1. Election of 1800: The rise of political parties caused flaws in the electoral collegeParties chose their candidates and electors

would vote for them

2. Led to a tie between Jefferson and Burr----House of Representatives chose Jefferson.

3. To eliminate future problems12th Amendment: Requires electors to specify which

person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so their would never be a tie.

Federalists Democratic RepublicansAdams--Pres---65 Jefferson---Pres.---73Hamilton---VP Burr---VP----73

• Born in Virginia • Graduate of William and

Mary College • A practicing lawyer and

member of Virginia’s House of Burgesses

• Father of the DOI • Secretary of State under

President Washington• Vice President under Adams

• Owned 200 slaves

Anti-War and Anti-Navy (Pacifist)• Went to war with Barbary Pirates in North Africa

• Built the “mosquito fleet” of naval shipsAnti-British/Pro-French

• Almost allied with England and went to war with France to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.

Against slavery• Owned 200 slaves

Strict Construction of Constitution• Used loose construction of Constitution over purchase of

Louisiana territoryJefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in a “realistic world”.

• Aaron Burr (1756-1836) • Born in Newark N.J.

• Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary

war. • A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton

• Vice President of the United States (1801-1805).

• Kills Alexander Hamilton in a duel

• Involved in the Burr Conspiracy

Significance of Election of 1800 • peaceful transfer of power from one

political party to another• “revolutionary” achievement

John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican

• Adams was the last Federalist president

• Jefferson kept most of Federalist policies

• Federalist diplomats had signed good treaties with England, Spain,

France, and kept US out of war.• Federalists preserved democratic

gains, while fending off anarchy

Responsibility › Moderation• Jefferson integrated democratic principles

into presidency, including walking, pell-mell dining, casual dress

• Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be read, rather than speaking

himself• Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used very little patronage,

consistent with conciliatory inaugural address• Jefferson as politician used personal charm to

sway congressional representatives

Restraint Helps RevolutionJefferson axed a few Federalist policies• Pardoned those convicted under expired

Sedition Act• Reduced residency requirement for

citizenship back to 5 years• Repealed hated excise tax

• Made efforts to eliminate debt

• Yet Jefferson showed restraint by leaving most of Federalist program

• Did not attack tariff, Bank, funding at par, or assumption of debt

• Helped 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t

mean disaster

Restraint Helps “Revolution”

• Jefferson’s Presidency is considered a transitional

period in US History. • Many historians look at this time period as the beginning

of the true democracy.• Believed National Government

became too powerful during Adam’s Presidency

• Would try to reduce National Govt. power but actually

expands Presidential power.KING GEORGE FEDERALISTS

JEFFERSON

• Visualized an agrarian society • Feared industrialization and its

effects ….• Farmers were the chosen class.• Laissez faire--govt. stays out of

people’s lives• Against BUS but did not repeal it.

• Owned slaves but believed it was evil….Slavery would end but predicted it would divide U.S…

Ultimate goal, Blacks would assimilate into American society

• Native Americans, co-existence a long range goal but would have to learn agricultural ways and

become self-sufficient…For that time, Indians and whites could not co-exist and worked towards voluntary removal of tribes to western lands

• Believed education the key to social mobility

• Born in Virginia, 1755• Served as an officer with General

Washington during the Revolution• Attended College of William and

Mary and became a practicing attorney.

• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.

• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states.

• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.

• Marbury vs. Madison, 1803– Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a

“midnight appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission.

– Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission.

– Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review” and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.

• Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the weakest of the three branches of government.

• Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law • 1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the

final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the Constitution and its position of equality.

• By setting a precedent for judicial review or the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not

the states or Congress.• It also “sent the message” that the National

Government is the last authority thus reinforcing Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over

the states.

• Great Britain after the Revolution.

• United States after War

• Spanish land after Revolution

Spanish Land 1800

New Orleans

• 1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans• Because of pressure from the west and national security

threats, Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France

• Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans• If sale fails, instructed to seek alliance with England

• Since Napoleon was at war with Great Britain he offered entire

Louisiana Territory to US for $15 million

• Needed the money for his war with Great Britain

• Jefferson purchased Louisiana Territory for $15 million, about 3

cents an acre• Doubled the size of the US

• Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment

• Why? Didn’t fight a war, no blood shed.

• Great Britain after the Revolution.

• United States after War

• Spanish land

French Land in 1801

New Orleans