Oxy-Fuel COMBUSTION

12OverviewThe Atmosphere Greenhouse gasesCO2 Emissions Across the GlobeConsequences of Climate Change on AtmosphereWorld Energy StatusImpact of Climate Change on Power PlantsAdvanced Thermal Power Plant Technologies3Atmosphere - Carbon Cycle

4Ocean inventory of carbon 3800 Gt - CTerrestrial biosphere inventory is 2000 Gt - C Total inventory of carbon in atmosphere is equal to 780 Gt-C The AtmosphereGlobal temperature rise is observed over last few decades.Global warming due to greenhouse gas5

Greenhouse GasesWhat is greenhouse effect?When sun energy hits the earth, the earth in turn reflects that energy back toward the sun . These greenhouse gases absorb that energy and retain with them.6

Greenhouse GasesWhat are the green house gases?CO2, CH4, N2O, Water vapour, Ozone and other fluoridesCO2 is one of the greenhouse gasCO2 is the only parameter correlated well with increase in global temperature.7

Greenhouse Gases Life TimeGreenhouse gasLife time, yrCarbon dioxide (CO2)~100Methane (CH4)12Nitrous oxide (N2O)114Tropospheric ozone (O3)hours-daysOther florides9 - 100SF632008http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/gases.htmlIs Greenhouse Gas is Boon or Bane?Boon, if manmade emissions are within acceptable limitCO2 emissions raised by 53% between 1970 to 2011I (IPCC).9

382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 CO2 Thermodynamics in AtmosphereOut of total ocean carbon inventory, 92% is bicarbonate ions, 3.3% carbonate ion, dissolved CO2 is 2%

Rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration increases CO2 uptake by oceanReduction of atmospheric carbon inventory (an estimated 1/3rd of CO2 taken by ocean in the period 1990 to 2005).An increase in surface ocean acidity.10CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3-H+ + CO32- HCO3-CO2 EmissionsIn 2010, anthropogenic CO2 emissions are around 33 Gt where as in 1970 15.3 Gt

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CO2 Emissions Global warming82% of the total global warming contributed by anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Raghuswami et al., 2006).12

CO2 Emissions - Indian Scenario2/3 of world CO2 emissions comes from top 10 countriesIndia stands 3rd among Top 10 CO2 emissions list13

IEA Statistics (2009)GtSources of CO2 EmissionsPower stations - Electricity generation Other energy industry Steel, Cement, Fertilizer, Glass, etc Transportation bikes, cars, buses, trains, aero planes, etcDomestic cookingCommercial and public services - Agriculture and forestry fuel use Due to land usage14World CO2 Emissions by Sector15

Other includes commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat generationConsequences Due to Climate Change16CO2 emissions may rise between470 to 550 ppm by 2050540 to 860 ppm by 2100 Global temperature may rise between 2 to 60 C by 2100

Consequences Due to Climate Change17For each 0C rise in global temperature may lead to5-10% changes in precipitation5-10% changes in stream flow across many river basins15% decreases in the sea ice across the Arctic Ocean, 5-15% reductions in the yields of crops

Consequences - Loss of Crop Yield18

Consequences - Vulnerability to Sea-Level Rise19

Estimated Sea Level Rise20

Due to rise in global warming sea level riseWater swellingMelting of glaciersRise in water level is a threat to sea side citiesPredicted Sea Level Rise21IPCC AR4, 2007

India has coastline of 7517 kmIncrease in Sea Level Due to Global Warming22

Submerging of Small Islands23

www.privateislandnews.comPhoto: 20th March 2011In the past two decade 4 islands flooded permanently Bedford (or Suparibhanga), Lohachara, South Talpatti Island and KabasgadiOnly Lohachara has around 7000 inhabitantsConsequences of Global Warming

www.google.images.com

World Energy Status> 80% of the worlds energy demand is met by fossil fuels

25MtoeWorld Electricity GenerationIn 2010, ~67% worlds electricity obtained from fossil fuel 26

