aged chil-dren. (1430725 M.S.), Utah State University, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.

Sharma, S. V., Vandewater, E., Chuang, R. J., Byrd-Williams, C., Kelder, S., Butte, N., & Hoelscher, D. M. (2019). Impact of the Coordinated Approach to Child Health Early

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Childhood Program for Obesity Prevention among Preschool Children: The Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Study. Childhood Obesity, 15(1), 1-13. doi:10.1089/chi.2018.0010

Sherwood, N. E., JaKa, M. M., Crain, A. L., Martinson, B. C., Hayes, M. G., & Anderson, J. D. (2015). Pediatric primary care based obesity prevention for parents of preschool chil-dren: A pilot study. Childhood Obesity, 11(6), 674-682. doi:10.1089/chi.2015.0009

Slusser, W., Frankel, F., Robison, K., Fischer, H., Cumberland, W. G., & Neumann, C. (2012). Pediatric overweight prevention through a parent training program for 2-4 year old Latino children. Childhood Obesity, 8(1), 60-70.

Stark, L. J., Clifford, L. M., Towner, E. K., Filigno, S. S., Zion, C., Bolling, C., & Rausch, J. (2014). A pilot randomized controlled trial of a behavioral family-based intervention with and without home visits to decrease obesity in preschoolers. Journal of Pediatric Psychol-ogy, 39(9), 1001-1012.

Stark, L. J., Spear Filigno, S., Bolling, C., Ratcliff, M. B., Kichler, J. C., Robson, S. M., . . . Itten-bach, R. F. (2018). Clinic and Home-Based Behavioral Intervention for Obesity in Preschoolers: A Randomized Trial. Journal of Pediatrics, 192, 115-121. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.09.063

Stark, L. J., Spear, S., Boles, R., Kuhl, E., Ratcliff, M., Scharf, C., . . . Rausch, J. (2011). A pilot randomized controlled trial of a clinic and home-based behavioral intervention to de-crease obesity in preschoolers. Obesity, 19(1), 134-141. doi:10.1038/oby.2010.87

Stookey, J. D., Evans, J., Chan, C., Tao-Lew, L., Arana, T., & Arthur, S. (2017). Healthy apple program to support child care centers to alter nutrition and physical activity practices and improve child weight: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 965. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4951-y

Sun, A., Cheng, J., Bui, Q., Liang, Y., Ng, T., & Chen, J. L. (2017). Home-Based and Technology-Centered Childhood Obesity Prevention for Chinese Mothers With Preschool-Aged Children. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28(6), 616-624. doi:10.1177/1043659617719139

Taveras, E. M., Gortmaker, S. L., Hohman, K. H., Horan, C. M., Kleinman, K. P., Mitchell, K., . . . Gillman, M. W. (2011). Randomized controlled trial to improve primary care to pre-vent and manage childhood obesity: the High Five for Kids study. Archives of Pedi-atrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(8), 714-722. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.44

Tomayko, E. J., Prince, R. J., Cronin, K. A., & Adams, A. K. (2016). The Healthy Children, Strong Families intervention promotes improvements in nutrition, activity and body weight in American Indian families with young children. Public Health Nutrition, 19(15), 2850-2859.

Winter, S. M., & Sass, D. A. (2011). Healthy & Ready to Learn: Examining the efficacy of an early approach to obesity prevention and school readiness. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 25(3), 304-325. doi:10.1080/02568543.2011.580211

Woo Baidal, J. A., Nelson, C. C., Perkins, M., Colchamiro, R., Leung-Strle, P., Kwass, J. A., . . . Taveras, E. M. (2017). Childhood obesity prevention in the women, infants, and chil-dren program: Outcomes of the MA-CORD study. Obesity, 25(7), 1167-1174. doi:10.1002/oby.21865

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Yeh, Y., Hartlieb, K. B., Danford, C., & Jen, K. C. (2018). Effectiveness of Nutrition Intervention in a Selected Group of Overweight and Obese African-American Preschoolers. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5(3), 553-561.

Yin, Z., Parra-Medina, D., Cordova, A., He, M., Trummer, V., Sosa, E., . . . Ramirez, A. (2012). Míranos! Look at us, we are healthy! An environmental approach to early childhood obesity prevention. Childhood Obesity, 8(5), 429-439. doi:10.1089/chi.2012.0125

D. Government Registries of Awards and Clinical TrialsTwo government registries maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the Na-tional Institutes of Health (NIH) were searched for records of funded research projects (NIH RePORTER) and clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov). NIH RePORTER provides information on ex-tramural grants and contract awards funded by the NIH; ClinicalTrials.gov contains informa-tion on medical studies in humans. The NIH RePORTER is updated weekly, and as of January 18, 2017, federally funded studies must be registered by the Principal Investigator on Clinical-Trials.gov within 21 days of enrollment of first participant. Registries of funded research and clinical trials were cross-checked with the relevant full-text manuscripts to ensure the re-trieval of all available studies.

Search Date: June 10, 2019

D.1. ClinicalTrials.gov

Full details for the clinical trial records reviewed from ClinicalTrials.gov can be found in the following file: PrevChildObes_ClinicalTrials.gov_596records.xls.

Broad Search Term: obesity, childhood

Terms and Synonyms Searched*: *The search was restricted to child (birth-17).

Table 3.2. Records Retrieved from ClinicalTrial.govTerms Search Results Entire Database

Obesity, Childhood 587 studies 634 studiesPediatric Obesity 519 studies 562 studiesChildhood Obesity 323 studies 353 studiesChild Obesity 36 studies 40 studies

16

Obesity in Children 23 studies 23 studiesChildhood Onset Obesity 5 studies 5 studiesObesity in Childhood 4 studies 4 studiesInfant Obesity 3 studies 4 studies

Childhood 395 studies 2,764 studiesObesity 596 studies 7,913 studies

Obese 90 studies 2,418 studiesAdiposity 7 studies 207 studies

Total 596

Search Review:

Of the 596 clinical trials: 23 eligible; 10 eligible but no published or unpublished report found; 40 eligible but active; and 523 not eligible.

D.2. NIH RePORTER

Full details for the NIH RePORTER review from https://projectreporter.nih.gov/reporter can be found in the following file: PrevChildObes_NIHRePORTER_2011projects.xls .

Broad Search Term: pediatric, obesity, intervention

Total Records: 5,862Total Projects: 2,011 E. Consultation with members of the COEB Working Group and External Expert PanelMembers of the National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research (NCCOR) Childhood Obesity Evidence Base (COEB) Working Group include Sonia Arteaga, Christine Hunter, Young Jo, Laura Kettel Khan, and Deborah Young-Hyman. Members of the External Expert Panel in-clude Leann Birch, John Cawley, Jamie Chriqui, Angie Cradock, Christina Economos, Debra Haire-Joshu, Shiriki Kumanyika, Bruce Lee, Lorrene Ritchie, Thomas Robinson, and Marlene Schwartz. The COEB Working Group and External Expert Panel members were asked to pro-vide recommendations of published or unpublished manuscripts of the childhood obesity prevention interventions; 50 manuscripts were recommended in which 4 (8%) were added to the database. Relevant manuscripts authored by the COEB Working Group and External Ex-pert Panel were reviewed; of the 69 manuscripts reviewed, 4 (6%) were included.

17

4. STUDY SELECTIONAll records retrieved from the electronic database searches were initially screened for inclusion based on the title and abstract by two reviewers. This initial screening was conducted to iden-tify any additional duplicate records, irrelevant records, review papers, editorials, and commen-taries. Full-text documents of potentially relevant records and references from relevant manuscripts were reviewed based on the inclusion criteria. Registries of funded research and clinical trials were cross-checked with the relevant full-text manuscripts to ensure the retrieval of all available studies. If the study methods or data were reported in multiple documents, they were linked in the database and represented as a single unit to avoid multiple/duplicate publi-cation bias. The manuscript reporting the most complete data was selected as the primary study manuscript; additional documents were considered supplemental (e.g., clinical trial record, protocol, paper with results from subsequent assessments) but were used in the data collection process. The final sample included 51 studies and 147 supplemental documents that provided additional study details or data for the included studies. Nine supplemental docu-ments provided additional information for more than one primary study (e.g., Hip Hop to Health manual; (Fitzgibbon, 2016)).

The PRISMA Flow Diagram shows the flow of information throughout the review process from identification and screening of research records, evaluation of full-text manuscripts against the inclusion and exclusion criteria, reasons for exclusions, and the number of included manuscripts (see Figure 3.1). The references for the primary studies and supplemental manuscripts can be found in Box 3.1.

18

Figure 3.1. Screening and Selection Procedures

19

147 [156] manuscripts providing supplemental information for the 51 studies included in the meta-

analysis

1,826 manuscripts excluded: no intervention: 599 mean age/range: 567 non-US: 166 no relevant outcomes: 165 qualitative: 153 manual/protocol:92 no control group: 30 methods/statistical: 14 published prior to 2000: 14 intervention target: 13 conference proceedings: 11 genetic/chronic condition: 2

51 studies reporting on in-cluded in the meta-analysis

2,024 full-text manuscripts assessed for eligibility

12,237 duplicates removed

16,311 records excluded: not relevant: 9,138 not human: 550 age: 3,874 review/meta-analysis: 1,348 editorial/commentary: 1,401

18,335 records reviewed after duplicates removed

30,414 records identified through electronic database searches

158 additional records identified through other sources

Identification

Screening

Eligibility

Included

Box 3.1. Reference list for the 51 primary studies and 147 supplemental manuscripts included in the sys-tematic review and meta-analysis.

Child Care Wellness Study on Nutrition and Physical Activity (NCT01921842)

Alkon, A., Crowley, A. A., Neelon, S. E., Hill, S., Pan, Y., Nguyen, V., . . . Kotch, J. B. (2014). Nutrition and physical activity randomized control trial in childcare centers improves knowledge, policies, and children's body mass index. BMC Public Health, 14, 215. [MMX090.0]

Linked:Ammerman, A. S., Ward, D. S., Benjamin, S. E., Ball, S. C., Sommers, J. K., Molloy, M., & Dodds, J. M.

(2007). An intervention to promote healthy weight: Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assess-ment for Child Care (NAP SACC) theory and design. Preventing Chronic Disease, 4(3), A67. [MMX090.1]

Kotch, J. B. (2013). Child Care Wellness Study on Nutrition and Physical Activity (CCWS). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01921842?term=NCT01921842&rank=1 [MMX090.2]

Start for Life

Annesi, J. J., Smith, A. E., & Tennant, G. A. (2013). Effects of a cognitive-behaviorally based physical ac-tivity treatment for 4- and 5-year-old children attending US preschools. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(4), 562 566. [MMX080.0]‐

Linked:Annesi, J. J., Smith, A. E., & Tennant, G. A. (2013). Effects of the Start for Life treatment on physical ac-

tivity in primarily African American preschool children of ages 3-5 years. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 18(3), 300 309. [MMX080.1]‐

Annesi, J. J., Smith, A. E., & Tennant, G. A. (2013). Reducing high BMI in African American preschool-ers: effects of a behavior-based physical activity intervention on caloric expenditure. Southern Medical Journal, 106(8), 456-459. [MMX080.2]

Annesi, J. J., Smith, A. E., & Tennant, G. A. (2013). Cognitive-behavioural physical activity treatment in African-American pre-schoolers: effects of age, sex, and BMI. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 49(2), E128-132. [MMX080.3]

Salud Con La Familia: Prevent Onset of Pediatric Obesity (NCT00808431)

Barkin, S. L., Gesell, S. B., Po'e, E. K., Escarfuller, J., & Tempesti, T. (2012). Culturally tailored, family-centered, behavioral obesity intervention for Latino-American preschool-aged children. Pedi-atrics, 130(3), 445-456. [MMX004.0]

Linked:Ruiz, R., Gesell, S. B., Buchowski, M. S., Lambert, W., & Barkin, S. L. (2011). The relationship between

Hispanic parents and their preschool-aged children's physical activity. Pediatrics, 127(5), 888-20

895. [MMX004.1]

Barkin, S. L. (2008). ST of TN-Salud Con La Familia: Prevent Onset of Ped Obesity. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00808431 [MMX004.2]

Growing Right onto Wellness (NCT01316653)

Barkin, S. L., Heerman, W. J., Sommer, E. C., Martin, N. C., Buchowski, M. S., Schlundt, D., . . . Stevens, J. (2018). Effect of a Behavioral Intervention for Underserved Preschool-Age Children on Change in Body Mass Index: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 320(5), 450-460. [MMX020.0]

Linked:Barkin, S. L. (2011). Growing Right Onto Wellness (GROW): Changing Early Childhood Body Mass Index

(BMI) Trajectories (GROW). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01316653?view=record [MMX020.10]

Barkin, S. L., Lamichhane, A. P., Banda, J. A., JaKa, M. M., Buchowski, M. S., Evenson, K. R., . . . Stevens, J. (2017). Parent's physical activity associated with preschooler activity in underserved popu-lations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(4), 424 432. [MMX020.7]‐

Cui, Z., Truesdale, K. P., Robinson, T. N., Pemberton, V., French, S. A., Escarfuller, J., . . . Ward, D. S. (2019). Recruitment strategies for predominantly low-income, multi-racial/ethnic children and parents to 3-year community-based intervention trials: Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) Consortium. Trials, 20(1), 296. [MMX020.3 MMX078.2]

Heerman, W. J., Mitchell, S. J., Thompson, J., Martin, N. C., Sommer, E. C., van Bakergem, M., . . . Barkin, S. L. (2016). Parental perception of built environment characteristics and built environ-ment use among Latino families: a cross-sectional study. PloS One, 16, 1180. [MMX020.8]

Heerman, W. J., Taylor, J. L., Wallston, K. A., & Barkin, S. L. (2017). Parenting Self-Efficacy, Parent De-pression, and Healthy Childhood Behaviors in a Low-Income Minority Population: A Cross-Sec-tional Analysis. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 21(5), 1156 1165. [MMX020.6]‐

LeCroy, M. N., Truesdale, K. P., Matheson, D., Thomas, A., Moore, S., Robinson, T., . . . Nicastro, H. (2017). Snacking characteristics and patterns in the childhood obesity prevention and treat-ment research consortium. FASEB Journal, 31(1). [MMX020.9]

LeCroy, M. N., Truesdale, K. P., Matheson, D. M., Karp, S. M., Moore, S. M., Robinson, T. N., . . . Thomas, A. J. (2019). Snacking characteristics and patterns and their associations with diet quality and BMI in the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research Consortium. Public Health Nutrition, 21, 1-11. [MMX020.5 MMX078.3]

Po'e, E. K., Heerman, W. J., Mistry, R. S., & Barkin, S. L. (2013). Growing Right onto Wellness (GROW): A family-centered, community-based obesity prevention randomized controlled trial for preschool child-parent pairs. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 36(2), 436-449. [MMX020.1]

Ruiz, R. M., Sommer, E. C., Tracy, D., Banda, J. A., Economos, C. D., JaKa, M. M., . . . Barkin, S. L. (2018). 21

Novel patterns of physical activity in a large sample of preschool-aged children. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 242. [MMX020.4 MMX078.4]

White, R. O., Thompson, J. R., Rothman, R. L., McDougald Scott, A. M., Heerman, W. J., Sommer, E. C., & Barkin, S. L. (2013). A health literate approach to the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity. Patient Education and Counseling, 93(3), 612-618. [MMX020.2]

Food Friends and Fun Moves: A Creative Approach to Obesity Prevention for Preschool Children and Families

Bellows, L. L., Davies, P. L., Anderson, J., & Kennedy, C. (2013). Effectiveness of a physical activity in-tervention for Head Start preschoolers: A randomized intervention study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(1), 28-36. [MMX096.0]

Linked:Bellows, L. L. (2007). Development and evaluation of Food Friends Get Movin' with Mighty Moves™, a

physical activity program to prevent obesity in low -income preschoolers. (PhD Ph.D.), Col-orado State University, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. [MMX096.5]

Bellows, L., & Anderson, J. (2013). The Food Friends Get Movin' with Mighty Moves: A Physical Activ-ity Program for Preschoolers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 45(5), 473-475. [MMX096.1]

Bellows, L., Anderson, J., Gould, S. M., & Auld, G. (2008). Formative research and strategic develop-ment of a physical activity component to a social marketing campaign for obesity prevention in preschoolers. Journal of Community Health, 33(3), 169-178. [MMX096.2]

Bellows, L. L., Gavin, W. J., Johnson, S. L., Boles, R. E., & Davies, P. (2015). Obesity Prevention Study: A Physical Activity Program Improved Gross Motor Skills in Preschool Children. American Jour-nal of Occupational Therapy, 69(Suppl 1). [MMX096.4]

Bellows, L., Silvernail, S., Caldwell, L., Bryant, A., Kennedy, C., Davies, P., & Anderson, J. (2011). Parental perception on the efficacy of a physical activity program for preschoolers. Journal of Community Health, 36(2), 231 237. [MMX096.3]‐

Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care Program (NAP SACC)

Bonis, M., Loftin, M., Ward, D., Tseng, T. S., Clesi, A., & Sothern, M. (2014). Improving physical activity in daycare interventions. Childhood Obesity, 10(4), 334 341. doi:10.1089/chi.2014.0040 ‐[MMX115.0]

Linked:Ammerman, A. S., Ward, D. S., Benjamin, S. E., Ball, S. C., Sommers, J. K., Molloy, M., & Dodds, J. M.

