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CULTURECULTUREPresented byPresented by

Dr. Kazi Shahdat Kabir Dr. Kazi Shahdat Kabir Associate Professor & Head , CGEDAssociate Professor & Head , CGED

Northern University BangladeshNorthern University BangladeshE-mail: E-mail: kazirimon@yahoo.comkazirimon@yahoo.com

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DEFINITION OF CULTUREDEFINITION OF CULTURE

Defining CultureDefining Culture

Culture generally refers to patterns of Culture generally refers to patterns of human activity or behavior and the human activity or behavior and the symbolic structures or to show symbolic structures or to show creativity .Culture is learned processe. creativity .Culture is learned processe. Only human beings have cultural Only human beings have cultural learning , which depends on symbols. learning , which depends on symbols.

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Defining Culture:Defining Culture:

Symbols have a particular meaning and Symbols have a particular meaning and value for people who share the same value for people who share the same culture.culture.

Culture can be defined as Culture can be defined as all the all the behaviorsbehaviors, , ways of life, arts, beliefs and ways of life, arts, beliefs and institutions of ainstitutions of a population that are population that are passed down from passed down from generation to generation to generation.generation.

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Defining Culture:Defining Culture:

Culture has been called Culture has been called "the way of life for "the way of life for ananentire society." entire society." such as-such as-codes of codes of mannerism, dress pattern, languagemannerism, dress pattern, language, , religion, rituals, norms of behavior,religion, rituals, norms of behavior, law and law and morality, and morality, and systems ofsystems of belief belief as well as as well as the arts and gastronomy (the art and the arts and gastronomy (the art and practice of cooking and eating good food) . practice of cooking and eating good food) . In broadly , we can say that culture is what In broadly , we can say that culture is what we are.we are.

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Definition of CultureDefinition of Culture

Edward Burnett Tylor(1871)described culture in Edward Burnett Tylor(1871)described culture in thethe

following way:following way:"Culture or civilization, taken in its wide "Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of habits acquired by man as a member of society." society."

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Defining CultureDefining Culture

United Nations Educational, Scientific andUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO- 2002) describedCultural Organization (UNESCO- 2002) described

culture as follows: culture as follows:

".. culture should be regarded as the ".. culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group and emotional features of society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to , art and that it encompasses, in addition to , art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs".systems, traditions and beliefs".

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Characteristics of CultureCharacteristics of Culturea)a) It covers whole things of the society,It covers whole things of the society,

b)b) It discusses mainly human behavior of the It discusses mainly human behavior of the members of a society,members of a society,

c)c) It is an abstract thing,It is an abstract thing,

d)d) It is a continuous process,It is a continuous process,

e)e) culture reflects different theories for culture reflects different theories for understanding or criterias for evaluating understanding or criterias for evaluating human activities.human activities.

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Characteristics of CultureCharacteristics of Culturef) Cf) Culture links closely with social cultivation, ulture links closely with social cultivation,

the progressive refinement of human the progressive refinement of human behavior,behavior,

g) g) Culture acts as a stabilizing mechanism;Culture acts as a stabilizing mechanism; culture itself is a product of stabilization culture itself is a product of stabilization tendencies inherent in evolutionary tendencies inherent in evolutionary processes.processes.

h) Culture is a h) Culture is a relative things.relative things.

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Elements of CultureElements of Culture

1.Language. 1.Language.

►►Language is a set of symbols used to assign and Language is a set of symbols used to assign and communicate meaning. It enables us to name or communicate meaning. It enables us to name or label the things in our world, so we can think and label the things in our world, so we can think and communicate about others .communicate about others .

►►Language as a social product. Language as a social product.

►►Language as a way of communication and Language as a way of communication and interaction. interaction.

►►Language as the process of cognition and Language as the process of cognition and realization.realization.

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Elements of Culture:Elements of Culture:2. 2. Norms:Norms:

I) I) Norms is , as humanly ,created the rules forNorms is , as humanly ,created the rules for

behaviorbehavior. .

a) Thea) The creation or production of norms. creation or production of norms.

b) The need for orderly, stable, predictable b) The need for orderly, stable, predictable

interactions with human beings.interactions with human beings. c) The role of social power in the production of norms. c) The role of social power in the production of norms.

d) d) The reflecting of norms and renegotiating and The reflecting of norms and renegotiating and changing norms. changing norms.

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Elements of CultureElements of CultureII) Norms as a Social Control.II) Norms as a Social Control.

►►Internal social control.Internal social control. a) Socialization and the internalization of a) Socialization and the internalization of

norms. norms.

b) Ideologies, beliefs and values.b) Ideologies, beliefs and values.

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Elements of Culture: Elements of Culture:

►►External social control. External social control.

a) Informal sanctions: a) Informal sanctions:

♦ ♦ Physical and verbal reactions. Physical and verbal reactions.

♦ ♦ Embarrassment and stigma. Embarrassment and stigma.

♦ ♦ Avoidance and disorganization. Avoidance and disorganization.

The importance of informal sanctions The importance of informal sanctions in small groups and organizations. in small groups and organizations.

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Elements of CultureElements of Culture

b) Formal sanctions. b) Formal sanctions.

♦ ♦ Formal sanctions in large Formal sanctions in large organizations. organizations.

