1. Electrical and & Inst Introduction - InTRODUCTION_Rev 3_Dr S

7/31/2019 1. Electrical and & Inst Introduction - InTRODUCTION_Rev 3_Dr S

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Marine Electronics and

Instrumentation


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COURSE BRIEFING ANDINTRODUCTION

Lecture 1


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Life and Measurement


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Variation

We only learn because of variation when

something new or different challenges our

pre-conceived ideas

What we learn depends on the variation we

have experienced


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Course Navigation

Part twoApplication of Electronics andInstrumentation to marine systems.

Classification ships instruments

Navigation position finding RADAR,Echo sounder/ Sonar, Gyro Compass,GPS / DGPS, GPS Gyro, Speed log /

Doppler log Communication and safety RDF, SSB,

GMDSS,IMASAT,AIS

Rudder engine, status andperformance, integrated navigationsystem

Principle of operation of RADAR, Echo

sounder/ Sonar, Gyro Compass, GPS /DGPS, GPS Gyro, Speed log / Dopplerlog , LORAN-C, sonar

Specification and selection ofinstruments

Maintenance of instruments

Part OnePrinciple of - Electronics and

instrumentation

Basic electricity and Electronics

Ohms law and Kirchoff laws,Superposition theorem and Electriccircuit

Basic calculation on voltage, current,resistance, impedance and power

Standards electric and electronicssymbols

Capacitor, inductor, phase diagram

Electronics components Semiconductor, junction diode, transistor, IC

Transducers, sensor and signalconditioning

Operational Amplifier, display system,control and monitoring system


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Subject General Objective

To introduction students to basic electricity andelectronics. Voltage, current, resistance,impedance and power calculations. Standardsymbols in electrical and electronic circuits,

electronic components. To familiarize students with application to of

electronics and instrumentation to marinesystem, specifications, selection of electronic

equipment, Maintenance of electronicequipment in Laboratory and skill to operate andmaintain ship board electronics system safely.


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Coverage

Basics electricity and electronics, voltage,

current, resistance, impedance and power

calculations.

Standard symbols in electrical and electronic

circuits, electronic components.

Principle of instrument,

Classification and usage of electronic

instrumentation on board ships


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This Lecture - Electricity

At the end of the lesson student will be able to :

Define electrical circuit terms

Describe electrical circuit principle

State Ohms law

Apply Ohms law circuit law to solve circuit problem inDC circuit

Familiarize with electrical energy source

Differentiate between AC and DC circuit

Describe power and electrical circuit

Solve problem to find power and efficiency of electricalcircuit


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TERMS AND COMPONENTS OFELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

COMPONENTS

Lecture 2


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Symbol Representation


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Key Terms and Phrases

Electric circuit

Battery

Electrodes

Electromotive force Emf

Conventional current

Electron current

Ampere (amp)

Resistance

Resistivity

Ohm

Temperature coefficient

of resistance Ohm`s law

Electric power

Kilowatthour (KWH)

Alternative current (ac)

Electric generators


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Terms of Electric Circuits

What is Electrical Current?

Electrical current is the flow of electrons through aconductor.

What is a Conductor? A material that allows electrons to flow through it is a

conductor.

Wires are conductors.

Electricity flows through a wire much like water through ahose.

Electricity flows through the human body more like waterthrough a sponge.


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Terms of Electric Circuits

What is an Insulator?

Insulators resist the flow of electricity.

Glass, rubber, plastic, and dry wood are

insulators.

What is Resistance?

Resistance opposes electron flow.

Electricity flows through any available path, butmore of it flows through the path of leastresistance.


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Electric Circuit

What is an Electrical Circuit?

Current flows in a loop or a circuit. Circuits

are AC or DC. AC is alternating current. DC is

direct current.

DC current flows from NEGATIVE to POSITIVE.

Most AC current flows from HOT to NEUTRAL.

Most circuits in a typical home or construction

site are AC.


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Parts of Electrical System


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Parts of Electrical System

Simple Lamp System Simple Lamp Circuit


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ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES

Lecture 3


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Electrical Principles

The smallest particle ofmatter which can exist

in the free state is the molecule.

Molecule consist ofatoms, which are the

smallest particles which can take part in

chemical reactions.