(2007). An intervention to promote healthy weight: Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assess-ment for Child Care (NAP SACC): Theory and design. Preventing Chronic Disease, 4(3), 1-12. [MMX115.2]

22

Ward, D. S., Benjamin, S. E., Ammerman, A. S., Ball, S. C., Neelon, B. H., & Bangdiwala, S. I. (2008). Nu-

trition and physical activity in child care: Results from an environmental intervention. Ameri-can Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(4), 352-356. [MMX115.1]

Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (TX-CORD) Project (NCT02724943)

Butte, N. F., Hoelscher, D. M., Barlow, S. E., Pont, S., Durand, C., Vandewater, E. A., . . . Kelder, S. H. (2017). Efficacy of a community-versus primary care-centered program for childhood obesity: TX CORD RCT. Obesity, 25(9), 1584-1593. [MMX024.0]

Linked:Barlow, S. E., Butte, N. F., Hoelscher, D. M., Salahuddin, M., & Pont, S. J. (2017). Strategies to recruit a

diverse low-income population to child weight management programs from primary care practices. Preventing Chronic Disease, 14, e138. [MMX024.5]

Hoelscher, D. M. (2016). Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (TX CORD) Project. Re-trieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01556985/full. [MMX024.4]

Hoelscher, D. M., Butte, N. F., Barlow, S., Vandewater, E. A., Sharma, S. V., Huang, T., . . . Kelder, S. H. (2015). Incorporating primary and secondary prevention approaches to address childhood obesity prevention and treatment in a low-income, ethnically diverse population: Study de-sign and demographic data from the Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (TX CORD) study. Childhood Obesity, 11(1), 71-91. [MMX024.1]

Oluyomi, A. O., Byars, A., Byrd-Williams, C., Sharma, S. V., Durand, C., Hoelscher, D. M., . . . Kelder, S. H. (2015). The utility of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in systems-oriented obesity intervention projects: the selection of comparable study sites for a quasi-experimental inter-vention design--TX CORD. Childhood Obesity, 11(1), 1-3. [MMX024.3]

Wilson, T. A., Liu, Y., Adolph, A. L., Sacher, P. M., Barlow, S. E., Pont, S., . . . Butte, N. F. (2019). Behav-ior modification of diet and parent feeding practices in a community- vs primary care-cen-tered intervention for childhood obesity. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 51(2), 150-161. [MMX024.2]

Steps to Growing Up Healthy (NCT01973153)

Cloutier, M. M., Wiley, J., Huedo-Medina, T., Ohannessian, C. M., Grant, A., Hernandez, D., & Gorin, A. A. (2015). Outcomes from a pediatric primary care weight management program: Steps to growing up healthy. Journal of Pediatrics, 167(2), 372-370. [MMX038.0]

Linked:Cloutier, M. M. (2013). The Added Value of Telephone Follow Up and Home Visits in Helping Children

to Grow Up Healthy. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01973153?term=NCT01973153&rank=1 . [MMX038.3]

23

Gorin, A. A., Wiley, J., Ohannessian, C. M., Hernandez, D., Grant, A., & Cloutier, M. M. (2014). Steps to growing up healthy: A pediatric primary care-based obesity prevention program for young children. BMC Public Health, 14, 72. [MMX038.1]

Trapp, C. M., Burke, G., Gorin, A. A., Wiley, J. F., Hernandez, D., Crowell, R. E., . . . Cloutier, M. M. (2015). The relationship between dietary patterns, body mass index percentile, and house-hold food security in young urban children. Childhood Obesity, 11(2), 148-155. [MMX038.2]

Child Health Initiative for Lifelong Eating and Exercise (CHILE) Study (NCT00428805)

Davis, S. M., Myers, O. B., Cruz, T. H., Morshed, A. B., Canaca, G. F., Keane, P. C., & O'Donald, E. R. (2016). CHILE: Outcomes of a group randomized controlled trial of an intervention to prevent obesity in preschool Hispanic and American Indian children. Preventive Medicine, 89, 162-168. [MMX081.0]

Linked:Cruz, T. H., Davis, S. M., FitzGerald, C. A., Canaca, G. F., & Keane, P. C. (2014). Engagement, recruit-

ment, and retention in a trans-community, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in rural American Indian and Hispanic children. Journal of Primary Prevention, 35(3), 135-149. [MMX081.3]

Cruz, T. H., Davis, S. M., Myers, O. B., O’Donald, E. R., Sanders, S. G., & Sheche, J. N. (2016). Effects of an obesity prevention intervention on physical activity among preschool children. Health Pro-motion Practice, 17(5), 693-701. [MMX081.5]

Davis, S. M. (2007). Child Health Initiative for Lifelong Eating and Exercise (CHILE). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00428805 [MMX081.1]

Davis, S. M., Sanders, S. G., FitzGerald, C. A., Keane, P. C., Canaca, G. F., & Volker-Rector, R. (2013). CHILE: An evidence-based preschool intervention for obesity prevention in Head Start. Jour-nal of School Health, 83(3), 223-229. [MMX081.8]

Morshed, A. B., Davis, S. M., Greig, E. A., Myers, O. B., & Cruz, T. H. (2015). Effect of WIC food package changes on dietary intake of preschool children in New Mexico. Health Behavior Policy Re-view, 2(1), 3-12. [MMX081.7]

Morshed, A. B., Davis, S. M., Keane, P. C., Myers, O. B., & Mishra, S. I. (2016). The Impact of the CHILE Intervention on the food served in Head Start centers in rural New Mexico. Journal of School Health, 86(6), 414-423. [MMX081.6]

Sussman, A. L., & Davis, S. (2010). Integrating formative assessment and participatory research: Build-ing healthier communities in the CHILE Project. American Journal of Health Education, 41(4), 244-249. [MMX081.2]

Trappmann, J. L., Jimenez, E. Y., Keane, P. C., Cohen, D. A., & Davis, S. M. (2015). Cross-sectional rela-tionships between household food insecurity and child BMI, feeding behaviors, and public as-sistance utilization among head start children from predominantly Hispanic and American In-

24

dian communities in the CHILE study. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 10(4), 439-455. [MMX081.4]

Communities for Healthy Living (CHL) Program

Davison, K. K., Jurkowski, J. M., Li, K., Kranz, S., & Lawson, H. A. (2013). A childhood obesity interven-tion developed by families for families: Results from a pilot study. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 3. [MMX052.0]

Linked:Lampard, A. M., Jurkowski, J. M., & Davison, K. K. (2012). Social-cognitive predictors of low-income

parents' restriction of screen time among preschool-aged children. Health Education & Be-havior, 40(5), 526-530. [MMX052.2]

Lampard, A. M., Jurkowski, J. M., & Davison, K. K. (2013). The family context of low-income parents who restrict child screen time. Childhood Obesity, 9(5), 386-392. [MMX052.1]

Lampard, A. M., Jurkowski, J. M., Lawson, H. A., & Davison, K. K. (2013). Family ecological predictors of physical activity parenting in low-income families. Behavioral Medicine, 39(4), 97-103. [MMX052.3]

Li, K., Davison, K. K., & Jurkowski, J. M. (2012). Mental health and family functioning as correlates of a sedentary lifestyle among low-income women with young children. Women and Health, 52(6), 606-619. [MMX052.4]

Brocodile the Crocodile

Dennison, B. A., Russo, T. J., Burdick, P. A., & Jenkins, P. L. (2004). An intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool children. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158(2), 170-176. [MMX041.0]

Linked: Dennison, B. A. (1999). Brocodile the Crocodile: Obesity Prevention in Day CARE. In. Cooperstown, NY:

National Institutes of Health.[MMX041.1]

Dennison, B. A., & Faith, M. S. (2008). Prevention of childhood obesity in childcare settings. In E. Je-lalian & R. G. Steele (Eds.), Handbook of childhood and adolescent obesity. (pp. 313-330). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media. [MMX041.2]

Children’s Healthy Living Program (NCT01881373)

Esquivel, M., Nigg, C. R., Fialkowski, M. K., Braun, K. L., Li, F., & Novotny, R. (2016). Head Start well-ness policy intervention in Hawaii: A project of the Children's Healthy Living Program. Child-hood Obesity, 12(1), 26-32. [MMX009.0]

Linked:Esquivel, M. K., Nigg, C. R., Fialkowski, M. K., Braun, K. L., Li, F., & Novotny, R. (2016). Influence of

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teachers' personal health behaviors on operationalizing obesity prevention policy in Head Start preschools: A project of the Children's Healthy Living Program (CHL). Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(5), 318-325. [MMX009.3]

Novotny, R. (2013). Children's Healthy Living Program (CHL). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01881373 [MMX009.4]

Novotny, R., Fialkowski, M. K., Areta, A. A., Bersamin, A., Braun, K., DeBaryshe, B., . . . Wilkens, L. R. (2013). University of Hawai'i Cancer Center Connection: The Pacific Way to Child Wellness: The Children's Healthy Living Program for Remote Underserved Minority Populations of the Pacific Region (CHL). Hawaii Journal of Medicine & Public Health, 72(11), 406-408. [MMX009.2]

Wilken, L. R., Novotny, R., Fialkowski, M. K., Boushey, C. J., Nigg, C., Paulino, Y., . . . Deenik, J. (2013). Children's Healthy Living (CHL) Program for remote underserved minority populations in the Pacific region: rationale and design of a community randomized trial to prevent early child-hood obesity. BMC Public Health, 13, 944. [MMX009.1]

Feeding, Fun, and Families Study (NCT03646201)

Fisher, J. O., Serrano, E. L., Foster, G. D., Hart, C. N., Davey, A., Bruton, Y. P., . . . Polonsky, H. M. (2019). Title: Efficacy of a food parenting intervention for mothers with low income to reduce preschooler's solid fat and added sugar intakes: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 6. [MMX010.0]

Linked:Fisher, J. O. (2018). Feeding, Fun, and Families Study. Https://clinicaltrialsgov/show/nct03646201. Re-

trieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01662618/full [MMX010.1]

Hip-Hop to Health Jr (Fall 1999 Cohort)

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L., Van Horn, L., KauferChristoffel, K., & Dyer, A. (2005). Two-year follow-up results for Hip-Hop to Health Jr.: A randomized controlled trial for overweight prevention in preschool minority children. Journal of Pediatrics, 146(5), 618-625. [MMX074.0]

Linked:Fitzgibbon, M. L. (2016). Hip Hop to Health: An evidence-based obesity prevention curriculum for early

childhood classrooms. University of Illinois of Chicago. Chicago: Institute for Health Research & Policy. [MMX074.3]

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Dyer, A. R., VanHorn, L., & KauferChristoffel, K. (2002). A community-based obesity prevention program for minority children: rationale and study design for Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Preventive Medicine, 34(2), 289-297. [MMX074.1]

Stolley, M. R., Fitzgibbon, M. L., Dyer, A., Van Horn, L., KauferChristoffel, K., & Schiffer, L. (2003). Hip-Hop to Health Jr., an obesity prevention program for minority preschool children: baseline

26

characteristics of participants. Preventive Medicine, 36(3), 320-329. [MMX074.2]

Hip-Hop to Health Jr for Latino Preschool Children

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L., Van Horn, L., KauferChristoffel, K., & Dyer, A. (2006). Hip-Hop to Health Jr. for Latino preschool children. Obesity, 14(9), 1616 1625. [MMX043.0]‐

Linked:Fitzgibbon, M. L. (2016). Hip Hop to Health: An evidence-based obesity prevention curriculum for early

childhood classrooms. University of Illinois of Chicago. Chicago: Institute for Health Research & Policy. [MMX043.2]

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Dyer, A. R., VanHorn, L., & KauferChristoffel, K. (2002). A community-based obesity prevention program for minority children: rationale and study design for Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Preventive Medicine, 34(2), 289-297. [MMX043.1]

Hip-Hop to Health Jr

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L. A., Braunschweig, C. L., Gomez, S. L., Van Horn, L., & Dyer, A. R. (2011). Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Obesity Prevention Effectiveness Trial: Postintervention re-sults. Obesity, 19(5), 994-1003. [MMX076.0]

Linked:Buscemi, J., Berlin, K. S., Rybak, T. M., Schiffer, L. A., Kong, A., Stolley, M. R., . . . Fitzgibbon, M. L.

(2016). Health behavior and weight changes among ethnic and racial minority preschoolers and their parents: Associations across 1 year. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(7), 777 785. ‐[MMX076.2]

Fitzgibbon, M. (1998). Prevention of Overweight in Preschool Minority Children. In. Chicago, Il: Na-tional Institutes of Health. [MMX076.5]

Fitzgibbon, M. L. (2005). Preschool Based Obesity Prevention Effectiveness Trial. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00241878?term=NCT00241878&rank=1 [MMX076.6]

Fitzgibbon, M. L. (2016). Hip Hop to Health: An evidence-based obesity prevention curriculum for early childhood classrooms. University of Illinois of Chicago. Chicago: Institute for Health Research & Policy. [MMX076.4]

Kong, A., Buscemi, J., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L. A., Kim, Y., Braunschweig, C. L., . . . Fitzgibbon, M. L. (2016). Hip-Hop to Health Jr. Randomized Effectiveness Trial: 1-year follow-up results. Ameri-can Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(2), 136 144. [MMX076.1]‐

Lown, D. A., Fitzgibbon, M. L., Dyer, A., Schiffer, L., Gomez, S., & Braunschweig, C. L. (2011). Effect of variable energy served on 24-hour energy intake in 16 preschools, Chicago, Illinois, 2007. Pre-venting Chronic Disease, 8(3), A58. [MMX076.3]

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Family-Based Hip-Hop to Health

Fitzgibbon, M. L., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L., Kong, A., Braunschweig, C. L., Gomez-Perez, S. L., . . . Dyer, A. R. (2013). Family-based hip-hop to health: outcome results. Obesity, 21(2), 274 283. ‐[MMX044.0]

Parent Mentors Using Positive Deviance in Childhood Obesity (NCT02373670)

Foster, B. A., Aquino, C. A., Gil, M., Gelfond, J. A., & Hale, D. E. (2016). A pilot study of parent pentors for early childhood obesity. Journal of Obesity, 2016, 2609504. [MMX056.0]

Linked:Foster, B. A., Aquino, C., Gil, M., Flores, G., & Hale, D. (2015). A randomized clinical trial of the effects

of parent mentors on early childhood obesity: Study design and baseline data. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 45, 164-169. [MMX056.1]

Hollister, E. B., Foster, B. A., Dahdouli, M., Ramirez, J., & Lai, Z. (2018). Characterization of the stool microbiome in Hispanic preschool children by weight status and time. Childhood Obesity, 14(2), 122-130. [MMX056.3]

Villanueva, G. A., & Foster, B. A. (2016). Factors associated with successful mentoring of parents ad-dressing childhood obesity: A mixed methods approach. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2016, 5769621. [MMX056.2]

Hollister, E. B. (2015). Parent Mentors Using Positive Deviance in Childhood Obesity. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02373670?term=NCT02373670&rank=1 [MMX056.4]

Now Everybody Together for Amazing and Healthful Kids (NCT01606891)

French, S. A., Sherwood, N. E., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Crain, A. L., JaKa, M. M., Mitchell, N. R., . . . Es-posito, L. (2018). Multicomponent obesity prevention intervention in low-income preschool-ers: Primary and subgroup analyses of the NET-Works randomized clinical trial, 2012–2017. American Journal of Public Health, 108(12), 1695-1706. [MMX078.0]

Linked:Cui, Z., Truesdale, K. P., Robinson, T. N., Pemberton, V., French, S. A., Escarfuller, J., . . . Ward, D. S.

(2019). Recruitment strategies for predominantly low-income, multi-racial/ethnic children and parents to 3-year community-based intervention trials: Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) Consortium. Trials, 20(1), 296. [MMX078.2]

LeCroy, M. N., Truesdale, K. P., Matheson, D. M., Karp, S. M., Moore, S. M., Robinson, T. N., . . . Thomas, A. J. (2019). Snacking characteristics and patterns and their associations with diet quality and BMI in the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research Consortium. Public Health Nutrition, 21, 1-11. [MMX078.3]

Ruiz, R. M., Sommer, E. C., Tracy, D., Banda, J. A., Economos, C. D., JaKa, M. M., . . . Barkin, S. L. (2018). 28

Novel patterns of physical activity in a large sample of preschool-aged children. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 242. [MMX078.4]

Sherwood, N. E., French, S. A., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Crain, A. L., Berge, J., Kunin-Batson, A., . . . Senso, M. (2013). NET-Works: Linking families, communities and primary care to prevent obe-sity in preschool-age children. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 36(2), 544-554. [MMX078.1]

French, S. A. (2012). NET-Works:Community Preschooler Obesity Prevention (NET-Works). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01606891?term=NCT01606891&rank=1 [MMX078.5]

I am Moving. I am Learning

Goldberg, P. (2010). A comparison of BMI percentiles and predictor variables for two Head Start child-hood obesity prevention programs. (PhD Dissertation), George Mason University, Fairfax, VA. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. [MMX045.0]

Linked:Allar, I., Jones, E., Elliott, E., Kristjansson, A., Taliaferro, A., Mann, M., & Bulger, S. (2017). The Per-

ceived Impact of I am Moving, I am Learning on Physical Activity and Family Involvement: A Preliminary Investigation. American Journal of Health Behavior, 41(6), 683-692. [MMX045.1]

Healthy Habits, Happy Homes (NCT01565161)

Haines, J., McDonald, J., O'Brien, A., Sherry, B., Bottino, C. J., Schmidt, M. E., & Taveras, E. M. (2013). Healthy Habits, Happy Homes: randomized trial to improve household routines for obesity prevention among preschool-aged children. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(11), 1072-1079. [MMX098.0]

Linked:Cespedes, E. M., McDonald, J., Haines, J., Bottino, C. J., Schmidt, M. E., & Taveras, E. M. (2013). Obe-

sity-related behaviors of US- and non-US-born parents and children in low-income house-holds. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 34(8), 541-548. [MMX098.2]

Taveras, E. M. (2013). Healthy Habits, Happy Homes: An Intervention to Improve Household Routines for Obesity Prevention (HH). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01565161?term=NCT01565161&rank=1 [MMX098.3]

Taveras, E. M., McDonald, J., O'Brien, A., Haines, J., Sherry, B., Bottino, C. J., . . . Koziol, R. (2012). Healthy Habits, Happy Homes: Methods and baseline data of a randomized controlled trial to improve household routines for obesity prevention. Preventive Medicine, 55(5), 418-426. [MMX098.1]

Parents and Tots Together (NCT02222766)

Haines, J., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Gross, D., McDonald, J., Kleinman, K., & Gillman, M. W. (2016). Random-ized trial of a prevention intervention that embeds weight related messages within a general ‐

29

parenting program. Obesity, 24(1), 191-199. [MMX025.0]

Linked:Haines, J. (2014). Parents and Tots Together: A Family-Based Obesity Prevention Intervention.

