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Transcript of 1 Do Now Use this aerial photo of Greece to connect the geography of Greece to the eventual...
1
Do Now• Use this aerial photo of Greece to
connect the geography of Greece to the eventual development of Greek society and culture.
• Hint• Think about the ways in which we have
made these connections for other ancient civilizations.
2
Agriculture
Olive grove in rocky Greek soil
Agriculture
• Good climate but bad terrain (very mountainous)– Hilly ground: grapes– Rocky soil: olives
• Sea was very important– Homer describes various fishing methods
using hooks, nets, and harpoon in both the Iliad and the Odyssey
The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region
The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region
2000 - 1400 BCE2000 - 1400 BCE
TheMinoans
TheMinoans
The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.
The Minoan World: mid-2M B.C.E.
MinoanTrade
MinoanTrade
““Bireme” shipBireme” ship
Coast of CreteCoast of Crete
Minoan Artistic “Motifs”
Minoan Artistic “Motifs”
Early Writing System:
“Linear A” (Undecipherable)
Early Writing System:
“Linear A” (Undecipherable)
CanonCanon??
Artist’s Recreation of Knossos
Artist’s Recreation of Knossos
Aerial View of Knossos
Aerial View of Knossos
Palace of King Minos – North Entrance
Palace of King Minos – North Entrance
Palace of King Minos - Interiors
Palace of King Minos - Interiors
Palace of King Minos – Throne Room
Palace of King Minos – Throne Room
Minoan Culture - Religion
Minoan Culture - Religion
Minoan PriestMinoan Priest Minoan Snake Minoan Snake GoddessGoddess
Bull CultBull Cult
Bull Jumping FrescoBull Jumping Fresco
1500 - 1100 BCE1500 - 1100 BCE
TheMycenaeans(Achaeans)
TheMycenaeans(Achaeans)
The Mycenaean World: mid-2M
B.C.E.
The Mycenaean World: mid-2M
B.C.E.
Mycenaean Society
• The Mycenaeans established a society on the Greek peninsula beginning with migrations in 2200 B.C.
• From 1500 to 1100 B.C., they expanded their influence beyond the Greek peninsula, overpowering Minoan society in Crete
Aerial View of Mycenae
Aerial View of Mycenae
Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction
Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction
mid-12c BCEmid-12c BCE
TheTrojanWar
TheTrojanWar
Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War
Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War
Plan of the City of Troy
Plan of the City of Troy
Trojan War• About 1200 B.C., the
Mycenaeans fought the Trojan War with the city of Troy in Anatolia
• At the same time, foreigners invaded the Mycenaean homeland
• From 1100 to 800 B.C., chaos reigned throughout the eastern Mediterranean
• In the absence of a centralized state or empire, local institutions took the lead in restoring political order to Greece– City-states The Trojan Horse
1100 - 750 BCE1100 - 750 BCE
TheGreek
"Dark Ages"
TheGreek
"Dark Ages"
Greek Culture
Declined
Greek Culture
Declined
Migrations in the Aegean Region
Migrations in the Aegean Region
Hellenikon
• Concept of Herodotus to reflect the Greeks’ being of “shared blood, shared language, shared religion, and shared customs”
• Establishes an ethnic identity that sets them apart from the “barbarians”
• However, Hellenikon lacked a common political component– In the absence of a centralized state or empire, local
institutions took the lead in restoring political order to Greece
• City-states (polis)
The Rise of the Greek Polis
The Rise of the Greek Polis
AthensAthens
NaxosNaxos CorinthCorinth
SyracuseSyracuse
LarissaLarissa
EboeaEboea
Cities: The Polis
• The city-state or polis was originally a fortified site that provided refuge in war or other emergencies– Gradually they attracted increasing
populations, took on an urban character, and began to exert authority over the surrounding regions
– They taxed rural areas and appropriated a portion of the agriculture surplus to support the urban population
Cities: The Polis
• Poleis were different because they developed independently of each other – Different economies and political systems
• Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes are examples
Prostelitizye
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Athens Vs. Sparta
Sparta: Society
• In theory, all Spartans citizens were equal– To discourage economic and social distinctions,
Spartans observed an extraordinarily austere lifestyle as a matter of policy
• No jewelry, elaborate clothes, luxuries, or accumulation of great private wealth
– Even today, “spartan” means• Practicing great self-denial• Unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or
judgment • Resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity
Sparta: Society
• What distinctions did exist in Spartan society were based not on wealth or social status, but on prowess, discipline, and military talent
• Spartan educational system cultivated such attributes from an early age– Boys left their homes at age seven to live in
military barracks under a rigorous regime of physical training
– At age 20 they went into the military where they served until retirement
Sparta: Helots
• Expanded their control from Sparta throughout the Peloponnesus
• Reduced neighboring people to helots– Helots were servants of the Sparta state– Not chattel slaves, but not free either– Could form families, but could not leave the land– By the 6th Century B.C., helots probably
outnumbered Sparta citizens by 10 to 1– The large number of helots allowed the Spartans to
cultivate their region efficiently, but also posed the threat of constant rebellion
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Athens• In the ancient Greek city-state of Athens all citizens
participated in Athenian governmental activities.
• All citizens were equal before the law and participated in the government. Slaves and women, however, were not allowed citizenship.
• Athenians eventually abolished slavery and developed a direct democracy where citizens chose the members of the powerful Assembly.
Athens in the Age of Pericles
The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age
in Athens.
This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of
Pericles.
Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis and turned
Athens into the cultural center of Greece.
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Pericles stated, “We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a
useless character.”
Cities
The Acropolis of Athens
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Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take
part in government.
He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled
the poor to serve in the government.
The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take
a vote. This was direct democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to day
affairs of the government.
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Do Now
• What should be the goal of high school? What should every student be able to do when they graduate from high school?
Direct Democracy High School Group Assignment
• Groups of three will determine how the ideal high school would function in order to achieve our larger goal.
• Each member of every group will create a table listing the proposed design and making an argument in favor of this approach.
• Remember the larger goals we established to create an ideal High School. For example, we should all be able to listen to music or talk on our phones is probably not consistent with our larger goal.
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Category Proposed Design DetailsRationale (WHY is this the BEST way to design it?)
subjects 6 hours of history should be taught each day; followed by 1 hour of rotating subjects (changing each day – ie, math, science, English, music/art, physical education)
Clearly history is the most important – how can we possibly evaluate the world that we live in today without understanding the complex history that made it what it is? I suppose we should also learn the “other stuff” so we can design computers, write coherently, and entertain ourselves. I guess.
Sparta: Society
• Women married at age 18 or 20 but did not live with their husbands– The men stayed in the
barracks until about age 30 when they began to set up households with their wives and children
– Women maintained strict physical regimes in the hopes of bearing strong children
Patriarchal Society
• Male family heads ruled their households– Greek women fell under the control of their fathers,
husbands, or sons
• In most poleis, women could not own landed property
• The only public position open to Greek women was priestess of a religious cult
• In Sparta, men were still the family authorities, but women had more opportunities
Advantages of Women in Sparta over Women in Athens
• Girls were given a good education in both the arts and athletics.
• Women were encouraged to develop their intellect. • Women owned more than a third of the land. • There was less difference in age between husbands and
wives, and girls in Sparta married at a later age than their sisters in Athens.
• Husbands spent most of their time with other men in the military barracks; since the men were rarely home, the women were free to take charge of almost everything outside of the army.
• Mothers reared their sons until age 7 and then society took over. Fathers played little or no role in child care.
Results of the Persian Wars
The Greek sense of uniqueness was increased.
Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state in Greece.
Athens organized the Delian League, an alliance with other Greek city-states.
Athens used the league to assert power and build an Athenian Empire.
They moved the treasury to Athens, and forced people to stay in the league against
their will.
The Delian LeagueThe Delian League
Thasos
Naxos
Delos
Lesbos
Melos
Greek against Greek
Many Greeks resented the Athenian domination.
The Greek world split into rival camps.To counter the Delian League,
Sparta and other enemies of Athens formed the Peloponnesian League.
Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy (government run by business) in the states of the Peloponnesian League, and Athens supported democracy.
A 27 year war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all of Greece
Athens in the Age of Pericles
The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles brought about a Golden age in Athens.
This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is often called the Age of Pericles.
Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or social class, should take part in government.
He paid salaries to men who held public office. This enabled the poor to serve in the government.
The assembly met several times a month and needed at least 6,000 members present to take a vote. This was direct democracy, a large
number of citizens took part in the day to day affairs of the government.
Pericles stated, “We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a useless character.
Pericles rebuilt the Acropolis and turned Athens into the cultural center of Greece.
Peloponnesian WarAthens faced a serious geographic disadvantage from the
start.
Sparta was located inland, the Athenian navy was no good against them.
When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles allowed people from the countryside to move inside the city.
Overcrowding led to a plague that killed a third of the people.
Internal struggles undermined the Democratic government of Athens.
Sparta even allied with Persia, their old enemy, against the Delian League.
Finally, in 404 B.C., with the help of the Persian navy, the Spartans captured Athens and stripped it of its fleet and
empire.
The Aftermath of War
The Peloponnesian war ended Athenian greatness.
In Athens Democratic government suffered: Corruption and selfish interests replaced order.
Fighting continued to disrupt the Greek world.
Sparta itself suffered defeat at the hands of Thebes, another Greek city-state.
Greece was left vulnerable to invasion.
Cultural development was arrested.
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Question
• Explain the fall Athens took from the heights of the funeral oration to the lows of the plague. Who is responsible for this fall?
58
750-500 BCE750-500 BCE
GreekColonization
GreekColonization
Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE
Greek & Phoenician Colonization: 750-500 BCE
Trade Resumes:6c BCE
Amphoras
Trade Resumes:6c BCE
Amphoras
“Iron Age” Trade Routes
“Iron Age” Trade Routes
Evolution of Our Alphabet:
From Phoenician to Latin
Evolution of Our Alphabet:
From Phoenician to Latin
http://www.cedarland.org/alpha.html
"Hellenistic"Greece:
324 - 100 B.C.E.
"Hellenistic"Greece:
324 - 100 B.C.E.
Alexander the Great
356-323 B.C.E.
Alexander the Great
356-323 B.C.E.
Alexander the Great’s EmpireAlexander the Great’s Empire
Alexander the Great in Persia
Alexander the Great in Persia
Building Greek Cities in the East
Building Greek Cities in the East
Trade in the Hellenistic World
Trade in the Hellenistic World
Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)
Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid
luxuries.
citizens of the world.
live a humble, simple life.
$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided.
Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic
Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of
divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found in great achievements.
The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E.
The “Known” World – 3c B.C.E.
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
The Incursion of Rome into the
Hellenistic World
The Incursion of Rome into the
Hellenistic World