Atoms = protons + neutrons + electrons.


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The protons and neutrons form the central

nucleus of an atom around which the

electrons move in orbits.

A proton and an electron carry equal but

opposite electrical charge.

Neutron and atom as a whole are electrically

neutral.


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Eg. Cu Atom:29=2,8,18,1

Electrons in the outermost

orbit of Cu can be easily

displaced A molecule which has lost one

or more electrons is called an

ion and carries a positive

charge

A molecule which has gained

one or more electrons is a

negatively charged ion

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Materials which have electrons which can

easily be moved are called conductors, e.g. Cu,

Al, Ag, Au.

Materials which have electrons which are

difficult to move are called insulators, e.g.

glass, plastic, air etc.


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An electric current is a flow of

electrons along a conductor

produced by difference of electrical

pressure between its ends Electrons flow from negative to

positive potential.

Conventional current flow is from

positive to negative.

The opposition to flow experienced

by the electrons is called resistance.

+

-


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COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICCIRCUIT

Lecture 4


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The Electrical Circuit

An electric circuit is a system consisting ofconductors

connected to components which use electron flow for their

operation.

A circuit must form a closed path for the electron flow.

The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a source in an electrical

circuit is force in volts provided by the source to move the

electrons around the circuit.

The e.m.f. is produced by chemical action in a battery or

conversion of mechanical energy in a generator.

The electrical force gradient over any part of a circuit is

called the potential difference (p.d.).


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The Electrical Circuit

Ohms Law:

A current passing through a wire at const temperature is

proportional to the potential differencebetween its ends.

i.e. I = V/R,

Where: I is current in amps, V is potential difference in volts,

R is resistance in ohms.

The resistance of a conductor depends upon the material isproportional to its length and inversely proportional to its

cross-sectional area.


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A simple AC circuit has five parts:

i. electrical SOURCE;

ii. HOT wire that sends electricity;

iii. CONSUMING DEVICE a tool, appliance, or light that ispowered by electricity;

iv. NEUTRAL wire that returns electricity, and earth or

GROUND.

v. When a circuit works right, current flows through the HOTwire to the CONSUMING DEVICE. It then returns to the

SOURCE through the NEUTRAL wire. When something goes

wrong with a circuit, it is called a faulted circuit or

electrical fault.

Components Electric circuit


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Electric Circuit


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POWER SOURCE

Lecture 5


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Energy Source

Fuel EnginesCharacteristics of typical fuels;

combustion

Internal combustion engines Diesel engine

External combustion engine Braytoncycle (gas turbine)

engines, Steam engine

Batteries and Fuel Cells Electrochemical processes

at work

Canonical battery technologies Fuel cell characteristics

Others : Nuclear power sources, renewable energy,

emissions, green manufacturing, primary batteries,

generators !


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Electrochemical Process

Engines convert chemical energy

into heat energy or mechanical

or kinetic energy.

1 MegaJoule is: 1 kN forceapplied over 1 km;

1 Kelvin heating for 1000 kg air;

1 Kelvin heating for 240 kg water;

10 Amperes flowing for 1000

seconds at 100 Volts

productsOthersCOOHOHC 222158 3230474

FuelHeat content

Mj/Kg

Gasoline 45

Diesel 42

Propane 48

Hydrogen 130Ethanol 28


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Four-stroke engine: 1: TDC to BDC, bring air into cylinder

2: BDC to TDC, compress air

ADD FUEL and IGNITE!

3: TDC to BDC, expand heated air (power stroke)

4: BDC to TDC, blow out products of combustion

ICE


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Diesel Engine


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Steam Engine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=73txXT21aZU
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LM2500 Specifications - Quoted

Output: 33,600 shaft horsepower (shp)

Specific Fuel Consumption: 0.373 lbs/shp-hr

Thermal Efficiency: 37%

Heat Rate: 6,860 Btu/shp-hr

Exhaust Gas Flow: 155 lbs/sec

Exhaust Gas Temperature: 1,051F

Weight: 10,300 lbs

Length: 6,52 meters (m)