Https://clinicaltrialsgov/show/nct02222766. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.-com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01583521/full . [MMX025.1]

Haines, J., Mayorga, A. M., McDonald, J., O'Brien, A., Gross, D., Taveras, E. M., . . . Gillman, M. W. (2012). Embedding weight-related messages within a general parenting programme: develop-ment and feasibility evaluation of Parents and Tots Together. Early Child Dev Care, 182(8), 951-965. [MMX025.2]

Developing Relationships that Include Values of Eating and Exercise (NCT02160847)

Hawkins, K. R., Apolzan, J. W., Staiano, A. E., Shanley, J. R., & Martin, C. K. (2019). Efficacy of a home-based parent training-focused weight management intervention for preschool children: The DRIVE randomized controlled pilot trial. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 51(6), 740-748. [MMX047.0]

Linked:Martin, C., Apolzan, J., Hawkins, K., Hall, L., Davis, A., & Chatham, J. (2017). Efficacy of a home-based

weight management intervention for 2-6-year-old children and their parents: Results of a ran-domized controlled pilot trial. Obesity Facts, 10(Suppl 1), 233-234. [MMX047.2]

Shanley, J. R. (2014). Development of the DRIVE Curriculum to Address Childhood Obesity Risk Fac-tors. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02160847 [MMX047.1]

Thriving Communities, Thriving Children (TC2)

Hollar, D., Heitz, C., & Zhou, W. (2015). More young children in an obesity prevention intervention in MS and LA head start centers improve/maintain BMI percentile and waist circumference com-pared to nonparticipants. Circulation, 131. [MMX058.0]

Family Based Mindfulness Intervention (NCT01974102)

Jastreboff, A. M., Chaplin, T. M., Finnie, S., Savoye, M., Stults-Kolehmainen, M., Silverman, W. K., & Sinha, R. (2018). Preventing childhood obesity through a mindfulness-based parent stress in-tervention: A randomized pilot study. Journal of Pediatrics, 202, 136-142. [MMX026.0]

Linked:Sinha, R. (2013). Family Based Mindfulness Intervention. https://clinicaltrialsgov/show/nct01974102 .

[MMX026.1]

FirstStep2Health

Ling, J., Robbins, L. B., Zhang, N., Kerver, J. M., Lyons, H., Wieber, N., & Zhang, M. (2018). Using Face-

30

book in a Healthy Lifestyle Intervention: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 40(12), 1818-1842. [MMX062.0]

The Growing Healthy Study (NCT01398358)

Lumeng, J. C., Miller, A. L., Horodynski, M. A., Brophy-Herb, H. E., Contreras, D., Lee, H., . . . Peterson, K. E. (2017). Improving self-regulation for obesity prevention in Head Start: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 139(5). [MMX082.0]

Linked:Lumeng, J. C. (2011). Enhancing Self Regulation as a Strategy for Obesity Prevention in Head Start

Preschoolers. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01398358?term=NCT01398358&rank=1 [MMX082.3]

Lumeng, J., Miller, A., Brophy-Herb, H., Horodynski, M., Contreras, D., Lee, H. J., & Peterson, K. (2013). UP32 Enhancing self-regulation as a strategy for obesity prevention in Head Start preschool-ers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 46(4S), S86. [MMX082.2]

Lumeng, J., Miller, A., Brophy-Herb, H., Horodynski, M., Contreras, D., Lee, H. J., & Peterson, K. (2014). UP27 Enhancing self-regulation as a strategy for obesity prevention in Head Start preschool-ers. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 46(4S), S195. [MMX082.4]

Miller, A. L., Horodynski, M. A., Herb, H. E., Peterson, K. E., Contreras, D., Kaciroti, N., . . . Lumeng, J. C. (2012). Enhancing self-regulation as a strategy for obesity prevention in Head Start preschool-ers: The growing healthy study. BMC Public Health, 12, 1040. [MMX082.1]

Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (HC2)—Phase 2 Study (NCT02697565)

Messiah, S. E., Lebron, C., Moise, R., Mathew, M. S., Sardinas, K., Chang, C., . . . Natale, R. (2017). Healthy caregivers-healthy children (HC2) phase 2: Integrating culturally sensitive childhood obesity prevention strategies into childcare center policies*. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 53, 60-67. [MMX113.0]

Linked:Messiah, S. E., & Natale, R. Healthy Caregivers, Healthy Children (HC2): A Childcare Center-Based Obe-

sity Prevention Program. [MMX113.4]

Natale, R. (2016). Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (HC2) Phase II. Retrieved from https://clinical-trials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02697565. [MMX113.1]

Natale, R. N., Messiah, S. E., Chang, C., Sardinas, K., Fitzgibbons, J., & Peraza, S. (2016). Healthy care-givers-healthy children: A primary prevention program with preschool children. Cardiology, 134(Suppl 1), S71. [MMX113.2]

Natale, R., Messiah, S., Englebert, N., Chang Martinez, C., Sardinas, K., & Fitzgibbons, J. (2016). Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children: A Train-the-Trainer (TTT) Implemented Childcare Cen-ter-Based Obesity Prevention Program. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(7),

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S126. [MMX113.3]

Natale, R. A., & Messiah, S. E. (2018). Healthy Caregivers Healthy Children Phase 2 (HC2): Two Year Follow-Up Results. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 50(7), S117. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2018.04.260 [MMX113.5]

Healthy Eating and Active Living Taught at Home (NCT01567033)

Morshed, A. B., Tabak, R. G., Schwarz, C. D., & Haire-Joshu, D. (2019). The impact of a healthy weight intervention embedded in a home-visiting program on children's weight and mothers' feeding practices. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 51(2), 237-244. [MMX065.0]

Linked:Haire-Joshu, D. (2012). Healthy Eating and Active Living Taught at Home. Retrieved from https://clini-

caltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01567033 [MMX065.2]

Haire-Joshu, D., Schwarz, C. D., Steger-May, K., Lapka, C., Schechtman, K., Brownson, R. C., & Tabak, R. G. (2018). A Randomized Trial of Weight Change in a National Home Visiting Program. Ameri-can Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(3), 341 351. [MMX065.3]‐

Tabak, R. G., Morshed, A. B., Schwarz, C. D., & Haire-Joshu, D. (2018). Impact of a Healthy Weight In-tervention Embedded Within a National Home Visiting Program on the Home Food Environ-ment. Frontiers in Public Health, 6(178). [MMX065.1]

Healthy Inside-Healthy Outside

Natale, R. A., Lopez-Mitnik, G., Uhlhorn, S. B., Asfour, L., & Messiah, S. E. (2014). Effect of a childcare center-based obesity prevention program on body mass index and nutrition practices among preschool-aged children. Health Promotion Practice, 15(5), 695-705. [MMX083.0]

Linked:Messiah, S. E., & Natale, R. Healthy Caregivers, Healthy Children (HC2): A Childcare Center-Based Obe-

sity Prevention Program. [MMX083.3]

Messiah, S. E., Natale, R., Lopez-Mitnik, G., & Barth, J. (2008). Effect of a school-based obesity preven-tion intervention on body mass index and nutrition in inner-city, multiethnic preschool chil-dren. Circulation, 117(11), e199. [MMX083.1]

Natale, R., Messiah, S., Barth, J., Lopez-Mitnik, G., Noya, M., & Sanders, L. (2008). An obesity preven-tion program with preschool children: One year follow-up data. Obesity, 16, S146. [MMX083.2]

Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (NCT01722032)

Natale, R. A., Messiah, S. E., Asfour, L. S., Uhlhorn, S. B., Englebert, N. E., & Arheart, K. L. (2017). Obe-sity prevention program in childcare centers: Two-year follow-up. American Journal of Health Promotion, 31(6), 502-510. [MMX093.0]

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Linked:Asfour, L., Natale, R., Uhlhorn, S., Arheart, K. L., Haney, K., & Messiah, S. E. (2015). Ethnicity, house-

hold food security, and nutrition and activity patterns in families with preschool children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(6), 498-505. [MMX093.5]

McCollister, K. E., Tolbert, D. V., Mishra, S., Natale, R., Uhlhorn, S., & Messiah, S. E. (2015). Cost analy-sis of a childcare center-based intervention to prevent obesity in the preschool years. Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics, 6(2). [MMX093.3]

Messiah, S. E., Asfour, L., Arheart, K. L., Selem, S. M., Uhlhorn, S. B., & Natale, R. (2015). Relationship between parent demographic characteristics, perinatal and early childhood behaviors, and body mass index among preschool-age children. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(2), 414 421. [MMX093.4]‐

Messiah, S. E., & Natale, R. Healthy Caregivers, Healthy Children (HC2): A Childcare Center-Based Obe-sity Prevention Program. [MMX093.11]

Natale, R. (2012). USDA Healthy Caregivers/Healthy Children: A Childhood Obesity Prevention Pro-gram (HC2). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01722032 . [MMX093.9]

Natale, R. (2018). Improving the cardiovascular health of preschoolers in a childcare setting. Cardiol-ogy, 140(1), 1-6. [MMX093.10]

Natale, R., Messiah, S., Asfor, L., Uhlhorn, S., Arheart, K., & Delamater, A. (2012). Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (HC2): A childcare center-based obesity prevention program. Journal of Nu-trition Education and Behavior, 4(4S), S82. [MMX093.6]

Natale, R., Messiah, S., Asfor, L., Uhlhorn, S., Arheart, K., & Delamater, A. (2013). Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children (HC2): A childcare center based obesity prevention. Journal of Nutrition Edu-cation and Behavior, 45(4 Supplement), S86-S87. [MMX093.7]

Natale, R. A., Messiah, S. E., Asfour, L., Uhlhorn, S. B., Delamater, A., & Arheart, K. L. (2014). Role mod-eling as an early childhood obesity prevention strategy: Effect of parents and teachers on preschool children's healthy lifestyle habits. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pedi-atrics, 35(6), 378-387. [MMX093.1]

Natale, R., Scott, S. H., Messiah, S. E., Schrack, M. M., Uhlhorn, S. B., & Delamater, A. (2013). Design and methods for evaluating an early childhood obesity prevention program in the childcare center setting. BMC Public Health, 13, 78. [MMX093.2]

Natale, R., Uhlhorn, S. B., Lopez-Mitnik, G., Camejo, S., Englebert, N., Delamater, A. M., & Messiah, S. E. (2016). Caregiver's Country of Birth Is a Significant Determinant of Accurate Perception of Preschool-Age Children's Weight. Health Education and Behavior, 43(2), 191-200. [MMX093.8]

SMART MOMS (NCT02098902)33

Nezami, B. T., Ward, D. S., Lytle, L. A., Ennett, S. T., & Tate, D. F. (2018). A mHealth randomized con-trolled trial to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage intake in preschool-aged children. Pediatric Obesity, 13(11), 668 676. [MMX049.0]‐

Linked: Nezami, B. T. (2014). Trial of a Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intervention in Overweight Mothers and

Their Children Ages 3-5. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02098902 [MMX049.2]

Nezami, B. T., Lytle, L. A., & Tate, D. F. (2016). A randomized trial to reduce sugar-sweetened bever-age and juice intake in preschool-aged children: description of the Smart Moms intervention trial. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 837. [MMX049.1]

Children in Action Feasibility Study (NCT01697124)

Nicklas, T. A., Nguyen, T., Butte, N. F., & Liu, Y. (2013). The children in action pilot study. International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition, 2(4), 296-308. [MMX040.0]

Linked: Nicklas, T. A. (2012). The Children in Action Feasibility Study (CIA). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrial-

s.gov/ct2/show/NCT01697124 [MMX040.1]

Kids and Adults Now-Defeat Obesity! (NCT00563264)

Ostbye, T., Krause, K. M., Stroo, M., Lovelady, C. A., Evenson, K. R., Peterson, B. L., . . . Zucker, N. L. (2012). Parent-focused change to prevent obesity in preschoolers: results from the KAN-DO study. Preventive Medicine, 55(3), 188-195. [MMX022.0]

Linked:Ostbye, T., Fuemmeler, B., Malhotra, R., Brouwer, R., Stroo, M., Lovelady, C., & Zucker, N. (2012). The

effect of the home environment on directly measured physical activity in young children: Re-sults from Kan-Do. Obesity Facts, 5, 19. [MMX022.4]

Ostbye, T., & Lovelady, C. (2007). KAN-DO: A Family-Based Intervention to Prevent Childhood Obesity (KAN-DO). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00563264?term=nct00563264&rank=1 [MMX022.3]

Ostbye, T., Malhotra, R., Stroo, M., Lovelady, C., Brouwer, R., Zucker, N., & Fuemmeler, B. (2013). The effect of the home environment on physical activity and dietary intake in preschool children. International Journal of Obesity, 37(10), 1314-1321. [MMX022.2]

Ostbye, T., Zucker, N. L., Krause, K. M., Lovelady, C. A., Evenson, K. R., Peterson, B. L., . . . Brouwer, R. J. (2011). Kids and adults now! Defeat Obesity (KAN-DO): rationale, design and baseline char-acteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 32(3), 461 469. [MMX022.1]‐

Treating Pre-School Children at Risk for Overweight in the Primary Care Setting (NCT01029834)34

Quattrin, T., Roemmich, J. N., Paluch, R., Yu, J., Epstein, L. H., & Ecker, M. A. (2012). Efficacy of family-based weight control program for preschool children in primary care. Pediatrics, 130(4), 660-666. [MMX031.0]

Linked:Quattrin, T. (2009). Treating Pre-School Children at Risk for Overweight in the Primary Care Setting.

Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01029834 [MMX031.2]

Quattrin, T., Roemmich, J. N., Paluch, R., Yu, J., Epstein, L. H., & Ecker, M. A. (2014). Treatment out-comes of overweight children and parents in the medical home. Pediatrics, 134(2), 290-297. [MMX031.1]

Romero, A. (2005). Prevention of childhood obesity among low-income preschool-aged children. (1430725 M.S.), Utah State University, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database. [MMX067.0]

Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (TX-CORD)-Coordinated Approach to Child Health Early Childhood

Sharma, S. V., Vandewater, E., Chuang, R. J., Byrd-Williams, C., Kelder, S., Butte, N., & Hoelscher, D. M. (2019). Impact of the coordinated approach to child health early childhood program for obe-sity prevention among preschool children: The Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstra-tion Study. Childhood Obesity, 15(1), 1-13. [MMX034.0]

Linked:Sharma, S. V., Chuang, R. J., Byrd Williams, C., Vandewater, E., Butte, N., & Hoelscher, D. M. (2019). ‐

Using process evaluation for implementation success of preschool based programs for obe‐ -sity prevention: The TX Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Study. Journal of School Health, 89(5), 382-392. [MMX034.1]

Healthy Homes, Healthy Kids—Preschool (NCT01080885)

Sherwood, N. E., JaKa, M. M., Crain, A. L., Martinson, B. C., Hayes, M. G., & Anderson, J. D. (2015). Pe-diatric primary care-based obesity prevention for parents of preschool children: A pilot study. Childhood Obesity, 11(6), 674-682. [MMX035.0]

Linked:Sherwood, N. E. (2010). Healthy Homes/Healthy Kids Preschool. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.-

gov/ct2/show/NCT01080885. [MMX035.1] Parent Training

Slusser, W., Frankel, F., Robison, K., Fischer, H., Cumberland, W. G., & Neumann, C. (2012). Pediatric overweight prevention through a parent training program for 2-4-year-old Latino children. Childhood Obesity, 8(1), 60-70. [MMX036.0]

35

Linked:Slusser, W. (2013). Detailed description of the nutrition component of a pediatric overweight preven-

tion program: Reply to Anchondo. Childhood Obesity, 9(1), 65-66. [MMX036.1]Learning about Activity and Understanding Nutrition for Child Health (LAUNCH)

Stark, L. J., Spear Filigno, S., Bolling, C., Ratcliff, M. B., Kichler, J. C., Robson, S. M., . . . Ittenbach, R. F. (2018). Clinic and Home-Based Behavioral Intervention for Obesity in Preschoolers: A Ran-domized Trial. Journal of Pediatrics, 192, 115-121. [MMX088.0]

Linked:Robson, S. M., Ziegler, M. L., McCullough, M. B., Stough, C. O., Zion, C., Simon, S. L., . . . Stark, L. J.

(2019). Changes in diet quality and home food environment in preschool children following weight management. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 16. [MMX088.3]

Simon, S. L., Goetz, A. R., Meier, M., Brinton, J., Zion, C., & Stark, L. J. (2019). Sleep duration and bed-time in preschool-age children with obesity: Relation to BMI and diet following a weight man-agement intervention. Pediatric Obesity, e12555. [MMX088.4]

Stark, L. J. (2012). Behavioral Treatment for Obese Preschoolers (LAUNCH). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01546727?term=NCT01546727&rank=1 [MMX088.5]

Stark, L. J., Filigno, S. S., Bolling, C., Ratcliff, M. B., Kichler, J. C., Robson, S. L., . . . Ittenbach, R. F. (2017). Learning about Activity and Understanding Nutrition for Child Health (LAUNCH): Ratio-nale, design, and implementation of a randomized clinical trial of a family-based pediatric weight management program for preschoolers. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 52, 10-19. [MMX088.1]

Stark, L. J., Filigno, S. S., Kichler, J. C., Bolling, C., Ratcliff, M. B., Robson, S. M., . . . Mara, C. A. (2019). Maintenance following a randomized trial of a clinic and home-based behavioral intervention of obesity in preschoolers. Journal of Pediatrics. [MMX088.2]

Learning about Activity and Understanding Nutrition for Child Health with Home Visit

Stark, L. J., Clifford, L. M., Towner, E. K., Filigno, S. S., Zion, C., Bolling, C., & Rausch, J. (2014). A pilot randomized controlled trial of a behavioral family-based intervention with and without home visits to decrease obesity in preschoolers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(9), 1001-1012. [MMX101.0]

Linked:Van Allen, J., Kuhl, E. S., Filigno, S. S., Clifford, L. M., Connor, J. M., & Stark, L. J. (2014). Changes in par-

ent motivation predicts changes in body mass index z-score (zBMI) and dietary intake among preschoolers enrolled in a family-based obesity intervention. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(9), 1028-1037. [MMX101.1]

Behavioral Treatment for Obese Preschoolers: LAUNCH (NCT01546747)36

Stark, L. J., Spear, S., Boles, R., Kuhl, E., Ratcliff, M., Scharf, C., . . . Rausch, J. (2011). A pilot randomized controlled trial of a clinic and home-based behavioral intervention to decrease obesity in preschoolers. Obesity, 19(1), 134-141. [MMX089.0]

Linked:Towner, E. K., Robson, S. M., & Stark, L. J. (2019). Secondary Impact of a Behavioral Intervention on

Dietary Quality in Preschoolers with Obesity. Children's Health Care, 48(1), 75-89. [MMX089.1]

Healthy Apple Program (NCT02799433)

Stookey, J. D., Evans, J., Chan, C., Tao-Lew, L., Arana, T., & Arthur, S. (2017). Healthy apple program to support childcare centers to alter nutrition and physical activity practices and improve child weight: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 965. [MMX071.0]

Linked:Stookey, J. D. (2016). Evaluation of the Healthy Apple Program in San Francisco. Retrieved from

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02799433 [MMX071.1]

Sun, A., Cheng, J., Bui, Q., Liang, Y., Ng, T., & Chen, J. L. (2017). Home-Based and Technology-Centered Childhood Obesity Prevention for Chinese Mothers with Preschool-Aged Children. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 28(6), 616-624. [MMX017.0]

The High Five for Kids Study (NCT00377767)

Taveras, E. M., Gortmaker, S. L., Hohman, K. H., Horan, C. M., Kleinman, K. P., Mitchell, K., . . . Gillman, M. W. (2011). Randomized controlled trial to improve primary care to prevent and manage childhood obesity: The High Five for Kids study. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(8), 714-722. [MMX021.0]

Linked:Cespedes, E. M., Horan, C. M., Gillman, M. W., Gortmaker, S. L., Price, S., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., . . .