♦ ♦ Governments, laws and Governments, laws and police. police.

♦ ♦ Courts, hearings, trials and Courts, hearings, trials and punishments . punishments .

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Elements of CultureElements of Culture3. values:3. values:

I) Values are anything members of a culture I) Values are anything members of a culture aspire (strong desire to achieve aspire (strong desire to achieve something) to or hold in high esteem something) to or hold in high esteem (great respect and admiration).(great respect and admiration).

II) Values are things to be achieved, things II) Values are things to be achieved, things considered of great worth or value. considered of great worth or value.

3) Values tend to compliment and support to 3) Values tend to compliment and support to one anotherone another . .

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Elements of CultureElements of Culture

4. Beliefs and ideologies:4. Beliefs and ideologies: I) Beliefs are the things, that members of a society I) Beliefs are the things, that members of a society

hold to be true. They are the "facts" accepted hold to be true. They are the "facts" accepted by all or most of the members of a society. (not by all or most of the members of a society. (not limited to religious statements).limited to religious statements).

II) II) Ideologies are Ideologies are integrated and connected systems integrated and connected systems of beliefsof beliefs. Sets of beliefs and assumptions . Sets of beliefs and assumptions connected by a common theme or focus. They connected by a common theme or focus. They are often associated with specific social are often associated with specific social institutions or systems and serve to legitimize institutions or systems and serve to legitimize those systems. those systems.

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Elements of CultureElements of Culture5. Social Collectives:5. Social Collectives: I) Social collectives such as groups, I) Social collectives such as groups,

organizations, communities, institutions, organizations, communities, institutions, classes and even any small societies are classes and even any small societies are also collectively produced symbolic social also collectively produced symbolic social constructions.constructions.

II) Social collectives have a real impact on our II) Social collectives have a real impact on our lives. Such as lives. Such as contexts for interactioncontexts for interaction, local , local cultures, status, roles, identity, and the self. cultures, status, roles, identity, and the self.

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Elements of CultureElements of Culture

66. . Status and Roles-Status and Roles-

I) Status, although related, is not a measure of I) Status, although related, is not a measure of a person’s wealth, power, and prestige. a person’s wealth, power, and prestige.

II) The term role is often used to mean both a II) The term role is often used to mean both a position in society and role expectations position in society and role expectations associated with it (specifying the rights and associated with it (specifying the rights and responsibilities). responsibilities).

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Elements of CultureElements of Culture

7. Cultural Integration-7. Cultural Integration-

I) Cultural integration refers to howI) Cultural integration refers to how

interconnected, complimentary, and mutuallyinterconnected, complimentary, and mutually

supportive the various elements of culture are.supportive the various elements of culture are.

II) Diversity, complexity, and integration,II) Diversity, complexity, and integration,

III) Variation within modern mass cultures,III) Variation within modern mass cultures,

IV) The mass media and cultural integration.IV) The mass media and cultural integration.

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Cultural lagCultural lag

Defining Cultural lagDefining Cultural lag

The term cultural lag refers to the notion that society is unable to The term cultural lag refers to the notion that society is unable to keep up with the rapid pace of technological change and that keep up with the rapid pace of technological change and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag.social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag.

Ogburn’s Ogburn’s definition of cultural lag isdefinition of cultural lag is “A cultural lag “A cultural lag occurs when one of two parts of culture, which are occurs when one of two parts of culture, which are correlated , changes before or in greater degree correlated , changes before or in greater degree than the other part does; thereby causing less than the other part does; thereby causing less adjustment between the two parts that existed adjustment between the two parts that existed previously.” previously.”

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Cultural lagCultural lag

According to William Fielding OgburnAccording to William Fielding Ogburn, , four four criticalcritical

factorsfactors drive cultural change. drive cultural change.

These four factors are- These four factors are-

►►Invention: Ogburn believed that as new inventions Invention: Ogburn believed that as new inventions were introduced into existing society, were introduced into existing society, maladjustment would occur and a period of maladjustment would occur and a period of adjustment would be required. Inventions can be adjustment would be required. Inventions can be formed in a society from within the society by formed in a society from within the society by awareness of new possibilities. awareness of new possibilities.

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Cultural lagCultural lag

►►Accumulation: The accumulation of Accumulation: The accumulation of inventions over time also results in new inventions over time also results in new inventions as two or more ideas are inventions as two or more ideas are combined. combined.

►►Diffusion: Alternatively, inventions can Diffusion: Alternatively, inventions can result from the diffusion of new ideas from result from the diffusion of new ideas from other geographical areas, and other geographical areas, and Adjustment Adjustment

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Cultural lagCultural lagMarxism refers to cultural lagMarxism refers to cultural lag as the time after as the time after

the the proletariat(labours revolt against the proletariat(labours revolt against the bourgeois class) revolutionbourgeois class) revolution in which capitalist in which capitalist economic principles are still vaguely(slightly) economic principles are still vaguely(slightly) followed to foster(to encourage something to followed to foster(to encourage something to develop) the new society of communism.develop) the new society of communism.

Of course, in order to Of course, in order to complete the transition complete the transition from capitalism to communismfrom capitalism to communism, even this , even this socialist state would dissolve.socialist state would dissolve.