Height: 2.04 m

Average performance, 60 hertz, 59F, sea level, 60%

relative humidity, no inlet/exhaust losses, liquid fuel,

LHV=18,400 Btu/lb

http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/marine/marine_200351.html
http://g/a%20gas%20turbine/RB211%20-%20Courses1/Animations%20&%20Movies/propandjet.avihttp://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/marine/marine_200351.htmlhttp://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/marine/marine_200351.htmlhttp://g/a%20gas%20turbine/RB211%20-%20Courses1/Animations%20&%20Movies/propandjet.avihttp://g/a%20gas%20turbine/RB211%20-%20Courses1/Animations%20&%20Movies/propandjet.avihttp://g/a%20gas%20turbine/RB211%20-%20Courses1/Animations%20&%20Movies/propandjet.avihttp://g/a%20gas%20turbine/RB211%20-%20Courses1/Animations%20&%20Movies/propandjet.avi


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The Dry Cell

The Dry cell is relatively inexpensive

and quite portable. It has many uses

such as in flashlights and radios.

The anode consists of a Zinc can in

contact with a moist paste of ZnCl2

and NH4Cl.

A carbon rod surrounded by MnO2 and

filler is the cathode.

The cell reaction appears to vary with

the rate of discharge, but at low power

the probable reactions are as follows:

)()(2)(:

)(2)(2:

2)(:

422

42

2

2

2

sOZnMnsMnOsZnCell

sOZnMneZnsMnOCathode

eZnsZnAnode


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Lead Storage Cell

The basic features of the lead storage cell are

electrodes of lead and lead dioxide, dipping

into concentrated sulfuric acid

Both electrode reactions produce lead sulfate,

which adheres to the electrode.

When the cell discharges -> sulfuric acid is

used up and water is produced.

The state of the cell can be determined by

measuring the density of the electrolyte

solution (the density of water is about 70%

that of the sulfuric acid solution).

OHsPbSOHHSOsPbOsPbCell

OHsPbSOeHHSOsPbOCathode

eHsPbSOHSOsPbAnode

2444

2444

44

2)(222)()(:

2)(23)(:

2)()(:


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Lead Storage Cell

OHPbSOHSOPbOPb

batteryAcidleadtheofchemistryTotal

OHPbSOeHSOPbO

or

ducedPbePb

electrodepositiveatelectronsGathering

ePbSOSOPb

or

OxidizedePbPb

24

2

42

24

2

42

24

4

2

4

2

2242

:

224

)(Re2

:

2

)(2


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Fuel Cell

Electrochemical conversion like a battery, but

the fuel cell is defined as having a continuous

supply of fuel.

At anode, electrons are released:

At cathode, electrons are absorbed:


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Hydrogen Energy System


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Cultural Mindsets


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DC AND AC CURRENT

Lecture 6


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Example 2

Calculate the current of a heater having a

resistance of 30K Ohm when it is supplied

from 480 volt ?


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DC and AC Current

In a DIRECT CURRENT (dc) circuit the current flows in one

direction only.

In an ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac) circuit the direction of

current flow through the circuit changes at a particular

frequency (f).

The frequency used in Malaysia and on the ship is 60 cycles

per second or 60Hz.
http://g/A%20all%20video/ee%20video/ac%20n%20dc/VIDEO/V013.MPG


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Alternating Current

The EMF produced by an ac

ELECTRIC GENERATOR is

SINUSOIDAL.

The current produced in a

closed circuit connected tothe generator is also

sinusoidal.

The equations for the

voltage and current are asfollows:

Vo, is referred to as the

peak voltage

f = 60 Hz in is used in

Malaysia and on the ship

Io = Vo /R, is referred to as

the peak current

f tIf tR

V

R

VIf tVV o

oo 2sin2sin2sin
http://g/A%20all%20video/ee%20video/ac%20n%20dc%201/VIDEO/V088.MPG


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Electric Power

Work is required to transfercharge through an electric

circuit.

The work required depends

on the amount of chargetransferred through the

circuit and the potential

difference between the

terminals of the battery:

W = QV.

The rate at which work is

done to maintain an electric

current in a circuit is termed

ELECTRIC POWER


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Example 3

What is the power required in an electric

cooker carrying current of 3A when connected

across 240V Supply.