Taveras, E. M. (2014). Participant characteristics and intervention processes associated with reductions in television viewing in the High Five for Kids study. Preventive Medicine, 62, 64-70. [MMX021.2]

Fiechtner, L., Block, J., Duncan, D. T., Gillman, M. W., Gortmaker, S. L., Melly, S. J., . . . Taveras, E. M. (2013). Proximity to supermarkets associated with higher body mass index among overweight and obese preschool-age children. Preventive Medicine, 56(3-4), 218-221. [MMX021.7]

Gillman, M. (2006). Improving Primary Care to Prevent Childhood Obesity. Retrieved from https://clin-icaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00377767 [MMX021.9]

Hohman, K. H., Price, S. N., Sonneville, K., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Gortmaker, S. L., Gillman, M. W., & Taveras, E. M. (2012). Can the Internet be used to reach parents for family-based childhood obesity interventions? Clinical Pediatrics, 51(4), 314-320. [MMX021.8]

37

Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Taveras, E. M., Gortmaker, S. L., Hohman, K. H., Horan, C. M., Kleinman, K. P., . . . Gillman, M. W. (2017). Two-year follow-up of a primary care-based intervention to prevent and manage childhood obesity: The High Five for Kids study. Pediatric Obesity, 12(3), e24-e27. [MMX021.4]

Sonneville, K. R., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Kleinman, K. P., Gortmaker, S. L., Gillman, M. W., & Taveras, E. M. (2012). Associations of obesogenic behaviors in mothers and obese children participating in a randomized trial. Obesity, 20(7), 1449 1454. [MMX021.3]‐

Taveras, E. M., Hohman, K. H., Price, S. N., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Mitchell, K., Gortmaker, S. L., & Gillman, M. W. (2011). Correlates of participation in a pediatric primary care-based obesity prevention intervention. Obesity, 19(2), 449-452. [MMX021.1]

Woo Baidal, J. A., Price, S. N., Gonzalez-Suarez, E., Gillman, M. W., Mitchell, K., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., . . . Taveras, E. M. (2013). Parental perceptions of a motivational interviewing-based pediatric obesity prevention intervention. Clinical Pediatrics, 52(6), 540-548. [MMX021.6]

Wright, D. R., Kenney, E. L., Giles, C. M., Long, M. W., Ward, Z. J., Resch, S. C., . . . Cradock, A. L. (2015). Modeling the Cost Effectiveness of Child Care Policy Changes in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(1), 135-147. [MMX021.5]

Wright, D. R., Taveras, E. M., Gillman, M. W., Horan, C. M., Hohman, K. H., Gortmaker, S. L., & Prosser, L. A. (2014). The cost of a primary care-based childhood obesity prevention intervention. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 44. [MMX021.10]

Healthy Children, Strong Families

Tomayko, E. J., Prince, R. J., Cronin, K. A., & Adams, A. K. (2016). The Healthy Children, Strong Families intervention promotes improvements in nutrition, activity and body weight in American In-dian families with young children. Public Health Nutrition, 19(15), 2850-2859. [MMX018.0]

Linked:Adams, A., & Cronin, K. A. (2014). Healthy children, strong families: Obesity prevention for preschool

American Indian children and their families. In V. M. Brennan, S. K. Kumanyika, & R. E. Zam-brana (Eds.), Obesity interventions in underserved communities: Evidence and directions (pp. 344-352). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. [MMX018.5]

Adams, A., LaRowe, T., Cronin, K. A., Prince, R. J., & Jobe, J. B. (2011). Healthy children, strong fami-lies: Results of a randomized trial of obesity prevention for preschool American Indian chil-dren and their families. Obesity, 19, S110. [MMX018.6]

Adams, A. K., LaRowe, T. L., Cronin, K. A., Prince, R. J., Wubben, D. P., Parker, T., & Jobe, J. B. (2012). The Healthy Children, Strong Families intervention: Design and community participation. Jour-nal of Primary Prevention, 33(4), 175-185. [MMX018.3]

LaRowe, T. L., Adams, A. K., Jobe, J. B., Cronin, K. A., Vannatter, S. M., & Prince, R. J. (2010). Dietary in-38

takes and physical activity among preschool-aged children living in rural American Indian communities before a family-based healthy lifestyle intervention. Journal of the American Di-etetic Association, 110(7), 1084-1088. [MMX018.2]

LaRowe, T. L., Wubben, D. P., Cronin, K. A., Vannatter, S. M., & Adams, A. K. (2007). Development of a culturally appropriate, home-based nutrition and physical activity curriculum for Wisconsin American Indian families. Preventing Chronic Disease, 4(4), A109. [MMX018.4]

Tomayko, E. J., Prince, R. J., Cronin, K. A., & Adams, A. K. (2017). The Healthy Children, Strong Families intervention promotes improvements in nutrition, activity, and body weight in American In-dian families with young children - ERRATUM. Public Health Nutrition, 20(2), 380. [MMX018.1]

Healthy Children, Strong Families 2

Tomayko, E. J., Prince, R. J., Cronin, K. A., Kim, K., Parker, T., & Adams, A. K. (2019). The Healthy Chil-dren, Strong Families 2 (HCSF2) randomized controlled trial improved healthy behaviors in American Indian families with young children. Current Developments in Nutrition, 3(Suppl 2), 53-62. [MMX097.0]

Linked:Adams, A. K. (2013). Healthy Children, Strong Families: American Indian Communities Preventing Obe-

sity (HCSF2). Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01776255?term=NCT01776255&rank=1 [MMX097.6]

Adams, A. K., Tomayko, E. J., K, A. C., R, J. P., Kim, K., Carmichael, L., & Parker, T. (2019). Predictors of overweight and obesity in American Indian families with young children. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 51(2), 190-198. [MMX097.1]

Berns, R. M., Tomayko, E. J., Cronin, K. A., Prince, R. J., Parker, T., & Adams, A. K. (2017). Development of a Culturally Informed Child Safety Curriculum for American Indian Families. Journal of Pri-mary Prevention, 38(1-2), 195-205. [MMX097.2]

Grant, V. M., Tomayko, E. J., Prince, R. J., Cronin, K., & Adams, A. (2018). Understanding Correlates of Physical Activity in American Indian Families: The Healthy Children Strong Families-2 Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(11), 866-873. [MMX097.3]

Ingram, D. G., Irish, L. A., Tomayko, E. J., Prince, R. J., Cronin, K. A., Parker, T., . . . Adams, A. K. (2018). Overnight sleep duration and obesity in 2-5-year-old American Indian children. Pediatric Obe-sity, 13(7), 406-412. [MMX097.4]

Tomayko, E. J., Prince, R. J., Cronin, K. A., Parker, T., Kim, K., Grant, V. M., . . . Adams, A. K. (2017). Healthy Children, Strong Families 2: A randomized controlled trial of a healthy lifestyle inter-vention for American Indian families designed using community-based approaches. Clinical Trials, 14(2), 152-161. [MMX097.5]

We Are for Children (NCT03487614)

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Tucker, J. M., DeFrang, R., Orth, J., Wakefield, S., & Howard, K. (2019). Evaluation of a Primary Care Weight Management Program in Children Aged 2(-)5 years: Changes in Feeding Practices, Health Behaviors, and Body Mass Index. Nutrients, 11(3). [MMX019.0]

Linked:Tucker, J. M. (2014). Evaluation of a primary care weight management program in children aged 2 to 5

years. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03487614 [MMX019.1]

Healthy & Ready to Learn

Winter, S. M., & Sass, D. A. (2011). Healthy & Ready to Learn: Examining the efficacy of an early ap-proach to obesity prevention and school readiness. Journal of Research in Childhood Educa-tion, 25(3), 304-325. [MMX072.0]

Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Initiative (NCT02110615)

Woo Baidal, J. A., Nelson, C. C., Perkins, M., Colchamiro, R., Leung-Strle, P., Kwass, J. A., . . . Taveras, E. M. (2017). Childhood obesity prevention in the women, infants, and children program: Out-comes of the MA-CORD study. Obesity, 25(7), 1167-1174. [MMX051.0]

Linked:Blaine, R. E., Fisher, J. O., Taveras, E. M., Geller, A. C., Rimm, E. B., Land, T., . . . Davison, K. K. (2015).

Reasons Low-Income Parents Offer Snacks to Children: How Feeding Rationale Influences Snack Frequency and Adherence to Dietary Recommendations. Nutrients, 7(7), 5982-5999. [MMX051.1]

Blaine, R. E., Franckle, R., Ganter, C., Falbe, J., Giles, C., Criss, S., . . . Davison, K. K. (2016). Implement-ing a childhood obesity intervention in low-income school districts: A mixed methods analysis from the Massachusetts childhood obesity research demonstration (MA-CORD) project. Obe-sity Reviews, 17(Suppl 2), 152. [MMX051.3]

Davison, K. K., Falbe, J., Taveras, E. M., Gortmaker, S., Kulldorff, M., Perkins, M., . . . Land, T. (2015). Evaluation overview for the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) project. Childhood Obesity, 11(1), 23-36. [MMX051.7]

Ganter, C., Aftosmes-Tobio, A., Chuang, E., Land, T., & Davison, K. K. (2015). Stakeholders' perspec-tives on the effect of a multilevel, multisector intervention on parent engagement in and awareness of childhood obesity prevention and control. FASEB Journal, 29(1). [MMX051.4]

Nelson, C. C., Colchamiro, R., Perkins, M., Taveras, E. M., Leung-Strle, P., Kwass, J., & Woo Baidal, J. A. (2018). Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Effectiveness of a Multisector Childhood Obesity Pre-vention Intervention. American Journal of Public Health, 108(9), 1200-1206. [MMX051.5]

Taveras, E. M. (2014). Mass in Motion Kids in the Clinical Setting. Retrieved from https://clinicaltrials.-gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02110615?term=NCT02110615&rank=1 [MMX051.6]

Taveras, E. M., Blaine, R. E., Davison, K. K., Gortmaker, S., Anand, S., Falbe, J., . . . Smith, L. (2015). De-40

sign of the Massachusetts Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (MA-CORD) study. Childhood Obesity, 11(1), 11-22. [MMX051.8]

Taveras, E. M., Perkins, M., Anand, S., Woo Baidal, J. A., Nelson, C. C., Kamdar, N., . . . Land, T. (2017). Clinical effectiveness of the Massachusetts childhood obesity research demonstration initia-tive among low-income children. Obesity, 25(7), 1159-1166. [MMX051.2]

Healthy Kids Healthy Lives

Yeh, Y., Hartlieb, K. B., Danford, C., & Catherine Jen, K. L. (2018). Effectiveness of Nutrition Interven-tion in a Selected Group of Overweight and Obese African American Preschoolers. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5(3), 553-561. [MMX073.0]

Linked:Yeh, Y., Hartlieb, K. B., Danford, C., & Jen, K. C. (2018). Correction to: Effectiveness of Nutrition Inter-

vention in a Selected Group of Overweight and Obese African American Preschoolers. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 5(3), 562. [MMX073.1]

¡Miranos! (Look at Us, We are Healthy!)

Yin, Z., Parra-Medina, D., Cordova, A., He, M., Trummer, V., Sosa, E., . . . Ramirez, A. (2012). ¡Míranos! Look at us, we are healthy! An environmental approach to early childhood obesity prevention. Childhood Obesity, 8(5), 429-439. [MMX104.0]

Linked:Sosa, E. T., Parra-Medina, D., He, M., Trummer, V., & Yin, Z. (2016). ¡Miranos! (Look at Us! We Are

Healthy!): Home-Based and Parent Peer-Led Childhood Obesity Prevention. Health Promotion Practice, 17(5), 675-681. [MMX104.1]

Yin, Z. N., Ramirez, A., Cordova, A., He, M. Z., Parra-Medina, D., Sosa, E., . . . Kibbe, D. (2012). MIRA-NOS!: A preschool obesity prevention program. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43, S191. [MMX104.2]

5. DATA COLLECTION PROCESSTwo coders (trained Bachelor and Master’s level research assistants) independently extracted relevant study information (e.g., publication year), sample characteristics (e.g., age, gender), design and measurement (e.g., random assignment, recruitment), and intervention details (e.g., length and duration) using a detailed form. A taxonomy of intervention components with 93 distinct components, grouped into 9 categories were used to identify the specific content of the intervention (King et al., 2020). For each intervention, the relevant content was identified based on each of the distinct components and was coded as present (1) or absent (0). Intervention components were coded as absent if no clear evidence of the component could be identified from the intervention details provided in the primary study manuscript or the supplemental documents. Disagreements between coders were reviewed, discussed, and reconciled by the

41

coders; any unresolved disagreements were reviewed and finalized by the lead methodologist (LAJSS).

6. DATA ITEMSFour taxonomies (outcomes, intended recipients, intervention context, and intervention com-ponents) were created for the COEB project by discovering components from the childhood obesity prevention literature using the qualitative research technique grounded theory (Glaser, 2002; Strauss & Corbin, 1994). A “training” set of childhood obesity prevention studies were se-lected by those identified by electronic bibliographic searches conducted by Mission Measure-ment as well as recommendations by the National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research (NCCOR) Working Group and External Expert Panel (King et al., 2020). Content coding forms used to extract study information, sample characteristics, design and measurement, and inter-vention details were developed by Dr. Scott-Sheldon and the Systematic Review and Meta-Anal-ysis Research Methods Team based on data extraction methods used in prior meta-analyses conducted by Dr. Scott-Sheldon (e.g., (Borrelli, Tooley, & Scott-Sheldon, 2015; Portnoy, Scott-Sheldon, Johnson, & Carey, 2008; Scott-Sheldon, Carey, Elliott, Garey, & Carey, 2014; Scott-Shel-don et al., 2020) as well as from the intended recipients and intervention context taxonomies created from a review of the childhood obesity prevention literature (see Table 6.1). Content coding forms used to extract intervention components with 93 distinct components, grouped into 9 intervention categories, developed by Mission Measurement, were used to identify the specific content of the intervention (see Table 6.2). Additional variables added to the database (i.e., recoded from data items extracted) can be found in Table 6.3.

Table 6.1. Data Items Extracted

Variable Item TypeUID Unique Identification number used to manipulate the data (keep

lines together)String

Study_level Indicator variable used for data analyses at the study-level (i.e. 51 studies)

Numeric

Interv_level Indicator variables used for data analyses at the intervention level (i.e. 58 interventions)

Numeric

StudyID Study ID number MMX___ ___ ___ StringLinks □ Supplemental Manuscripts NumericCitation Brief citation (authors & year): ____________________________ StringTrial Study trial name: _______________________________________ StringClinicalTrialNo Clinical trials registration no.: _____________________________ StringPubyr Publication year (missing if unpublished unless dissertation) DateDatayr Estimated year of data collection (earliest date for data collection

or manuscript submission or publication; if unpublished and date unknown, use length of follow-up and/or year manuscript was ac-quired to estimate)

Date

42

Variable Item TypeSource Source (1 = journal; 2 = thesis/dissertation; 3 = report; 4 = confer-

ence abstract/paper; 5 = other, specify: _______________)Numeric

Source_spec Other source, specified: __________________________________ StringLanguage Language of publication (1 = English; 2 = Other, specify: _______) NumericLanguage_other Other language, specified: ________________________________ StringTranslation □ Translated date: _________ DateFunding Financial support (0 = none/NR; 1 = yes) NumericFunding agency Funding agency, specified:________________________________ StringMultisite Was the study conducted at multiple sites? (0 = no, 1 = yes) NumericNo_sites If yes, how many sites? __________ NumericRandom Random assignment:

0 = Violated randomization or nonequivalent groups; within-sub-ject design1 = Quasi-experimental design; arbitrary assignment; sequential; cohorts2 = Random assignment of groups of individuals (e.g., class-rooms); unequal randomization scheme3 = Matching individuals on some variable (e.g., age, sex), then random assignment4 = True randomization (i.e., participants had an equal chance of receiving the intervention)

Numeric

Recruit Recruitment method0 = Not applicable (e.g., policy changes observed using an existing national longitudinal survey)1 = Self-selected (i.e., volunteers) (e.g., via flyers, internet ads)2 = Recruited through childcare (e.g., letters to parents)3 = Recruited through school setting (e.g., letters to parents)4 = Recruited through clinical contact (e.g., pediatrician)5 = Recruited through the community (e.g., community center program)6 = Other, specify:____________7 = Multiple, specify:__________

Numeric

Recruit_other Other recruitment method, specified: ______________________ StringRecruit_multiple Multiple recruitment methods, specify: _____________________ StringPrepost Pre-test/post-test design? (0 = no pre-test for all groups; 1 = yes,

pre-test for all groups)Numeric

n_fups Number of assessments, excluding baseline (1 = one post-test; 2 = post-test and follow-up, etc.)