Distribution of renewable energy resourcesIndian Power GenerationIndias total power production capacity (June, 2012) is 206.45 GW56.8% production by using coal as fuel27www.powermin.nic.inPower Plant Emissions50, 000 power plants exists world wide41% of the total CO2 emissions comes from electricity generation (IEA, 2011).World energy may rise 53% by 2035 (IEO 2011).28

Reserves of Fossil FuelsAt current rate of fossil production/consumption (World Coal Association) Coal reserves last for approximately 118 years Proven oil reserves last for 46 years Gas reserves last for 59 years

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Power Plants Challenges Due to Climate Change30

Different kinds of Power PlantTypes of power plants Coal fired power plants Gas fired power plants Oil fired power plantsPossible PollutantsNOx, SO2, CO, Unburnt HCs, Particulates (fly ash), mercury, and CO2

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CO2 Emissions Vs Fuel32

Marion & Griffin, ALSTOM, NETL reportCoal-fired Power Plants Fuel Type

33Types of Coal34

Lay-out of Coal-fired Power Plant35newenergyandfuel.comLay-out of Gas-fired Power PlantIt is comparative simple systemGas turbine is used instead of steam turbinePollutants are lowEfficiency is higherCombined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP).36

High Emissions of SO2

37Emissions and Its ConsequencesShort term effectsAcid rainsLess visibilityPulmonary diseasesLong term effectsGlobal warmingSea level riseUneven rains38

Challenges Due to Climate Change39Understanding of Flame Characteristics40Removal of Pollutants41Innovative Technologies42Innovative Technologies43

Greenfield Power Plant DesignIdentifying energy losses and gainsDetailed heat integrationOptimizing the plant designUpdating with new technology

44Fluidized Bed Combustion TechnologyFor high ash coalsFor high sulphur coalsCaCO3 is addedRankine cycle is usedModerate fineness of coal is sufficientLow pollutant emissions45

Integrated Gasification Combined CycleHigher efficiency & Lower emissionsCombined cycle plantRankineBraytonSyngas will be fired in gas turbineBHEL is plan for 182 MWe IGCC plant46

HiTAC or MILD or Flameless CombustionAir is preheat temperature > Auto ignition temperatureLow oxygen concentration in the airLow NOx emissionsUniform heat flux 47

Supercritical Combustion TechnologyBased on Steam Pressure and TemperatureSub-criticalSuper criticalUltra super criticalPc = 221.2 bar, Tc = 374 0CArea under the enthalpy curve increases48

Advanced Ultra Supercritical Combustion TechnologySupercritical steam power plantsPc = ~240 bar &Tc = ~5700 CAdvanced ultra supercritical steam power plantsPc = ~300 bar &Tc = ~6000 C

49Increase in Efficiency Due to Steam Parameters

50BHELs Technological AdvancementsAlready developed TechnologiesCFBC, FBC technologyInstalled at several sites across IndiaSupercritical power plantsInstallation under progressDeveloping Technologies IGCC technologyPlanned install 182 Mwe plant soonAdvanced ultra supercritical technology

51Oxy-fuel Combustion Technology

52Combustion takes in pure oxygen instead of airCO2 sequestration is easy & economicalChemical Looping CombustionOxidation takes place in presence of metal oxides rather than air or O2CxHy + (2x+y/2) MeO xCO2 + y/2H2O + MeO(-1)The reduced O2 will be oxidized in the air in a separate reactorMeO(-1) + 1/2O2 MeO

53CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Technologies

54Thermal Power Plants to Continue55Thermal Power Plants to Continue Despite all challenges Power plants sustained till now& It will continue to sustain56

Acknowledgements57

Any Queries??

Contact me at sivaji@bheltry.co.in58Tabelle17

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Diagramm22.423.374.265.746.771.782.643.444.815.7900.751.472.763.74

&ASeite &PHP / RH outlet temperature [deg. C]Pressure [bar]Increase of efficiency [%]538 / 538538 / 566566 / 566580 / 600600 / 620

Tabelle1300241175538 / 5382.421.780538 / 5663.372.640.75566 / 5664.263.441.47580 / 6005.744.812.76600 / 6206.775.793.74

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