Building Bridges Miles Conrad Lecture 2006 Carol Tenopir, University of Tennessee [email protected].
1 Cost and Price Models of Scholarly E-Journals Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee...
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Transcript of 1 Cost and Price Models of Scholarly E-Journals Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee...
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Cost and Price Models of Scholarly E-Journals
Carol Tenopir
University of Tennessee
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What Does it Cost?The Hype
• “Publish for free on the Internet”
• “Everything’s digitized…[so] everyone here can get published”
• “Web self-publishing … [is] poised to push old-school publishing giants aside”
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What Does it Cost? The Reality
1. Article Processing
2. Non-article processing
3. Journal Reproduction
4. Distribution
5. Publishing Support
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Number of Subscribers
Cost/print subscription
E-savings
500
5,000
10,000
50,000
$993
$140
$93
$55
11%
37%
52%
84%
The minimum price necessary to recover costs at various levels of circulation
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Comparison of Yearly Journal Costs (4800 Subscriptions)
1975
1995
2002
Total Costs Cost/Subscription
$ 340,567 $ 70.95
$ 559,535 $ 116.44
$ 692,154 $ 144.20
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Decreases in Personal Subscriptions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1977 1978-1983
1984 1985-1989
1990-1993
1994-1998
2000-2003
Years of Observation
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Why Have Costs Increased?
1) Increase in Articles, Issues, “Pages”
2) Start-up E-system costs
3) Higher labor costs
4) Living in a dual-mode publishing world
5) Publishers’ overhead/market forces
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0
450
900
1350
1800
2250
1975 1995 2002
SpecialGraphics
Article Pages
Total Pages
Journal Characteristics
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Alternative Cost Models
• Reduce publishers’ “value add”
• Reduce publishers’ overhead
• Institutional/individual contributions
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Average Price Per Title:Science Journals 1996-2002
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
U.S.Non-U.S.
Sources: Library Journal, April 15, 2000, and April 15, 2002.
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Serial & Monograph Expenditures
$0.00$500,000.00
$1,000,000.00$1,500,000.00$2,000,000.00$2,500,000.00$3,000,000.00$3,500,000.00$4,000,000.00$4,500,000.00
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
SerialMonograph
Source: Monograph and Serial Costs in ARL Libraries. http://www.arl.org/newsltr/210/coststbl.html. Accessed September 30, 2002.
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Scholarly Publishing at the Crossroads
SPARCSociety Publishers
Commercial Publishers
Bio
Med
Cen
tral
Inst
itutio
nal R
epos
itorie
s
E-Print Service
Self-Archives
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Alternative Price Models (Open Access)
• Pay to publish (Author pays)
• Institutional repositories
• Volunteers/good will/self archiving
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Three Main Options
1. With Traditional Publishers in traditional ways
2. New Relationship with Publishers
3. Without Traditional Publishers
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New Relationships
• SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Researches Coalition)
• BioMed Central
• Public Library of Science
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Without Traditional Publishers
• Institutional Repositories (“University Archiving”)
• Self-Archiving
• E-Print Service (e.g., arXiv.org)
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What is Needed?
• Commitment• Assurance of quality• Assurance of accessibility• Adherence to standards• Longevity