Numeric

n_eligibleS Number of centers/schools/clinics/communities assessed for eli-gibility

Numeric

n_declineS Number of centers/schools/clinics/communities who declined to participate in the study

Numeric

n_excludeS Number of centers/schools/clinics/communities excluded (i.e., Numeric

43

Variable Item Typedid not meet inclusion criteria)

n_excludeS_spec Reason(s) centers/schools/clinics/communities were excluded, based on [specify numbers]:_____

Numeric

n_excludeS_age [1] age, specify: ________________________________________ Stringn_excludeS_sex [2] gender, specify: _____________________________________ Stringn_excludeS_lang [3] spoken language, specify: _____________________________ Stringn_excludeS_other [4] other, specify: ______________________________________ Stringn_excludeS_multi [5] multiple, specify: ____________________________________ Stringn_consentS Number of centers/schools/clinics/communities who consented

to participate in the studyNumeric

n_eligibleB Number of beneficiaries [children] assessed for eligibility Numericn_declineB Number of beneficiaries [children] who declined to participate in

the study.Numeric

n_excludeB Number of beneficiaries [children] excluded from the study (i.e., did not meet inclusion criteria)

Numeric

n_excludeB_spec Beneficiaries [children] were excluded, based on [specify num-bers]:

Numeric

n_excludeB_age [1] age, specify: ________________________________________ Stringn_excludeB_sex [2] gender, specify: _____________________________________ Stringn_excludeB_lang [3] spoken language, specify: _____________________________ Stringn_excludeB_other [4] other, specify: ______________________________________ Stringn_excludeB_multi [5] multiple, specify: ____________________________________ Stringn_consentB Number of beneficiaries [children] who consented to participate

in the study (i.e., randomized to groups)Numeric

n_interventionB Number of beneficiaries [children] who received the intervention (excludes controls)

Numeric

n_lost_B Number of beneficiaries [children] lost to follow-up NumericfinalN_B Final N [children] after attrition (use largest available at a delayed

posttest)Numeric

finalN_B_range N [children] range: _______ - _______ Stringn_analyzedB Number of beneficiaries [children] included in the analyses Numericn_eligibleC Number of caregivers/parents assessed for eligibility Numericn_declineC Number of caregivers/parents who declined to participate in the

studyNumeric

n_excludeC Number caregivers/parents excluded (i.e., did not meet inclusion criteria)

Numeric

n_excludeC_spec Caregivers/parents were excluded, based on [specify numbers]: Numericn_excludeC_age [1] age, specify: ________________________________________ Stringn_excludeC_sex [2] gender, specify: _____________________________________ Stringn_excludeC_lang [3] spoken language, specify: _____________________________ Stringn_excludeC_other [4] other, specify: ______________________________________ Stringn_excludeC_multi [5] multiple, specify: ____________________________________ String

44

Variable Item Typen_consentC Number of caregivers/parents who consented to participate in

the studyNumeric

n_interventionC Number of caregivers/parents who received the intervention (ex-cludes controls)

Numeric

n_lost_C Number of caregivers/parents lost to follow-up NumericfinalN_C Final N [caregivers/parents] after attrition (use largest available at

a delayed posttest)Numeric

finalN_C_range N [caregivers/parents] range: _______ - _______ Stringn_analyzedC Number of caregivers/parents included in the analyses Numericn_eligibleF Number of instructors/facilitators assessed for eligibility Numericn_declineF Number of instructors/facilitators who declined to participate in

the studyNumeric

n_excludeF Number of instructors/facilitators excluded (i.e., did not meet in-clusion criteria)

Numeric

n_excludeF_spec Instructors/facilitators were excluded, based on [specify num-bers]:

Numeric

n_excludeF_age [1] age, specify: ________________________________________ Stringn_excludeF_sex [2] gender, specify: _____________________________________ Stringn_excludeF_lang [3] spoken language, specify: _____________________________ Stringn_excludeF_other [4] other, specify: ______________________________________ Stringn_excludeF_multi [5] multiple, specify: ____________________________________ Stringn_consentF Number of instructors/facilitators who consented to participate

in the studyNumeric

n_interventionF Number of instructors/facilitators who received the intervention (excludes controls)

Numeric

n_lost_F Number of instructors/facilitators lost to follow-up NumericfinalN_F Final N [instructors/facilitators] after attrition (use largest avail-

able at a delayed posttest)Numeric

finalN_F_range N [instructors/facilitators] range: _______ - _______ Stringn_analyzedF Number of instructors/facilitators included in the analyses Numeric

BENEFICIARIES/CHILDRENp_girlsB Proportion of girls [children] in the sample Numericp_whiteB Proportion White [children] Numericp_blackB Proportion Black or African American [children] Numericp_hispanicB Proportion Hispanic or Latino [children] Numericp_AmerIndB Proportion American Indian or Alaskan Native [children] Numericp_AsianB Proportion Asian [children] Numericp_NativeHIB Proportion Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [children] Numericp_mixothB Proportion mixed/other [children], specify: __________________ Numericp_mixoth_specB Other race [children], specified: ___________________________ String

45

Variable Item Typem_ageB Mean age [children] in months Numericsd_ageB SD age [children] in months Numericmed_ageB Median age [children] in months NumericagerangeB Age range [children] in months StringagegrpB Age group [children] (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_agegrpB_23 _____% 2 to 3 years Numericp_agegrpB_24 _____% 2 to 4 years Numericp_agegrpB_25 _____% 2 to 5 years Numericp_agegrpB_34 _____% 3 to 4 years Numericp_agegrpB_35 _____% 3 to 5 years Numericp_agegrpB_45 _____% 4 to 5 years Numericp_agegrpB_26 _____% 2 to 6 years NumericlanguageB Language spoken at home [children] (0 = not reported; 1 = yes,

reported)Numeric

p_EngB _____% Proficient in English [children] Numericp_nonEngB _____% Proficient in a non-English language [children] NumericnonEngB_spec Non-English language [children], specified:________________ Stringp_EngPlusB _____% Proficient in English and one or more other languages

[children]Numeric

EngPlusB_spec Non-English language [children], specified: ________________ StringeducB Level of education (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_preschoolB _____% attending preschool Numericp_preKB _____% attending pre-kindergarten Numericp_firstB _____% attending first grade Numericp_speceducB _____% enrolled in special education/other support services NumericdifferencesB Physical/learning differences (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_behdiffB _____% behavioral differences Numericp_devdiffB _____% developmental differences Numericp_learndiffB _____% learning differences Numericp_psychdiffB _____% psychological differences Numericp_physdiffB _____% physical differences NumericlivingB Living arrangements (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported): Numericp_oneparentB _____% living with one parent Numericp_twoparentB _____% living with two parents Numericp_grandparentB _____% living with grandparents only Numericp_relativeB _____% living with other relative only Numericp_fosterB _____% in foster care NumericfamilycompB Family composition (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported): Numericp_onechildB _____% families with one child Numeric

46

Variable Item Typep_2childB _____% families with 2 or more children NumericincomeB Family income (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported): Numericp_5000B _____% $0-$5,000 Numericp_5k10KB _____% $5,000 - $9,999 Numericp_10K15KB _____% $10,000 - $14,999 Numericp15K25KB _____% $15,000-$24,999 Numericp25K35KB _____% $25,000 - $34,999 Numericp35KB _____% $35,000 and over NumericpovertyB Family poverty level (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported): Numericp_belowB _____% below the poverty level NumericlunchB Free/reduced price lunch program (0 = no/not reported, 1 = yes) NumericSNAPB SNAP or WIC eligible (0 = no/not reported, 1 = yes) NumericmedicadB Medicaid eligible (0 = no/not reported, 1 = yes) NumericheadstartB Head start eligible (0 = no/not reported, 1 = yes) NumericmedinsureB Family Medical insurance (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_fpublicB _____% Public Numericp_fprivateB _____% Private NumericchildinsureB Child Medical insurance (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported); if

differs from family medical insuranceNumeric

p_cpublicB _____% Public Numericp_cprivateB _____% Private NumericfoodinsecureB Food insecurity (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_foodinsecureB _____% food insecure: NumerichungerB □ with hunger NumericnohungerB □ without hunger Numericp_foodsecureB _____% food secure NumericcomputerB Computer/technology access at home (0 = no/not reported, 1 =

yes)Numeric

BMI%_B BMI percentile [children] (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_BMI5th_B _____% BMI ≤5th percentile [children] Numericp_BMI84th_B _____% BMI between 5th and 84th percentile [children] Numericp_BMI95th_B _____% BMI between 85th and 95th percentile [children] Numericp_BMIabove95th_B _____% BMI ≥95th percentile [children] NumericBMIcat_B BMI category (0 = not reported, 1 = reported) Numericp_BMIunderB _____% Underweight [children] Numericp_BMInormalB _____% Normal weight [children] Numericp_BMIoverB _____% Overweight [children] Numericp_BMIobeseB _____% Obese [children] Numericp_obesityriskB Proportion at risk for obesity Numeric

47

Variable Item Type

CAREGIVER/PARENTp_womenC Proportion of women in the sample Numericp_whiteC Proportion White [caregiver/parent] Numericp_blackC Proportion Black or African American [caregiver/parent] Numericp_hispanicC Proportion Hispanic or Latino [caregiver/parent] Numericp_AmerIndC Proportion American Indian or Alaskan Native [caregiver/parent] Numericp_AsianC Proportion Asian [caregiver/parent] Numericp_NativeHIC Proportion Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [caregiver/

parent]Numeric

p_mixothC Proportion mixed/other [caregiver/parent], specify: __________ Numericp_mixoth_specC Mixed/other race [caregiver/parent], specified: ______________ Stringm_ageC Mean age [caregiver/parent] in years Numericsd_ageC SD for age [caregiver/parent] in years Numericmed_ageC Median age [caregiver/parent] in years NumericagerangeC Age range [caregiver/parent] in years StringagegrpC Age group [caregiver/parent] (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_agegrpC_18 _____% ≥18 years of age Numericp_agegrpC_1824 _____% 18-24 years of age Numericp_agegrpC_2534 _____% 25-34 years of age Numericp_agegrpC_3545 _____% 35-45 years of age Numericp_agegrpC_45 _____% ≥45 years of age NumericrelationC Caregiver/Parent relationship (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, re-

ported)Numeric

p_marriedC _____% married or cohabitating Numericp_divorcedC _____% divorced/separated/widowed Numericp_singleC _____% single NumericeducC Caregiver/Parent Education (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported): Numericp_lessHSC _____% less than high school Numericp_HSC _____% high completed high school degree/GED Numericp_somecollegeC _____% some college education Numericp_collegehigherC _____% college education or higher NumericemployC Caregiver/Parent employment (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, re-

ported)Numeric

p_FT_C _____% working full-time Numericp_PT_C _____% working part-time Numericp_unemployedC _____% unemployed Numericp_studentC _____% student Numericp_disabledC _____% disabled NumericparentalstatusC Caregiver/Parent parental status (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, re- Numeric

48

Variable Item Typeported):

p_sharedcustC _____% parents share custody of child Numericp_onecustC _____% one parent has primary custody of child NumericlanguageC Caregiver/Parent language (0 = not reported; 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_EngC _____% Proficient in English [caregiver/parent] Numericp_nonEngC _____% Proficient in a non-English language [caregiver/parent] StringnonEngC_spec Non-English language [caregiver/parent], specified:__________ Numericp_EngPlusC _____% Proficient in English and one or more other languages

[caregiver/parent]String

EngCPlus_spec Non-English language [caregiver/parent], specified: ___________ Numericm_heightC Mean height [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_heightC SD for height [caregiver/parent] NumericheightunitsC Height units [caregiver/parent] Stringm_heightC_tx Treatment: mean height [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_heightC_tx Treatment: SD for height [caregiver/parent] Numericm_heightC_ctrl Control: mean height [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_heightC_ctrl Control: standard deviation for height [caregiver/parent] Numericm_weightC Mean weight [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_weightC SD for weight [caregiver/parent] NumericweightunitsC Weight units [caregiver/parent] Stringm_weightC_tx Treatment: mean weight [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_weightC_tx Treatment: SD for weight [caregiver/parent] Numericm_weightC_ctrl Control: mean weight [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_weightC_ctrl Control: SD for weight [caregiver/parent] Numericm_BMIC Mean BMI [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_BMIC SD for BMI [caregiver/parent] NumericBMIunitsC BMI units Stringm_BMIC_tx Treatment: mean BMI [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_BMIC_tx Treatment: SD for BMI [caregiver/parent] Numericm_BMIC_ctrl Control: mean BMI [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_BMIC_ctrl Control: SD for BMI [caregiver/parent] Numericm_fatmassC Mean fat mass [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_fatmassC SD for fat mass [caregiver/parent] NumericfatmassunitsC Fat mass units [caregiver/parent] Stringm_fatmassC_tx Treatment: mean fat mass [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_fatmassC_tx Treatment: SD for fat mass [caregiver/parent] Numericm_fatmassC_ctrl Control: mean fat mass [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_fatmassC_ctrl Control: SD for fat mass [caregiver/parent] Numericm_fatfreemassC Mean fat free mass [caregiver/parent] Numeric

49

Variable Item Typesd_fatfreemassC SD for fat free mass [caregiver/parent] NumericfatfreemassunitsC fat free mass units Stringm_fatfreemassC_tx Treatment: mean fat free mass [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_fatfreemassC_tx Treatment: SD for fat free mass [caregiver/parent] Numericm_fatfreemassC_ctrl Control: mean fat free mass [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_fatfreemassC_ctrl Control: SD for fat free mass [caregiver/parent] Numericm_pbodyfatC Mean % body fat [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_pbodyfatC SD % body fat [caregiver/parent] Numericm_pbodyfatC_tx Treatment: mean % body fat [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_pbodyfatC_tx Treatment: SD for % body fat [caregiver/parent] Numericm_pbodyfatC_ctrl Control: mean % body fat [caregiver/parent] Numericsd_pbodyfatC_ctrl Control: SD for % body fat [caregiver/parent] NumericBMI%_C BMI [caregiver/parent] (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_BMI185_C _____% BMI below 18.5 [caregiver/parent] Numericp_BMI249_C _____% BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 [caregiver/parent] Numericp_BMI299_C _____% BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 [caregiver/parent] Numericp_BMIabove30_C _____% BMI ≥30.0 [caregiver/parent] NumericBMIcat_C BMI category [caregiver/parent] (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, re-

ported)Numeric

p_BMIunderC _____% Underweight [caregiver/parent] Numericp_BMInormalC _____% Normal or healthy weight [caregiver/parent] Numericp_BMIoverC _____% Overweight [caregiver/parent] Numericp_BMIobeseC _____% Obese [caregiver/parent] Numericp_obesityriskC Proportion at risk for obesity [caregiver/parent] Numeric

INSTRUCTOR/FACILITATORp_womenF Proportion of women in the sample NumericsexF Instructors/facilitators sex (0 = not reported):

1 = Women2 = Men3 = Both women and men

Numeric

p_whiteF Proportion White [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_blackF Proportion Black or African American [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_hispanicF Proportion Hispanic or Latino [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_AmerIndF Proportion American Indian/Alaskan Native [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_AsianF Proportion Asian [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_NativeHIF Proportion Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [instructor/

facilitator]Numeric

p_mixothF Proportion mixed/other [instructor/facilitator], specify: _______ Numericp_mixoth_specF Mixed/other race [instructor/facilitator], specified:__________ String

50

Variable Item Typem_ageF Mean age [instructor/facilitator] in years Numericsd_ageF SD of age [instructor/facilitator] in years Numericmed_ageF Median age[instructor/facilitator] in years NumericagerangeF Age range[instructor/facilitator] in years NumericagegrpF Age group[instructor/facilitator] (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, re-

ported)Numeric

p_agegrpF_18 _____% ≥18 years of age Numericp_agegrpF_1824 _____% 18-24 years of age Numericp_agegrpF_2534 _____% 25-34 years of age Numericp_agegrpF_3545 _____% 35-45 years of age Numericp_agegrpF_45 _____% ≥45 years of age NumericlanguageF Instructor/Facilitator language (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, re-

ported):Numeric

p_EngF _____% Proficient in English [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_nonEngF _____% Proficient in a non-English language [instructor/facilita-

tor]Numeric

nonEngF_spec Non-English language [instructor/facilitator], specified:_______ Stringp_EngPlusF _____% Proficient in English and one or more other languages [in-

structor/facilitator]Numeric

EngPlusF_spec Non-English language [instructor/facilitator], specified: _______ Stringm_heightF Mean height [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_heightF SD for height [instructor/facilitator] NumericheightunitsF Height units Stringm_heightF_tx Treatment: mean height [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_heightF_tx Treatment: standard deviation for height [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_heightF_ctrl Control: mean height [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_heightF_ctrl Control: standard deviation for height [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_weightF Mean weight [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_weightF SD for weight [instructor/facilitator] NumericweightunitsF Weight units Stringm_weightF_tx Treatment: mean weight [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_weightF_tx Treatment: standard deviation for weight [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_weightF_ctrl Control: mean weight [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_weightF_ctrl Control: standard deviation for weight [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_BMIF Mean BMI [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_BMIF SD for BMI [instructor/facilitator] NumericBMIunitsF BMI units Stringm_BMIF_tx Treatment: mean BMI [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_BMIF_tx Treatment: standard deviation for BMI [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_BMIF_ctrl Control: mean BMI [instructor/facilitator] Numeric