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ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Lecture 8
http://g/A%20all%20video/ee%20video/gen%20dist%20and%20safety/VIDEO/V146.MPG


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What are the Harmful Effects of


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What are the Harmful Effects of

Electricity?Shock

Shock can cause electrocution. Or it may cause a physical reaction that results

in Current flowing through your chest, neck, head, or major nerves can stop

your breathing. Current through the heart can make it beat out of rhythm or

stop.

Burns Burns may accompany shock. Your body is not a good conductor. So there is

resistance to current flow. That resistance turns into heat. Electricity can

cook internal organs or cause internal bleeding. Internal effects may happen

days later.

Fires Heat from electricity can ignite fires. Bad insulation or loose connections

cause electrical fires.

Explosions

Explosions are fires that burn very fast. Bad insulation, overloaded circuits, or

sparking at switch contacts can ignite explosive mixtures in air.

How Do We Work Safely with


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How Do We Work Safely with

Electricity?

At a minimum, employers must follow the

Electrical Standards

These standards provide protection for using

temporary wiring in construction.

The regulations standards include three

protective methods:

electrical isolation

grounding, and

circuit interruption


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h d ?


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What is Grounding?

Grounding is a separate, low resistance

pathway for electricity when it does not follow

normal flow from HOT to NEUTRAL.

Grounding wont work if your resistance is lessthan the GROUND path. For example:

If youre holding a metal pipe that goes directly to

GROUND, If youre standing in water, or

If your tool doesnt have a GROUND connection.

h ?


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What is Circuit Interruption?

The last method of electrical protection

required is by circuit interruption.

For electricity to flow, it must complete a loop

or a circuit.

Circuit interrupters break the loop, opening

the circuit, so the electricity does not flow.

Circuit breakers or fuses for wiring and

equipment protection and

Ground Fault Protection for shock protection.

Ci i


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Circuit measurement
http://g/A%20all%20video/ee%20video/intrument/VIDEO/V403L.MPG


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Wi d i


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Figure 2.10 Wire-wound resistors

(a) Cement coated on aceramic former;

(b) Vitreous enamel

coated on a ceramicformer

Fi 2 11 V i bl i


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Figure 2.11 Variable resistors

(a) wire-wound;

(b) mains dropper

resistor with fixed

tappings, cementcoated on a ceramic

former


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E i t l i it


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Figure 2.13 Experimental circuit

S


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Summary

Terms of electricity

Principle of electricity

Components of electrical circuit

Ohm law

Differences AC and DC Circuit

Power and energy in electrical circuit Electric power sources

Electrical safety

R f
http://g/A%20all%20video/ee%20video/intrument/VIDEO/V072.MPG


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References

Sherman, E. (2000). Powerboater's Guide to Electrical Systems: Maintenance,Troubleshooting and Improvements. McGraw-Hill Professional. New York. USA.

Osaka, T. and M. Datta, eds. 2000. Energy storage systems for electronics. Amsterdam:

Gordon and Breach.

Stephen, J. F., Klucinee, P. (2002) Electronic Aboard. Bristol Fashion Publications. Harrisburg,

USA.

Berndt, D., 1993. Maintenance-free batteries. New York: Wiley. Giampaolo, T. 1997. The gas turbine handbook: Principles and practices. Lilburn, GA:

Fairmont Press.

Dhameja, S. 2001. Electric vehicle battery systems. Boston: Newnes.

Larminie, J. and A. Dicks 2003. Fuel cell systems explained. West Sussex, UK: Wiley.

Boonstra, H., G. Wuersig, and K.O. Skjolsvik2005. Fuel Cell Technology in Ships: Potential

Applications in Different Market Segments and a Roadmap for Further Developments. Proc.Marine Science and Technology for Environmental Sustainability (ENSUS).

Rutherford, K. and D. Doerffel2005. Performance of Lithium-Polymer Cells at High Hydrostatic

Pressure. Proc. Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology.

Griffiths, G., D. Reece, P. Blackmore, M. Lain, S. Mitchell, and J. Jamieson 2005. Modeling

Hybrid Energy Systems for Use in AUVs Proc. Unmanned UntetheredSubmersible

Technology.


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1. Electrical and & Inst Introduction - InTRODUCTION_Rev 3_Dr S

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