Global Environmental Change and Food Systems “GECAFS” A Joint Project of IGBP, IHDP & WCRP
1 Delali BK Dovie Global Environmental Change and Food Systems (GECAFS) First meeting of...
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Transcript of 1 Delali BK Dovie Global Environmental Change and Food Systems (GECAFS) First meeting of...
1
Delali BK Dovie
Global Environmental Change and Food Systems (GECAFS)
First meeting of Vulnerability of Food Systems to GEC Research
Network
17-18 May 2006, Oxford UK
Local vulnerability of the human-biodiversity interface to drought in S. Africa
2
Background
3
Challenges of communal area landscapes?
Major sources of safety nets (e.g. natural resources)
Sources of livelihood incomes (cash & non-cash)
Livelihood insecurity (i.e. optimizing benefits)
Changing culture of resource use
Changing institutional & social structures
Increased traditional farming (crops + livestock)
Direct extraction of plants
Poor social infrastructure & high unemployment
4
Goals
Examine livelihood options, and in relation to changes in the human-environment system
Define typologies of households responding to the effects and impacts of drought
Establish variables defining the vulnerability of households to drought
5
Stressful events
24.8%
17.4%
36.7%
6.4%
6.4%
1.8%2.8%
2.8%0.9%
Rain floods
Death
Drought
Joblessness
Illness
Resettlement
Marital problems
Livestock loss
Forest fires
6
1. Chronic (e.g., Joblessness, illness, death and resettlement)
2. Acute (e.g., rain floods)
3. Recurring (drought and livestock losses)
4. Intermittent (e.g., veld / forest fires, marital problems)
Typologies of stresses
7
Linking stresses and livelihoods
-0.8 0.8
-0.6
1.0
livestoc
crops
for_empl
inf_emplntfps
kinships
remittpension
disgrant
childgrt
FLOOD
DEATHDROUGHT
JOBLESS
ILLNESS
8
(a)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Informal jobs
Formal jobs
Remittances
Livestock
NTFP
Crops
Welfare grants
Kinship
Pension
Liv
elih
oo
d o
pti
on
Drought experiencing HHs (%)
Drought-experiencing households and single livelihood option
9
Link between no. of livelihoods & exposure to drought
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Five Four Three Two OneNo. of livelihoods
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f h
ou
se
ho
lds
(%
)
Relative hh No.
% of hh no. experienceddrought
10
DROUGHT Impacts >> outcomesHungerFood insecurityLoss of livelihoodMalnutrition / diseasePoverty
Response group II
Response group III
Response group I
HH response / affected groups
Biophysical environment
Exposure >> effectsFarmsGrazing areasWoodland resourcesWater bodiesBiodiversity
Effects >>OutcomesOutcomePasture lossLivestock lossCrop loss / poor harvestDried water bodies
Effects
Impacts
Vulnerability identity
Effects / impacts of drought & responses
11
Effects Household response Impacts Household response to impacts
Households Biophysical Short-term Adaptation
Loss of grazing areas
1. livestock off-take by selling and slaughtering2. grass from other villages3. buying fodder
1. loss of income2. poverty3. school drop-out
1. land degradation2. erosion3. dead trees
1. selling wood and poles2. cooperatives3. relocation of livestock
1. expansion of livelihood portfolios2. community gardening and cropping
Livestock loss
1. relocation of livestock2. dependence on pension3. selling wood4. sold small animals5. support from neighbours6. used stored maize7. trade in used clothes
1. school drop-out2. loss of business capital3. poverty4. food insecurity5. high illiteracy rate6. family migration7. resource use conflicts
1. plant regeneration 2. pollution by carcasses
1. sold cattle to buy food2. wood barter for cattle feed3. relocation to other villages4. destocking livestock 5. cattle fed on anything green
1. manageable livestock2. diversifying livelihood options3. livestock restocking4. increased bank savings
Food shortages/ poor harvest
1. family lived on pension 2. borrowing money3. sold wild fruits/carvings4. food parcels5. social networking 6. stored maize7. worked for food/sold some cattle8. relocating to other villages
1. malnutrition2. disrupted household responsibilities 3. big family to support
____ ____ 1. maize storage facility2. expansion of fields for cropping3. diversifying livelihood options
Water shortage
1. water from far villages2. digging springs in dried streams and around dams
no water for household use
plants and animals died
____ ____
Drought effects & impacts, response & adaptation in Thorndale
12
Households’ responses to drought
Dryland farming
Home / backyard gardens
Stockpiling / sales of woodland resources
Cultivation of wild fruits & herbs
Family emigration & relocation
Keeping of small-bodied livestock
Cattle relocation
13
The drought – biodiversity linkage
0
50
100
150
200
250
Causes of land cover change
Ran
kin
g o
f cau
ses
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
No
. o
f h
ou
seh
old
s
Ranking
Causes
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(i) The production system
(ii) The consumption (dependence) system
(iii) Resource accessibility and distribution
(iv) Options
(v) Resilience
= [abundance (quantity), supply, diversity]
= [socio-economic & financial value, availability, extent of use, knowledge & skill]
= [demand, wealth status, marketing, transport, technical services]
= [production, consumption, accessibility, opportunity]
= [options, response & adaptation]
VULNERABILITY = [RESILIENCE, SAFETY NET, IDENTITY]
Functions of HH vulnerability to drought
15
Thank U