51

Variable Item Typesd_BMIF_ctrl Control: standard deviation for BMI [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_fatmassF Mean fat mass [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_fatmassF SD for fat mass [instructor/facilitator] NumericfatmassunitsF Fat mass units [instructor/facilitator] Stringm_fatmassF_tx Treatment: mean fat mass [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_fatmassF_tx Treatment: SD fat mass [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_fatmassF_ctrl Control: mean fat mass [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_fatmassF_ctrl Control: SD fat mass [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_fatfreemassF Mean fat free mass [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_fatfreemassF SD for fat free mass [instructor/facilitator] NumericfatfreemassunitsF Fat free mass units [instructor/facilitator] Stringm_fatfreemassF_tx Treatment: mean fat free mass [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_fatfreemassF_tx Treatment: standard deviation for fat free mass [instructor/facili-

tator]Numeric

m_fatfreemassF_ctrl Control: mean fat free mass [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_fatfreemassF_ctrl Control: standard deviation for fat free mass [instructor/facilita-

tor]Numeric

m_pbodyfatF Mean % body fat [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_pbodyfatF SD for % body fat [instructor/facilitator] Numericm_pbodyfatF_tx Treatment: mean % body fat [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_pbodyfatF_tx Treatment: standard deviation for % body fat [instructor/facilita-

tor]Numeric

m_pbodyfatF_ctrl Control: mean % body fat [instructor/facilitator] Numericsd_pbodyfatF_ctrl Control: standard deviation for % body fa t[instructor/facilitator] NumericBMI%_F BMI [instructor/facilitator] (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported) Numericp_BMI185_F _____% BMI below 18.5 [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_BMI249_F _____% BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_BMI299_F _____% BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_BMIabove30_F _____% BMI ≥30.0 [instructor/facilitator] NumericBMIcat_F BMI category [instructor/facilitator] (0 = not reported, 1 = yes,

reported)Numeric

p_BMIunderF _____% Underweight [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_BMInormalF _____% Normal or healthy weight [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_BMIoverF _____% Overweight [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_BMIobeseF _____% Obese [instructor/facilitator] Numericp_obesityriskF Proportion at risk for obesity [instructor/facilitator] Numeric

CONTEXTstudy_city Study city: ________________________________________ Stringstudy_state Study state: _______________________________________ String

52

Variable Item Typestudy_setting Study setting (0 = not reported):

1 = Urban2 = Suburban3 = Rural

Numeric

US_region US Region where the study was conducted (0 = not reported)1 = Northeast US2 = Southeast US3 = Midwest US4 = Western US5 = Southwest US6 = Multiple US Region

Numeric

Setting Intervention Setting:1. Home-based (e.g., Wii fitness program)2. Childcare-based (e.g., childcare/day care centers)3. Early Head Start/Head Start Programs4. School-based (e.g., preschool, classrooms, primary schools)5. Primary care-based (e.g., pediatrician office, clinic, healthcare center)6. Community-based (e.g., YMCA, church groups)7. Environmental level8. Other intervention setting9. Multiple intervention settings

Numeric

setting_other Other intervention setting; specified: _______________________ Stringsetting_multiple Multiple intervention settings; specified: ____________________ String

SCHOOL/DISTRICT/COMMUNITYGrade Grade level (0 = not reported)

1 = Pre-kindergarten2 = K to 5

Numeric

program_length Program length (0 = not reported)1. Half day2. Full day

Numeric

school_lang School/District/Community Language Status (0 = not reported)1. Limited English proficiency2. Receiving English speakers of other languages services/sup-ports3. Proficient in multiple languages

Numeric

p_white_school Proportion White [school/district/community] Numericp_black_school Proportion Black or African American [school/district/community] Numericp_hispanic_school Proportion Hispanic or Latino [school/district/community] Numericp_AmerInd_school Proportion American Indian or Alaskan Native [school/district/

community]Numeric

p_Asian_school Proportion Asian [school/district/community] Numericp_NativeHI_school Proportion Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [school/dis- Numeric

53

Variable Item Typetrict/community]

p_mixed_school Proportion mixed/other [school/district/community], specified: _ Numericp_mixed_school_spec Mixed/other race [school/district/community], specified:______ StringschoolSES School/District/Community socioeconomic status (0 = not re-

ported)1. Low SES community2. High SES community

Numeric

INTERVENTION INSTRUCTOR(S)/FACILITATOR(S)n_instructors_BF Number of instructors/facilitators per beneficiary [child] session Numericinstructors_BF Instructors/Facilitators per beneficiary [child]session (0 = not re-

ported)1. No instructors/facilitators2. Certified PreK teacher 3. Certified Elementary teacher4. Bachelors or master’s degree5. Paraprofessionals (e.g., nurse practitioner, nurse, physician as-sistant, social worker)6. Professionals (terminal professional degree, e.g., PhD, MD)7. Other8. Multiple

Numeric

instructors_otherBF Other instructor/facilitator per beneficiary [child] session; speci-fied

String

instructors_multi-pleBF

Multiple instructors/facilitators per beneficiary [child] session; specified

String

instruct_langBF Instructor/facilitator language per beneficiary [child] session (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported):

Numeric

p_EngBF _____% Proficient in English Numericp_nonEngBF _____% Proficient in a non-English language NumericnonEngBF_spec Non-English language, specified:________________ Stringp_EngplusBF _____% Proficient in English and one or more other languages NumericEngplusBF_spec Non-English language, specified: ________________ Stringn_instructors_CF Number of instructors/facilitators per caregiver/parent session Numericinstructors_CF Instructors/Facilitators per caregiver/parent session (0 = not re-

ported)1. No instructors/facilitators2. Certified PreK teacher3. Certified Elementary teacher4. Bachelors or master’s degree5. Paraprofessionals (e.g., nurse practitioner, nurse, physician as-sistant, social worker)6. Professionals (terminal professional degree, e.g., PhD, MD)7. Other

Numeric

54

Variable Item Type8. Multiple

instructors_otherCF Other instructors/facilitators per caregiver/parent session; speci-fied

String

instructors_multi-pleCF

Multiple instructors/facilitators per caregiver/parent session; specified

String

instruct_langCF Instructor/facilitator language per caregiver/parent session (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported):

Numeric

p_EngCF _____% Proficient in English Numericp_nonEngCF _____% Proficient in a non-English language NumericnonEngCF_spec Non-English language, specified:________________ Stringp_EngplusCF _____% Proficient in English and one or more other languages NumericEngplusCF_spec Non-English language, specified: ________________ Stringn_instructors_FF Number of instructors/facilitators per instructor/facilitator ses-

sion (i.e., train the trainer) Numeric

instructors_FF Other instructors/facilitators per instructor/facilitator session (0 = not reported)1. No instructors/facilitators2. Certified PreK teacher3. Certified Elementary teacher4. Bachelors or master’s degree5. Paraprofessionals (e.g., nurse practitioner, nurse, physician as-sistant, social worker)6. Professionals (terminal professional degree, e.g., PhD, MD)7. Other8. Multiple

Numeric

instructors_otherFF Other instructors/facilitators per instructor/facilitator session; specified

String

instructors_multi-pleFF

Multiple instructors/facilitators per instructor/facilitator session; specified

String

instruct_langFF Other Instructor/Facilitator language per instructor/facilitator session (0 = not reported, 1 = yes, reported):

Numeric

p_EngFF _____% Proficient in English Numericp_nonEngEF _____% Proficient in a non-English language NumericnonEngEF_spec Non-English language, specified:________________ Stringp_EngplusFF _____% Proficient in English and one or more other languages; NumericEngplusEF_spec Non-English language, specified: ________________ String

CONTROL/COMPARISON CONDITIONcontrol Included a control/comparison condition: □ YES □ NO Numericctrl_label Control condition (if more than one, use the control condition

with the least contact): ____________String

55

Variable Item Typetype_ctrl Type of control/comparison condition:

1 = Wait-list/no treatment/assessment only/no contact control group2 = Standard of care3 = Standard education only (information only)4 = Irrelevant content: matched/not matched5 = Relevant content: matched/not matcher6 = Other, specify: ______________________________________

Numeric

ctrl_matched □ matched for time/contact Numericctrl_notmatched □ not matched for time/contact Numericctrl_other Other type of control/comparison condition, specified: ________ Stringn_sessions_ctrl Number of sessions in comparison group Numericn_mins_ctrl Number of minutes for each session (report average if session

length varies)Numeric

t_dose_ctrl Total number of minutes of contact (estimate if necessary) Numericn_facil_ctrl Number of facilitators/experimenters present in session (blank if

no contact/wait list)Numeric

grpsize_ctrl Average size of participant group for a session (blank if no con-tact/wait list)

Numeric

OBESITY PREVENTION INTERVENTIONtx_label Treatment condition (use label provided by author): ___________ Stringno_tx Number of treatments for which effect sizes will each be calcu-

lated (complete page 10 for each treatment)Numeric

theory Theory-driven? (0 = no/not reported; 1 = yes, specify: _________) Numerictheory_spec Theory, specified:_____ String

INSTRUCTOR/FACILITATOR SESSION(S)n_sessions_tx_F Number of sessions [instructor/facilitator] Numericn_mins_tx_F Number of minutes per session [instructor/facilitator] Numerict_dose_tx_F Total dosage (sessions × minutes) [instructor/facilitator] Numericindgrp_tx_F Delivered to:

1 = Individual (e.g., delivered to one beneficiary at a time)2 = Dyad (e.g., delivered jointly to parent-child pair)3 = Group (e.g., classroom)

Numeric

grpsize_tx_F Average no. of participants per group [instructor/facilitator] Numericdelivery_tx_F Delivery setting [instructor/facilitator] (1 = Onsite; 2 = Offsite; 3 =

Unknown)Numeric

hw_sessions_tx_F Number of sessions of home practice [instructor/facilitator] Numerichw_mins_tx_F Number of minutes of home practice [instructor/facilitator] Numerichw_dose_tx_F Total dosage (sessions × minutes) of home practice [instructor/fa-

cilitator]Numeric

56

Variable Item Typemodality_tx_F Modality [instructor/facilitator]:

1 = in person (individual/group)2 = telephone (live person/computer) 3 = postal mail 4 = email 5 = text

Numeric

no_boost_tx_F Number of boosters (e.g., calls, emails, text messages) [instruc-tor/facilitator]

Numeric

tdose_boost_tx_F Total dose of booster(s) (in minutes, estimate if necessary) [in-structor/facilitator]

Numeric

delivery_boost_tx_F Delivery setting (1 = Onsite; 2 = Offsite; 3 = Unknown) [instructor/facilitator]

Numeric

CAREGIVER/PARENT SESSION(S)n_sessions_tx_C Number of sessions [caregivers/parents] Numericn_mins_tx_C Number of minutes per session [caregivers/parents] Numerict_dose_tx_C Total dosage (sessions × minutes) [caregivers/parents] Numericindgrp_tx_C Delivered to:

1 = Individual (e.g., delivered to one beneficiary at a time)2 = Dyad (e.g., delivered jointly to parent-child pair)3 = Group (e.g., classroom)

Numeric

grpsize_tx_C Average no. of participants per group [caregivers/parents] Numericdelivery_tx_C Delivery setting (1 = Onsite; 2 = Offsite; 3 = Unknown)

[caregivers/parents]Numeric

hw_sessions_tx_C Number of sessions of home practice [caregivers/parents] Numerichw_mins_tx_C Number of minutes of home practice [caregivers/parents] Numerichw_dose_tx_C Total dosage (sessions × minutes) of home practice Numericmodality_tx_C Modality [caregivers/parents]:

1 = in person (individual/group)2 = telephone (live person/computer) 3 = postal mail 4 = email 5 = text

Numeric

no_boost_tx_C Number of boosters (e.g., calls, emails, text messages) [care-givers/parents]

Numeric

tdose_boost_tx_C Total dose of booster(s) (in minutes, estimate if necessary) [care-givers/parents]

Numeric

delivery_boost_tx_C Delivery setting (1 = Onsite; 2 = Offsite; 3 = Unknown) [caregivers/parents]

Numeric

BENEFICIARY/CHILD SESSION(S)n_sessions_tx_B Number of sessions [caregivers/parents] Numericn_mins_tx_B Number of minutes per session [child] Numeric

57

Variable Item Typet_dose_tx_B Total dosage (sessions × minutes) [child] Numericindgrp_tx_B Delivered to:

1 = Individual (e.g., delivered to one beneficiary at a time)2 = Dyad (e.g., delivered jointly to parent-child pair)3 = Group (e.g., classroom)

Numeric

grpsize_tx_B Average no. of participants per group [child] Numericdelivery_tx_B Delivery setting (1 = Onsite; 2 = Offsite; 3 = Unknown) [child] Numerichw_sessions_tx_B Number of sessions of home practice [child] Numerichw_mins_tx_B Number of minutes of home practice [child] Numerichw_dose_tx_B Total dosage (sessions × minutes) of home practice [child] Numericmodality_tx_B Modality [child]:

1 = in person (individual/group) 2 = telephone (live person/computer)3 = postal mail 4 = email 5 = text

Numeric

no_boost_tx_B No. of boosters (e.g., calls, emails, text messages) [child] Numerictdose_boost_tx_B Total dose of booster(s) (in minutes, estimate if necessary) [child] Numericdelivery_boost_tx_B Delivery setting (1 = Onsite; 2 = Offsite; 3 = Unknown) [child] Numeric

[ADDITIONAL VARIABLES]FACILITATORS OF FACILITATORS SESSION(S)n_sessions_tx_FF Number of sessions [facilitators of facilitators] Numericn_mins_tx_FF Number of minutes per session [facilitators of facilitators] Numerict_dose_tx_FF Total dosage (sessions × minutes) [facilitators of facilitators] Numericindgrp_tx_FF Delivered to:

1 = Individual (e.g., delivered to one beneficiary at a time)2 = Dyad (e.g., delivered jointly to parent-child pair)3 = Group (e.g., classroom)

Numeric

grpsize_tx_FF Average no. of participants per group [facilitators of facilitators] Numericdelivery_tx_FF Delivery setting [facilitators of facilitators] (1 = Onsite; 2 = Offsite;

3 = Unknown)Numeric

COCHRANE RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT TOOL (VERSION 5.1.0)bias1 Random sequence generation Numericbias2 Allocation concealment Numericbias3 Blinding of participants and personnel Numericbias4 Blinding of outcome assessment Numericbias5 Incomplete outcome data Numericbias6 Selective reporting Numericbias7 Other sources of bias Numeric

58

Variable Item Typescore Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool: Total bias score (range = -7 to +7) Numeric

Table 6.2. Taxonomy of Intervention Categories and Components (King et al., 2020).

Intervention Components ExamplesActivities to Support Behavior Change

Implement Structures of Accountability Written contracts; daily activity logsIncorporate Implementation of Self-Reflection Strategies

Self-assessments; self-monitoring strategies

Implement Media Campaigns Marketing strategies; social network cam-paigns

Incorporate Financial Incentives Provide compensation for participation; money in exchange for changes in behavior

Engage Facilitators in Praise/Encouragement for Positive Behavior

Positive affirmation; encouragement from caregivers

Engage Caregivers in Praise/Encouragement for Positive Behavior

Parents identify desired changes; goal-setting activities with mothers

Engage Caregivers in Goal-Setting Caregiver trained on how to model healthy be-haviors

Engage Caregivers to Serve as Role Models for Children

Positive feedback from facilitator/instructor

Instructional StrategiesProvide Toys/Books/Games/Stickers for Child En-gagement

Stickers with cartoon characters on food con-tainers; provide card games

Utilize Arts and Music Using crafts; providing music CDsUtilize Games, Imaginative Play, or Storytelling Use puppets to demonstrate satiety cues; tell

stories with health nutrition themesUtilize a Stepped-Intensity Approach Interventions begin with 12-week, in person

initial phase and decrease to weekly 30-minute phone calls

Utilize Written Activities Use worksheets or workbooksUtilize Modeling/Demonstration Use props to demonstrate stomach capacity;

facilitators model behaviors for parents (pas-sive)

Utilize Media for Instruction Use audiovisual presentations PowerPoint pre-sentations, videos, etc.

Utilize Hands-On Approach Hands-on practice of games/activities/inter-vention

Utilize Reflective Listening Use open-ended questions; use reflective lis-tening

Utilize Discussion Facilitate parent discussion groups

59

Intervention Components ExamplesUtilize Role-Playing for Instruction Use role-playing for mothers to practice inter-

vention; use role-playing for facilitator train-ings

Utilize Group Instruction Parents placed in groups for trainings on inter-vention

Utilize Telephone Calls Intervention delivered to mothers via phone calls; phone coaching

Utilize Dual Language Instruction/Materials Curriculum written in English and SpanishUtilize Field Trips/Site Visits Site visits to farmers market, grocery stores,

etc. to reinforce content

Activities for Supporting CaregiversEngage Experts to Provide Technical Assistance to Caregivers

Access to mental health providers for care-givers; dietician providing nutritional counsel-ing to caregivers

Provide Audiovisual Media Resources to Care-givers

Caregivers receive music to encourage children dancing

Provide Materials to Support Healthy Eating Pat-terns to Caregivers

Measuring cups or placemats to demonstrate appropriate portion sizes

Provide Materials to Support Screen Time Reduc-tion to Caregivers

Suggestions for alternative activities to do with children; Devices that restrict amount to time TV is on

Provide Materials to Support Self-Control in Chil-dren

Caregivers provided with timer for child behav-ioral management.

Provide Written Resources to Caregivers Brochures, books, handouts, pamphlets in-tended to provide content knowledge

Provide Access to Social Media Platforms/Web-sites to Caregivers

Utilization of protected website to support in-tervention

Provide Education About Obesity Risk/Aware-ness to Caregivers

Dispelling myths about obesity; Guidance on how to interpret child BMI

Provide Education About Physical Activity to Caregivers

Information about the importance of physical activity

Provide Education About Healthy Sleep Patterns to Caregivers

Information on importance of healthy sleep and how to facilitate those habits

Provide Education About the Importance of Rou-tines to Caregivers

Information about the utility of healthy rou-tines and habits in supporting child health

Provide Education about Nutrition and Heathy Eating Patterns to Caregivers

Examples of healthy foods; Information about importance of nutrition; information to help mothers understand and implement healthy child eating patterns

Provide Education about Child Behavior Manage-ment to Caregivers

How to support development of self-control in children

Provide Education about Modeling Healthy Be- Education on how to model healthy behaviors

60

Intervention Components Exampleshaviors to Caregivers for children (e.g., choosing fruit/vegetable

snacks, daily physical activity).Provide Education about Sources of Stress and Coping Strategies to Caregivers

Common sources of stress and how to manage stress.

Provide Education about Social and Emotional Skills to Caregiver

Information on conflict resolution, parent con-fidence, effective communication, etc.

