1 Echinoderms Odyssey Expeditions Jason Buchheim.
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Transcript of 1 Echinoderms Odyssey Expeditions Jason Buchheim.
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EchinodermsEchinodermsOdyssey ExpeditionsOdyssey Expeditions
Jason Buchheim
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IntroductionIntroduction
• Entirely marine• Typically bottom
dwellers• Generally posses
pentamerous radial symmetry at some point in life cycle (most can be divided into five parts around a central axis)
• Internal skeleton composed of calcareous ossicles (small plates)
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Introduction
• Sexes are generally separate
• External fertilization• Planktonic development• Many have water
vascular system (hydraulic system) for food collection and locomotion.– Motion accomplished by
transmitting water pressure.
Water vascular system in blue
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ClassesClasses
• Class Asteroidea
• Class Ophiuroidea
• Class Echinoidea
• Class Holothuroidea
• Class Crinoidea
• Class Concentricycloidea
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Class AsteroideaClass Asteroidea
• Sea stars• 1,800 species• Typically have five
arms• Regeneration
capabilities (in some a new animal is formed)
• Mouth on bottom (centrally located)
• Anus on top
NOAA
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Class AsteroideaClass Asteroidea
• Carnivores, detritivores, opportunists, mud swallowers
• Some can invert stomachs out mouth to surround prey – Bivalve predators slide
stomach between valves and feed on the organism while outside the body
• Organs distributed in arms
Organs in arms
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Class AsteroideaClass Asteroidea
• Two to four rows of podia (tube feet) extend down each arm from the mouth– Used for prey capture and locomotion
• Podia extended by hydraulic pressure– Pressure generated by contraction of
bulblike ampulla
• In many, suckers are found on podia
• Arms can twist and bend allowing locomotion over varied terrain
Podia
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Class OphiuroideaClass Ophiuroidea
• Brittle and Basket Stars• Largest class (2,000 species)• Mouth is centrally located on
the underside of body• Highly mobile• Long thin arms• Organs in central disk not
arms• Podia typically not
responsible for locomotion• Use arms to push and pull
themselves along NOAA
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Class OphiuroideaClass Ophiuroidea
• Two distinct orders
• Order Ophiurae– Brittle Stars
• Order Euryalae– Basket Stars
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Order OphiuraeOrder Ophiurae
• Five arms generally heavily spined
• Calcareous plates (arm shields) on arm tops allow only lateral movement
• Arms break off easily• Generally hide in crevices
and under rocks during the day
• At night move into open to feed
• Feed on detritus and small animals
NOAA
NOAA
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Order EuryalaeOrder Euryalae
• Have five arms that continually divide into smaller branches
• Lack arm shields which enables full movement
• During day can be found curled into a ball clinging to gorgonians
• At night they stretch out their arms to filter out plankton that drifts over the reef
• Small spines and tube feet move food to mouth Jason Buchheim
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Class EchinoideaClass Echinoidea
• Sea urchins, sand dollars and heart urchins
• 1,000 species• Moveable spins cover
theses animals• No arms• Circular or oval • Globular or flattened• Some display secondary
bilateral symmetryJason Buchheim
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Class EchinoideaClass Echinoidea
• Ossicles are fused to create a solid structure called a test
• Two basic groups:– Regular Urchins (sea urchins)– Irregular Urchins (heart urchins, sand dollars,
sea biscuit)
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Regular Urchins
• Sea Urchins• Generally globular in
shape • Covered with long
moveable spines (some long and pointed some short and stubby)
• Anus on topJason Buchheim
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Regular UrchinsRegular Urchins
• Mouth centrally located on underside
• Scrape algae with their unique five teeth arrangement call Aristotle’s Lantern
• Important to the reef because of the algae control they provide.
Mouth
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Irregular UrchinsIrregular Urchins
• Heart urchins, sand dollars, and sea biscuits
• Evolved to specialize in burrowing
• Small moveable spines cover the body and are used for burrowing
• Two orders:– Order Spatangoida (heart
urchins)– Order Clypeasteroida (sand
dollars and sea biscuits)
USGS
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Order SpatangoidaOrder Spatangoida
• Heart urchins• Oval dome-like in shape• Feed on organic
materials in the substrate
• Mouth (lacks Aristotle’s Lantern) in front and anus in back
• Typically found buried in the substrate
• May be seen at night
NOAA
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Order ClypeasteroidaOrder Clypeasteroida
• Sand dollars and sea biscuits
• Flattened disk shape • Mouth centrally
located on the underside with Aristotle’s Lantern
• Anus found towards rear
• Live buried in the sand
USGS
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Class HolothuroideaClass Holothuroidea
• Sea cucumbers• Tubular in shape• 1,000 species• Mouth in front and anus in
rear• Most feed on organics
found in the sand that they consume
• Some filter feed
Odyssey Expeditions
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Class HolothuroideaClass Holothuroidea
• Tube feet cover the bottom surface
• If threatened can expel most of their guts
• Can regenerate these guts
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Class CrinoideaClass Crinoidea
• Feather stars (Crinoids)• Oldest echinoderms (living
fossils)• 600 species• Five arms that fork to give
ten or more• Look like feathers• Arms are sticky and sweep
water for food particles• Can regenerate arms
Jason Buchheim
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Class CrinoideaClass Crinoidea• Can move short
distances
• Some swim with arms
• Others walk on legs called cirri
Jason Buchheim
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ResourcesResources
• Barnes, Robert D. and Edward Ruppert. Invertebrate Zoology: Sixth Edition. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishing, 1994
• Humann, Paul and Ned Deloach. Reef Creature Identification: Florida Caribbean Bahamas. Florida: New World Publications, Inc., 2003
• Kinsella, John, Drew Richardson and Bob Wohlers. Life on an Ocean Planet. California: Current Publishing Corp., 2006
• Taylor, Walter K. and Robert L. Wallace. Invertebrate Zoology: A Laboratory Manual Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002