Provide Education about the Importance of Built Environment to Caregiver

Introducing the concept of a built environment (e.g., parks) and how it can be modified to support healthy behaviors

Provide Education about Health and Wellness Content to Caregivers

Connections between food and health; helping parents to define what health means for them

Provide Education about the Importance of Screen Time Reduction to Caregivers

Problem-solving strategies for either care-givers or whole family

Include Activities to Promote Problem-Solving to Caregivers

Information on why it is important to reduce screen time

Implement Personalized Support for Caregiver Additional coaching in response to BMI in-crease; personalized recommendations for sleep

Implement Follow-Up Support for Caregivers Coaching sessions for mothers; follow-ups af-ter clinic visit

Implement Support Groups for Caregivers Support group for parents, family members, and other caregivers

Facilitator Training ActivitiesUse a Train the Trainer Model Professional development providers are

trained in the intervention, and these providers then train those that will ultimately deliver the intervention

Provide Curricular Materials to Facilitators Educative materials provided to facilitators to support their understanding and delivery of the intervention

Provide Regular Training Opportunities for Facili-tators

Yearly trainings; regular follow up trainings

Provide Initial or One-Time Training Opportuni-ties for Facilitators

Training provided before intervention

Provide Physical Activity Education and Training to Facilitators

Information about the importance of physical activity

Provide Healthy Eating Education and Training to Facilitators

Information to help facilitators understand and implement healthy child feeding patterns

Provide Food Preparation Education and Training to Facilitators

Information on how to prepare or serve foods

Provide Nutrition Education and Training to Facil-itators

Examples of healthy foods; Information about importance of nutrition

61

Intervention Components Examples

Involvement of FacilitatorsInvolve Pediatricians/Healthcare Providers Use of well child visit to deliver intervention;

engage pediatricians or other healthcare providers (e.g., physician assistants, nurses) delivered all or part of the intervention

Involve Childcare Providers Intervention is delivered in a childcare setting; engage childcare providers/teachers/assis-tants delivered all or part of the intervention

Involve Families Intervention is delivered at home; family mem-bers delivered all or part of the intervention; may include events specifically intended to en-gage families

Involve Community Organizations Intervention components are delivered via community organizations; community organi-zations delivered all or part of the intervention

Policy-Based StrategiesImplement Nutrition Standards Aligning with national nutritional standards,

daycare using organizational (or city/state mandated) nutritional standards

Implement Earned Income Tax Credit Adjustments to Earned Income Tax credit that increase family income. Note that this was de-scribed in only one article

Implement SNAP/WIC Policies Policies that reduce cost of healthy foods/bev-erages and increase cost of sugary beverages

Implement Policies Regulating Food/Beverage Costs

Policies that increase access to health foods/beverages and reduce access to less health foods/beverages

Implement Policies for Regulation of Food/Bev-erage Access

Modifications to WIC or SNAP that increase purchase power or allow for them to be used in farmers markets, etc.

Implement Policies for Increasing Physical Activ-ity

Community lobbied for renovation of park in order to increase park safety and increase use

Activities Related to Physical Activity/EnvironmentFocus on Physical Activity Education Teach about enjoyment of physical activity;

Teach about importance of physical activityFocus on Importance of Reduced Screen Time Teach why reducing screen time is importantProvide Materials/Space to Support Physical Ac-tivity to Caregivers

Play equipment including toys

Provide Materials/Space to Support Physical Ac- Play equipment including toys; Access to out-

62

Intervention Components Examplestivity to Facilitators door play spacesEngage Caregivers in Supporting Physical Activi-ties

Suggestions for specific physical activities to do with child; Suggestions for how to utilize lo-cal parks to increase physical activity

Engage Childcare Providers in Supporting Physi-cal Activity

Suggestions of specific physical activities for child; Suggestions for how to utilize outdoor space to increase physical activity

Implement Reduction of Sedentary Behaviors Changing built environment to discourage TV watching; Limiting amount of time children spend watching TV

Implement “Fun” Physical Activities to Engage Children

Dance workshops; karate classes

Include Structured Physical Activities Child participates in structured physical activ-ity, vigorous physical activity, etc.

Include Free Play Intervention incorporates time for children to engage in free/open-ended play activities; may be indoor or outdoor.

Activities Related to Food/Food EnvironmentFocus on Food Preparation Education Demonstration on how to cut food or how to

serve foodFocus on Nutrition-Related Education Teach about nutritional choicesProvide Food to Encourage Healthy Eating to Children

Children are given bite-sized pieces of fruit and vegetables

Provide Healthy Recipes/Shopping Lists/Menus to Caregivers

Caregivers are provided with shopping lists and/or recipes to facilitate healthy eating

Engage Childcare Providers in Facilitating Healthy Eating Patterns

Preschool teachers serve meals and snacks on schedule; Preschool teachers eat family style with children

Engage Caregivers in Facilitating Healthy Eating Patterns

Caregivers serve meals in response to chil-dren’s satiety cues.

Decrease Less Healthy Food Options Childcare providers do not give children juice; salty or sugary foods/beverages are removed from children’s menu

Increase Healthy Food Options Childcare providers serve whole grains daily; Require that healthy side items are bundled with meals by default

Include Opportunities for Children to Prepare Foods

Children cut, mix, or serve foods

Include Opportunities for Children to Try New Foods

Asking children to try unfamiliar foods

Characteristics of the Intervention63

Intervention Components ExamplesUtilized Recognized Standards or Recommenda-tions

Intervention is aligned to or incorporates rec-ommendations /standards (national, state, content-area, etc.)

Utilized Research-Based Approaches or Curricu-lum

Intervention is informed by or uses curriculum that is research-based.

Documentation of Intervention Implementation/Quality

Systematic procedures for defining and mea-suring implementation or quality of interven-tion; treatment fidelity

Engage Caregiver/Family in Intervention Devel-opment

Involved families in developing intervention

Engage Childcare Providers in Intervention Devel-opment

Involved childcare providers in developing in-tervention.

Engage Pediatricians/Healthcare Providers in In-tervention Development

Involved pediatricians or other healthcare providers in developing intervention.

Used Culturally-Tailored Intervention Intervention is tailored to race/ethnicity/cul-tural group; delivered in native language.

Used a Multi-Level Approach Intervention program used a combination of healthcare providers, parents, childcare providers, or community members/organiza-tions.

Included Home-Visits In-home training and case workers making home visits

Table 6.3. Additional Data Items Included in the DatabaseVariable Item Type

active_ctrl Active control condition [RE-CODE from type_ctrl]:1 = Yes, active control condition (4 or 5 on type_ctrl)0 = No, not an active control condition (1, 2, or 3 on type_ctrl)

Numeric

theory_type Theory used (RECODE of the-ory_spec):1 = Social Cognitive Theory/So-cial Learning Theory 2 = Socioecological Model3 = Other4 = Multiple

Numeric

RCT Randomized controlled trial [RE-CODE from random]1 = RCT (2, 3, or 4 on random)0 = Non-RCT (0 or 1 on random)

Numeric

Cochrane_LRB Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool: Low Numeric

64

Risk of Bias[GENERATED from total number of bias1 bias2 bias3 bias4 bias5 bias6 bias7 that equal “1”]

Cochrane_HRB Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool: High Risk of Bias[GENERATED from total number of bias1 bias2 bias3 bias4 bias5 bias6 bias7 that equal “-1”]

Numeric

Cochrane_URB Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool: Un-known Risk of Bias[GENERATED from total number of bias1 bias2 bias3 bias4 bias5 bias6 bias7 that equal “0”]

Numeric

recruit_type Recruitment setting [RECODE of recruit]1 = Childcare/preschool2 = Clinic3 = Community/Other4 = Multiple

Numeric

recruit_CCP [RECODE] Recruitment setting: Childcare/preschool

Numeric

recruit_PCP [RECODE] Recruitment setting: Clinic

Numeric

recruit_COMM [RECODE] Recruitment setting Community/Other

Numeric

recruit_multi [RECODE] Recruitment setting Multiple

Numeric

setting_CCP [RECODE] Intervention setting: Preschools/Childcare

Numeric

setting_PCP [RECODE] Intervention setting: Primary Care

Numeric

setting_Comm [RECODE] Intervention setting: Community-based

Numeric

setting_home [RECODE] Intervention setting: Home-based

Numeric

setting_multi [RECODE] Intervention setting: Multiple/Other

Numeric

retentionB Retention rate: Child[GENERATED from finalN_B/n_consentB]

Numeric

retentionC Retention rate: Caregiver/Par-ent[GENERATED from finalN_C/n_consentC]

Numeric

p_whiteB2 Proportion White [children] Numeric

65

[ADJUSTED for studies in which race/ethnicity was only re-ported for caregiver/parent]

p_blackB2 Proportion Black or African American [children][ADJUSTED for studies in which race/ethnicity was only re-ported for caregiver/parent]

Numeric

p_hispanicB2 Proportion Hispanic or Latino [children][ADJUSTED for studies in which race/ethnicity was only re-ported for caregiver/parent]

Numeric

p_AmerIndB2 Proportion American Indian or Alaskan Native [children][ADJUSTED for studies in which race/ethnicity was only re-ported for caregiver/parent]

Numeric

p_AsianB2 Proportion Asian [children][ADJUSTED for studies in which race/ethnicity was only re-ported for caregiver/parent]

Numeric

p_NativeHIB2 Proportion Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander [children][ADJUSTED for studies in which race/ethnicity was only re-ported for caregiver/parent]

Numeric

p_mixothB2 Proportion mixed/other [chil-dren], specify: __________________[ADJUSTED for studies in which race/ethnicity was only re-ported for caregiver/parent]

Numeric

p_nonwhteB2 Proportion non-White [children][GENERATED from p_blackB2 p_hispanicB2 p_AmerIndB2 p_AsianB2 p_NativeHIB2 p_mixothB2]

Numeric

p_nonwhiteC Proportion non-White [care-giver/parent][GENERATED from p_blackC p_hispanicC p_AmerIndC p_AsianC p_NativeHIC p_mixothC]

Numeric

p_BMI_baseUW Proportion underweight [chil-dren]

Numeric

66

[RECODED from p_BMI5th_B p_BMIunderB]

p_BMI_baseNW Proportion healthy/normal weight [children][RECODED from p_BMI84th_B p_BMInormalB]

Numeric

p_BMI_baseOW Proportion overweight [chil-dren][RECODED from p_BMI95th_B p_BMIoverB]

Numeric

p_BMI_baseOB Proportion obese [children][RECODED from p_BMI-above95th_B p_BMIobeseB]

Numeric

p_BMI_baseUW_C Proportion underweight [care-giver/parent][RECODED from p_BMI5th_B p_BMIunderB]

Numeric

p_BMI_baseNW_C Proportion healthy/normal weight [caregiver/parent][RECODED from p_BMI84th_B p_BMInormalB]

Numeric

p_BMI_baseOW_C Proportion overweight [care-giver/parent][RECODED from p_BMI95th_B p_BMIoverB]

Numeric

p_BMI_baseOB_C Proportion obese [caregiver/parent][RECODED from p_BMI-above95th_B p_BMIobeseB]

Numeric

focus_v2 [NEW] Focus of intervention 1 = Diet/nutrition2 = Physical activity3 = Diet/nutrition and physical activity4 = Multiple/other obesogenic behaviors

Numeric

focus_dietv2 [NEW] Focus of intervention: diet/nutrition

Numeric

focus_PAv2 [NEW] Focus of intervention: physical activity

Numeric

focus_DPAv2 [NEW] Focus of intervention: diet/nutrition and physical ac-tivity

Numeric

focus_multiv2 [NEW] Focus of intervention: multiple/other obesogenic be-haviors

Numeric

67

child_target [NEW] Intervention targeted to CHILD

Numeric

parent_target [NEW] Intervention targeted to PARENT

Numeric

CCP_target [NEW] Intervention targeted to CHILD CARE PROVIDER

Numeric

HC_target [NEW] Intervention targeted to HEALTH CARE PROVIDER

Numeric

childonly_target [NEW] Intervention targeted to ONLY CHILD

Numeric

parentonly_target [NEW] Intervention targeted to ONLY PARENT

Numeric

dual_target [NEW] Intervention targeted to CHILD AND PARENT

Numeric

length [NEW] Duration of intensive in-tervention phase (in months)

Numeric

lowSES Low socioeconomic status [chil-dren][GENERATED based on incomeB poverty p_belowB SNAPB lunchB headstartB]

Numeric

INTERVENTION COMPONENTS [ 0 = Not reported; 1 = Present at Individual level; 2 = present at In-terpersonal level; 3 = present at organizational level; 4 = present at community level; 5 = present at societal level]IC1_Presence Implement Structures of Ac-

countability Numeric

IC2_Presence Incorporate Implementation of Self-Reflection Strategies

Numeric

IC3_Presence Implement Media Campaigns NumericIC4_Presence Incorporate Financial Incentives NumericIC5_Presence Engage Caregivers in Praise/En-

couragement for Positive Be-havior

Numeric

IC6_Presence Engage Caretakers in Goal-Set-ting

Numeric

IC7_Presence Engage Caregivers to Serve as Role Models for Children

Numeric

IC8_Presence Provide Toys/Books/Games/Stickers for Child Engagement

Numeric

IC9_Presence Utilize Arts and Music NumericIC10_Presence Utilize Games, Imaginative Play,

or Storytelling Numeric

IC11_Presence Utilize a Stepped-Intensity Ap-proach

Numeric

68

IC12_Presence Utilize Written Activities NumericIC13_Presence Utilize Modeling/Demonstration NumericIC14_Presence Utilize Media for Instruction NumericIC15_Presence Utilize Hands-On Approach NumericIC16_Presence Utilize Reflective Listening NumericIC17_Presence Utilize Discussion NumericIC18_Presence Utilize Role-Playing for Instruc-

tion Numeric

IC19_Presence Utilize Group Instruction NumericIC20_Presence Utilize Telephone Calls NumericIC21_Presence Utilize Dual Language Instruc-

tion/Materials Numeric

IC22_Presence Engage Experts to Provide Tech-nical Assistance to Caregivers

Numeric

IC23_Presence Implement Home-Visits NumericIC24_Presence Provide Audiovisual Media Re-

sources to Caregivers Numeric

IC25_Presence Provide Materials to Support Healthy Eating Patterns to Care-givers

Numeric

IC26_Presence Provide Materials to Support Screen Time Reduction to Care-givers

Numeric

IC27_Presence Provide Written Resources to Caregivers

Numeric

IC28_Presence Provide Access to Social Media Platforms/Websites to Care-givers

Numeric

IC29_Presence Provide Education About Obe-sity Risk/Awareness to Care-givers

Numeric

IC30_Presence Provide Education About Physi-cal Activity to Caregivers

Numeric

IC31_Presence Provide Education About Healthy Sleep Patterns to Care-givers

Numeric

IC32_Presence Provide Education About the Importance of Routines to Care-givers

Numeric

IC33_Presence Provide Education about Nutri-tion and Heathy Eating Patterns to Caregivers

Numeric

IC34_Presence Provide Education about Child Behavior Management to Care-givers

Numeric

69

IC35_Presence Provide Education about Model-ing Healthy Behaviors to Care-givers

Numeric

IC36_Presence Provide Education about Sources of Stress and Coping Strategies to Caregivers

Numeric

IC37_Presence Provide Education about Social and Emotional Skills to Care-giver

Numeric

IC38_Presence Provide Education about the Im-portance of Built Environment to Caregiver

Numeric

IC39_Presence Provide Education about Health and Wellness Content to Care-givers

Numeric

IC40_Presence Include Activities to Promote Problem-Solving to Caregivers

Numeric

IC41_Presence Provide Education about the Im-portance of Screen Time Reduc-tion to Caregivers

Numeric

IC42_Presence Implement Personalized Sup-port for Caregiver

Numeric

IC43_Presence Implement Follow-Up Support for Caregivers

Numeric

IC44_Presence Use a Train the Trainer Model NumericIC45_Presence Provide Curricular Materials to

Facilitators Numeric

46_Presence Provide Regular Training Oppor-tunities for Facilitators

Numeric

IC47_Presence Provide Initial or One-Time Training Opportunities for Facili-tators

Numeric

IC48_Presence Provide Physical Activity Educa-tion and Training to Facilitators

Numeric

IC49_Presence Provide Healthy Eating Educa-tion and Training to Facilitators

Numeric

IC50_Presence Provide Food Preparation Edu-cation and Training to Facilita-tors

Numeric

IC51_Presence Provide Nutrition Education and Training to Facilitators

Numeric

IC52_Presence Delivered by Pediatricians/Healthcare Providers

Numeric

IC53_Presence Delivered by Childcare Providers NumericIC54_Presence Delivered by Families NumericIC55_Presence Delivered by Community Orga- Numeric

70

nizations IC56_Presence Utilize a Multi-Level Approach NumericIC57_Presence Used Culturally-Tailored Inter-

vention Numeric

IC58_Presence Implement Nutrition Standards NumericIC59_Presence Implement Earned Income Tax

Credit Numeric

IC60_Presence Implement Policies Regulating Food/Beverage Costs

Numeric

IC61_Presence Implement Policies for Regula-tion of Food/Beverage Access

Numeric

IC62_Presence Implement SNAP/WIC Policies NumericIC63_Presence Implement Policies for Increas-

ing Physical Activity Numeric

IC64_Presence Focus on Physical Activity Edu-cation

Numeric

65_Presence Focus on Importance of Re-duced Screen Time

Numeric

IC66_Presence Provide Materials to Support Physical Activity to Caregivers

Numeric

IC67_Presence Provide Materials to Support Physical Activity to Facilitators

Numeric

IC68_Presence Engage Caregivers in Supporting Physical Activities

Numeric

IC69_Presence Engage Childcare Providers in Supporting Physical Activity

Numeric

IC70_Presence Implement Reduction of Seden-tary Behaviors

Numeric

IC71_Presence Implement Fun Physical Activi-ties to Engage Children

Numeric

IC72_Presence Include Structured Physical Ac-tivities

Numeric

IC73_Presence Focus on Food Preparation Edu-cation

Numeric

IC74_Presence Focus on Nutrition-Related Edu-cation

Numeric

IC75_Presence Provide Food to Encourage Healthy Eating to Children

Numeric

IC76_Presence Provide Healthy Recipes/Shop-ping Lists/Menus to Caregivers

Numeric

IC77_Presence Engage Childcare Providers in Facilitating Healthy Eating Pat-terns

Numeric

IC78_Presence Decrease Less Healthy Food Options

Numeric

71

IC79_Presence Increase Healthy Food Options NumericIC80_Presence Include Opportunities for Chil-

dren to Prepare Foods Numeric

IC81_Presence Include Opportunities for Chil-dren to Try New Foods

Numeric

IC82_Presence Utilize Recognized Standards or Recommendations

Numeric

IC83_Presence Utilized Research-Based Ap-proaches or Curriculum

Numeric

IC84_Presence Documentation of Intervention Implementation/Quality

Numeric

IC85_Presence Engage Caregiver / Family in In-tervention Development

Numeric

IC86_Presence Engage Childcare Providers in Intervention Development

Numeric

IC87_Presence Engage Pediatricians/Health-care Providers in Intervention Development

Numeric

IC88_Presence Implement Support Groups for Caregivers

Numeric

IC89_Presence Utilize Field Trips / Site Visits NumericIC90_Presence Engage Caregivers in Facilitating

Healthy Eating Patterns Numeric

IC91_Presence Provide Materials to Support Self-Control in Children

Numeric

IC92_Presence Engage Facilitators in Praise/En-couragement for Positive Health-related Behavior

Numeric

IC93_Presence Include Free Play NumericA01_Totalx Activities to Support Behavior

Change (Total)[GENERATED from sum of IC1_Presence IC2_Presence IC3_Presence IC4_Presence IC5_Presence IC6_Presence IC7_Presence IC92_Presence]

Numeric

A01_Propoirtionx A01_Totalx/8A02_Totalx Instructional Strategies (Total)

[GENERATED from sum of IC8_Presence IC9_Presence IC10_Presence IC11_Presence IC12_Presence IC13_Presence IC14_Presence IC15_Presence IC16_Presence IC17_Presence IC18_Presence IC19_Presence IC20_Presence IC21_Presence

Numeric

72

IC89_Presence]A02_Proportionx A02_Totalx/15A03_Totalx Activities for Supporting Care-

givers (Total)[GENERATED from sum of IC22_Presence IC24_Presence IC25_Presence IC26_Presence IC27_Presence IC28_Presence IC29_Presence IC30_Presence IC31_Presence IC32_Presence IC33_Presence IC34_Presence IC35_Presence IC36_Presence IC37_Presence IC38_Presence IC39_Presence IC40_Presence IC41_Presence IC42_Presence IC43_Presence IC88_Presence IC91_Presence]

Numeric

A03_Proportionx A03_Totalx/23A04_Totalx Facilitator Training Activities

(Total)[GENERATED from sum of IC44_Presence IC45_Presence IC46_Presence IC47_Presence IC48_Presence IC49_Presence IC50_Presence IC51_Presence]

Numeric

A04_Proportionx A04_Totalx/8A05_Totalx Involvement of Facilitators (To-

tal)[GENERATED from sum of IC52_Presence IC53_Presence IC54_Presence IC55_Presence]

Numeric

A05_Proportionx A05_Totalx/4A06_Totalx Policy-Based Strategies (Total)

[GENERATED from sum of IC58_Presence IC59_Presence IC60_Presence IC61_Presence IC62_Presence IC63_Presence]

Numeric

A06_Proportionx A06_Totalx/6A07_Totalx Activities Related to Physical Ac-

tivity/Environment (Total)[GENERATED from sum of IC64_Presence IC65_Presence IC66_Presence IC67_Presence IC68_Presence IC69_Presence IC70_Presence IC71_Presence IC72_Presence IC93_Presence]

Numeric

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A07_Proportionx A07_Totalx/10A08_Totalx Activities Related to Food/Food

Environment (Total)[GENERATED from sum of IC73_Presence IC74_Presence IC75_Presence IC76_Presence IC77_Presence IC78_Presence IC79_Presence IC80_Presence IC81_Presence IC90_Presence]

Numeric

A08_Proportionx A08_Totalx/10A09_Totalx Characteristics of the Interven-

tion (Total)[GENERATED from sum of IC82_Presence IC83_Presence IC84_Presence IC85_Presence IC86_Presence IC87_Presence IC23_Presence IC56_Presence IC57_Presence]

Numeric

A09_Proportionx A09_Totalx/9 Numerictotal_AC Total number of activities re-

ported.[GENDERATED from sum of IC1_Presence-IC93_Presence]

Numeric

Table 6.4. Effect Size Data Items Included in the Database

Variable Item TypeStudyID_ES Study ID number in effect size

database [MERGE VARIABLE]String

coder_ES Effect size coder (initials) Stringdate_ES Date effect sizes coded Datetreatmentgrp_ES Treatment/intervention group

label used in effect size data-base

String

controlgrp_ES Control/comparison group label used in effect size database

String

weeks_ES Assessment interval (i.e., num-ber of weeks between the end of treatment to the assessment)

Numeric

assessment_ES Assessment occasion1 = First post-intervention as-sessment2 = Second post-intervention as-sessment3 = Third post-intervention as-

Numeric

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sessment4 = Fourth post-intervention as-sessment5 = Fifth post-intervention as-sessment

statistics_ES Statistics reported:1 = M/SD2 = M/SD change3 = Proportion4 = Other

Numeric

dv_no Outcome No:1.0 = Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2)1.1 = BMI %1.2 = BMI z-score1.3 = BMI centile1.4 = BMI %0BMI2.0 = BMI category (%) 2.1 = BMI category: Under-weight2.2 = BMI category: Normal or healthy weight2.3 = BMI category: Overweight (BMI of 85th-94th %ile)2.4 = BMI category: Obese (BMI of 95th %ile)4.0 = Weight kg4.1 = Weight %ile4.2 = Weight z-score100 = Overall BMI

Numeric

dv_label Description of the outcome; units.

String

units Units Stringobjective Objective measure (1 = objec-

tive; 0 = self-report)Numeric

how_measured Description of the measures used from the text.

String

direction Effect size direction: 1 = Positive (higher number = improved outcomes)2 = Negative (higher number = worse outcomes)

Numeric

N_ES Sample size used for the effect sizes

Numeric

n_tx Sample size, treatment group. Numericn_ctrl Sample size, control group. Numeric

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d_btwn_new_R Effect size Numericv_btwn_new_v2 Variance Numericse_new_v2 Standard error Numerictw_btwn_new_v2 Weight Numericdv_OverallBMI_c_A1 BMI (overall) @ end of treat-

mentNumeric

dv_OverallBMI_c_A2 BMI (overall) @ last follow-up Numericdv_BMI_kg_c_A1 Child BMI (kg/m2) @ end of

treatmentNumeric

dv_BMI_kg_c_A2 Child BMI (kg/m2) @ last fol-low-up

Numeric

dv_BMI_z_c_A1 Child BMI (z-score) @ end of treatment

Numeric

dv_BMI_z_c_A2 Child BMI (z-score) @ last fol-low-up

Numeric

dv_BMI_p_c_A1 Child BMI (percentile) @ end of treatment

Numeric

dv_BMI_p_c_A2 Child BMI (percentile) @ last follow-up

Numeric

dv_BMI_pOW_c_A1 Child % overweight @ end of treatment

Numeric

dv_BMI_pOB_c_A1 Child % obese @ end of treat-ment

Numeric

dv_BMI_pOWOB_c_A1 Child % overweight/obese @ end of treatment

Numeric

dv_WT_kg_c_A1 Child WEIGHT @ end of treat-ment

Numeric

dv_WT_kg_c_A2 Child WEIGHT @ last follow-up Numeric

7. RISK OF BIAS IN INDIVIDUAL STUDIESThe Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (Version 5.1.0) was used by the coders to assess the risk of bias in each study (Higgins et al., 2011). The tool assesses seven sources of bias: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other sources of bias. The sources of bias are assigned a judgement of high, low, or unclear risk of bias. An un-clear risk of bias is selected when the study details are insufficient to make a judgement of the level of risk. Any disagreement between coders were resolved by the coders or the lead methodologist (LAJSS) when the coders could not reach consensus.

COCHRANE RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT TOOL (Version 5.1.0)Retrieved and modified from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.1/

Check low, high, or unclear risk of bias as appropriate; see Appendix for the criteria for judging risk of bias.

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Domain Support for Judgement Low High UnclearSelection BiasRandom sequence generation

Describe the method used to generate the alloca-tion sequence in enough detail to allow an assess-ment of whether it should produce comparable groups.

Allocation conceal-ment.

Describe the method used to conceal the alloca-tion sequence in enough detail to determine whether intervention allocations could have been foreseen in advance of, or during, enrolment.

Performance BiasBlinding of partici-pants and personnel.

Describe all measures used, if any, to blind partici-pants and personnel from knowledge of which in-tervention a participant received. Provide any in-formation relating to whether the intended blind-ing was effective.

Detection BiasBlinding of outcome assessment

Describe all measures used, if any, to blind out-come assessors from knowledge of which inter-vention a participant received. Provide any infor-mation relating to whether the intended blinding was effective.

Attrition BiasIncomplete outcome data

Describe the completeness of outcome data for each main outcome, including attrition and exclu-sions from the analysis. State whether attrition and exclusions were reported, the numbers in each intervention group (compared with total ran-domized participants), reasons for attrition/exclu-sions where reported, and any re-inclusions in analyses performed by the review authors.

Reporting BiasSelective reporting State how the possibility of selective outcome re-

porting was examined by the review authors, and what was found.

Other BiasOther sources of bias State any important concerns about bias not ad-

dressed in the other domains in the tool.If questions/entries were pre-specified in the re-view’s protocol, responses should be provided for each question/entry.

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CRITERIA FOR JUDGING COCHRANE RISK OF BIAS ASSESSMENT TOOL (Version 5.1.0)Retrieved from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v5.1/

RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATIONSelection bias (biased allocation to interventions) due to inadequate generation of a randomised sequence.Low The investigators describe a random component in the sequence generation process such as:

Referring to a random number table; Using a computer random number generator; Coin tossing; Shuffling cards or envelopes; Throwing dice; Drawing of lots; Minimization*.

*Minimization may be implemented without a random element, and this is equivalent to being random.High The investigators describe a non-random component in the sequence generation process. Usually, the de-

scription would involve some systematic, non-random approach, for example: Sequence generated by odd or even date of birth; Sequence generated by some rule based on date (or day) of admission; Sequence generated by some rule based on hospital or clinic record number.

Other non-random approaches happen much less frequently than the systematic approaches mentioned above and tend to be obvious. They usually involve judgement or some method of non-random categoriza-tion of participants, for example:

Allocation by judgement of the clinician; Allocation by preference of the participant; Allocation based on the results of a laboratory test or a series of tests; Allocation by availability of the intervention.

Unclear Insufficient information about the sequence generation process to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’.

ALLOCATION CONCEALMENT Selection bias (biased allocation to interventions) due to inadequate concealment of allocations prior to assign-ment.Low Participants and investigators enrolling participants could not foresee assignment because one of the fol-

lowing, or an equivalent method, was used to conceal allocation: Central allocation (including telephone, web-based and pharmacy-controlled randomization); Sequentially numbered drug containers of identical appearance; Sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes.

High Participants or investigators enrolling participants could possibly foresee assignments and thus introduce selection bias, such as allocation based on:

Using an open random allocation schedule (e.g. a list of random numbers); Assignment envelopes were used without appropriate safeguards (e.g. if envelopes were unsealed or

nonopaque or not sequentially numbered); Alternation or rotation; Date of birth; Case record number; Any other explicitly unconcealed procedure.

Unclear Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’. This is usually the case if the method of concealment is not described or not described in sufficient detail to allow a definite judgement – for example if the use of assignment envelopes is described, but it remains unclear whether envelopes were sequentially numbered, opaque and sealed.

BLINDING OF PARTICIPANTS AND PERSONNEL78

Performance bias due to knowledge of the allocated interventions by participants and personnel during the study.Low Any one of the following:

No blinding or incomplete blinding, but the review authors judge that the outcome is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;

Blinding of participants and key study personnel ensured, and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken.

High Any one of the following: No blinding or incomplete blinding, and the outcome is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding; Blinding of key study participants and personnel attempted, but likely that the blinding could have

been broken, and the outcome is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding.Unclear Any one of the following:

Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’; The study did not address this outcome.

BLINDING OF OUTCOME ASSESSMENTDetection bias due to knowledge of the allocated interventions by outcome assessors.Low Any one of the following:

No blinding of outcome assessment, but the review authors judge that the outcome measurement is not likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;

Blinding of outcome assessment ensured, and unlikely that the blinding could have been broken.High Any one of the following:

No blinding of outcome assessment, and the outcome measurement is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding;

Blinding of outcome assessment, but likely that the blinding could have been broken, and the out-come measurement is likely to be influenced by lack of blinding.

Unclear Any one of the following: Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’; The study did not address this outcome.

INCOMPLETE OUTCOME DATA Attrition bias due to amount, nature or handling of incomplete outcome data.Low Any one of the following:

No missing outcome data; Reasons for missing outcome data unlikely to be related to true outcome (for survival data, censoring

unlikely to be introducing bias); Missing outcome data balanced in numbers across intervention groups, with similar reasons for miss-

ing data across groups; For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event

risk not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on the intervention effect estimate; For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in

means) among missing outcomes not enough to have a clinically relevant impact on observed effect size;

Missing data have been imputed using appropriate methods.High Any one of the following:

Reason for missing outcome data likely to be related to true outcome, with either imbalance in num-bers or reasons for missing data across intervention groups;

For dichotomous outcome data, the proportion of missing outcomes compared with observed event risk enough to induce clinically relevant bias in intervention effect estimate;

For continuous outcome data, plausible effect size (difference in means or standardized difference in means) among missing outcomes enough to induce clinically relevant bias in observed effect size;

‘As-treated’ analysis done with substantial departure of the intervention received from that assigned at randomization;

Potentially inappropriate application of simple imputation.

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Unclear Any one of the following: Insufficient reporting of attrition/exclusions to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’ (e.g.

number randomized not stated, no reasons for missing data provided); The study did not address this outcome.

SELECTIVE REPORTING Reporting bias due to selective outcome reporting.Low Any of the following:

The study protocol is available and all the study’s pre-specified (primary and secondary) outcomes that are of interest in the review have been reported in the pre-specified way;

The study protocol is not available, but the published reports include all expected outcomes, includ-ing those that were pre-specified (convincing text of this nature may be uncommon).

High Any one of the following: Not all the study’s pre-specified primary outcomes have been reported; One or more primary outcomes is reported using measurements, analysis methods or subsets of the

data (e.g. subscales) that were not pre-specified; One or more reported primary outcomes were not pre-specified (unless clear justification for their

reporting is provided, such as an unexpected adverse effect); One or more outcomes of interest in the review are reported incompletely so that they cannot be

entered in a meta-analysis; The study report fails to include results for a key outcome that would be expected to have been re-

ported for such a study.Unclear Insufficient information to permit judgement of ‘Low risk’ or ‘High risk’. It is likely that most of studies will

fall into this category. OTHER BIAS Bias due to problems not covered elsewhere in the table.Low The study appears to be free of other sources of bias.High There is at least one important risk of bias. For example, the study:

Had a potential source of bias related to the specific study design used; or Has been claimed to have been fraudulent; or Had some other problem.

Unclear There may be a risk of bias, but there is either: Insufficient information to assess whether an important risk of bias exists; or Insufficient rationale or evidence that an identified problem will introduce bias.

8. SUMMARY MEASURESEffect sizes were calculated as the pretest-posttest change divided by the pre-test standard de-viation in BMI (Becker, 1988; Morris & DeShon, 2002). Thus, all ESs controlled for baseline. If a study reported proportions, an odds ratio was calculated and transformed to a standardized mean difference ES using the Cox transformation (Sanchez-Meca, Marin-Martinez, & Chacon-Moscoso, 2003). The sampling variance for each ES was calculated using standard procedures, correcting for sample size bias (Hedges’ g) (Hedges & Olkin, 1985; Morris & DeShon, 2002). Multiple ESs were calculated from individual studies when the study reported more than one outcome, timepoint, or intervention condition, or when outcomes were separated by sample characteristic (e.g., girls and boys). To avoid violating the assumption of independence (Johnson & Eagly, 2014; Lipsey & Wilson, 2001), we (a) assessed each outcome separately and (b) clus-tered the ESs by timepoint (end of intervention and last follow-up assessment). An overall mea-sure of BMI change was created by (a) using the BMI metric reported among the studies re-

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porting only one metric and (b) averaging ESs from studies reporting more than one BMI metric (e.g., percentile, z-score). Positive ESs indicated smaller BMI increases over time among chil-dren who received the intervention relative to the comparison group. Two independent coders calculated effect sizes for each study; discrepant effect sizes were reviewed and resolved by the lead methodologist (LAJSS).

9. SYNTHESIS OF RESULTSThe distribution of the effect sizes for each dependent variable was inspected for possible out-liers; extreme effect sizes (i.e., effect sizes more than 1.5 times the interquartile range beyond the 25th and 75th percentiles) were removed and the magnitude and direction of the pooled ef-fect sizes with or without the outliers were compared. Weighted mean effect sizes (and corre-sponding 95% confidence intervals) were calculated using random-effects procedures. The be-tween-study variance was estimated using full information maximum likelihood (Veroniki et al., 2016). The 95% confidence intervals surrounding the weighted mean effect size indicates whether the effect size is statistically significant as well as the degree of precision. Heterogene-ity in effect sizes was identified and quantified by computing Q and the I2 index. The Q statistic has a chi-square distribution with degrees of freedom equal to k – 1; a significant Q indicates a lack of homogeneity and an inference of heterogeneity. To assess the extent to which out-comes were consistent across studies, the I2 index and its corresponding 95% confidence inter-vals were calculated (Higgins & Thompson, 2002; Huedo-Medina, Sanchez-Meca, Marin-Mar-tinez, & Botella, 2006). I2 values of 25%, 50%, and 75% can be considered low, medium, and high heterogeneity (Higgins, Thompson, Deeks, & Altman, 2003). Data analyses were conducted in Stata (StataCorp, 2018) using published macros (Lipsey & Wilson, 2001; Wilson, 2001).

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