1 Circulatory(Cardiovascular System) Unit 40 Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N. 12/15/11.
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Transcript of 1 Circulatory(Cardiovascular System) Unit 40 Adonis K. Lomibao, R.N. 12/15/11.
3
Objectives
Define & spell key terms Review location & function of circulatory
organs Describe PCT actions regarding
PVD,Atherosclerosis,Hypt., Angina, MI, CHF Pacemaker care measures
4
Introduction
Transportation:
-Takes nourishment to the cells
-Carries away waste products Diseases affect overall body function Long-standing disease will affect pulmonary
system
5
Structure & Function
Heart-central pumping station Blood vessels:
-Arteries-carry blood away from the heart
-Veins-carry blood towards the heart
-Capillaries-tubes that connect arteries and veins
Lymphatic vessels-tubes that carry lymph or tissue fluid to the bloodstream
8
The Blood
Composed of plasma & cellular elements Body contains 4-6 liters Plasma:make up 55%...watery solution
containing antibodies, nutrients, gases, & waste products.
Blood cells produced in bone marrow & lymphatic tissues.
Bone marrow, liver, & spleen destroy worn-out cells
10
Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells-erythrocytes-carry oxygen & small amount of carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells-leukocytes-fight infection Thrombocytes-platelets-seal small leaks in the
walls of vessels & initiate blood clotting.
11
The Heart
Hollow muscular organ divided into L & R side and 4 chambers
Three layers:
-Endocardium-lines heart chambers
-Myocardium-muscle layer
-Pericardium- membranous outer covering.
13
The Four Chambers
The Right Atrium-receives deoxygenated blood from the body
The Right Ventricle-receives blood from right atrium and sends it to the lungs through pulmonary artery to pick up oxygen & rid carbon dioxide
The Left Atrium-receives oxygenated blood & sends it to L ventricle
The Left Ventricle- receives blood from LA & sends to Aorta & rest of body.
15
Common Circulatory Disorders
Disorders can affect blood vessels, the heart, & blood dyscrasias(abnormalities).
Observations to report:
-Color change
-Cool or hot to touch
-Changes in rate or rhythmn
-B/P changes
-Edema
-Disorientation
17
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Vessels serving outer body parts like hand & feet Affect arteries & diminish flow to the extremities.
Tissue may not get nourishment needed. Affects the arms, legs, & brain. S&S include;
-burning pain during exercise
-dusky red skin, or cyanotic, brownish skin.
-difficulty with ambulation
-Pg. 688
18
PVD
Treatment aims to increase local circulation:
-Positioning & exercises to promote arterial flow & venous return
-Oscillating (rocking) bed to improve circulatory flow
-Prevent injuries that may heal poorly
19
PCT Care
Protect the feet-pts. At risk of ulceration, gangrene, & eventual amputation.
-check feet & legs daily & report abnormalities
-proper fitting footwear
-do not cut toenails-licenced HCP only
-make sure bed linen isn't too tight
-support feet during transport
-p. 690
20
Atheroslerosis
Atheromas-growths that develop over fatty materials and form on inner walls of arteries, narrowing the vessels.
Often affects vessels of heart, brain, and those to legs
Grow larger till blood flow is blocked Clots break off and travel as emboli
23
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of vessels can lead to complications such as:
-formation of blood clots
-angina pectoris
-myocardial infarction
-strokes
-gangrene
24
Atherosclerosis
Risk factors:
-Hypertension
-Diabetes
-Overweight
-Heredity
-Smoking
-Stress
-lack of exercise
-p.691
26
Varicose Veins Form when the valves in the veins in the legs
become weakened.
-blood does not flow as it should
-veins become distended & visible
-may become inflamed (phlebitis)
-blood clot may form in vein PCT Care:
-report pain or aches in legs
-signs of inflammation (warmth, redness)
-never massage or rub area
29
Transient Ischemic Attack
Temporary interruption of blood flow to part of the brain.
Pt. may experience:
-weakness or paralysis of extremity or face
-vision problems
-speech difficulty
-difficulty swallowing S&S may last minutes to 24hrs & are
temporary.
30
Hypertension
High blood pressure-follows illnesses involving the blood vessels, kidneys, & liver.
-promotes atherosclerosis
-increases stress on the heart
-damages blood vessel walls
-limits blood flow to organs & body Treatment:
-drugs, low sodium diet, exercise, etc. p.692
31
PCT Care Hypt.
Report:
-flushed face
-dizziness
-nosebleeds
-headaches
-changes in speech patterns
-blurred vision
33
Angina Pectoris
Cardiac pain effort Angina attack- vessels unable to carry enough
blood to meet the heart's demand for oxygen Can develop over time as atheromas develop
or suddenly as vessels constrict Precipitated by exertion, heavy eating, stress S&S include pain under stress, pale or flushed
face,perspiration
34
Treatment
Treatment:
-Treadmill stress test to diagnose hidden causes
-teach pt. To avoid stress & sudden exertion
-drugs that relax the coronary arteries
-coronary artery bypass surgery
-angioplasty- surgical procedure to open vessels
35
PCT Care
Help in avoiding unnecessary emotional or physical stress
Encourage pt. Not to smoke Report S&S of attack to nurse
36
Myocardial Infarction
Coronary Heart Attack-period in which the heart cannot function properly
Occurs when the coronary arteries nourishing the heart are blocked.
Ischemia causes cells to die. (Infarction) Coronary occlusion-coronary artery blockage Coronary thrombosis-thrombus (stationary
clot) formation Coronary embolism-moving clot (embolus)
38
Signs & Symptoms Crushing chest pain N & V Irregular pulse & respiration Perspiration (diaphoresis) Feelings of anxiety & weakness Drop in b/p & pallor SOB Syncope(fainting) Restlessness Cyanosis or grey color
39
MI-PCT Care
Watch for bleeding & report Assist with ADL's Monitor vital signs Explain risk factors to avoid
40
Congestive Heart Failure
The heart enlarges(hypertrophy) and compensates for additional workload. Eventually, heart can no longer compensate & heart failure occurs
Also called cardiac decompensation Heart cannot pump efficiently and causes
congestion of the lungs
41
S&S of CSF
Hemoptysis(spitting up blood) Cough Dyspnea Orthopnea Ascites Neck vein swelling Fatiguing easily p.696
42
CSF Treatments Drugs to help heart beat regularly & strongly Procedures to open the arteries (stent) Low-sodium diet Fluid restriction Orthopneic positioning TED hoses Assist with ADL's I&O's and Vital signs p.696-697
43
Heart Block
Develops due to interference in the electrical current through the heart
Pacemaker is implanted to signal the heart muscle to contract.
Demand pacemaker sends messages when normal messages are delayed.
Others send regular signals to keep the heart contracting at a preset rate.
47
PCT Care
Count, record pulse-rate, & report abnormalities
Report discoloration over implant site Keep pt. Away from microwave ovens and
cellular phones p.697
48
Anemia
Results in the decrease in the quanity or quality of red blood cells.
Pernicious-inability to absorb B12 Sickle Cell-inability to form normal hemoglobin Deficiency-inadequate intake, absorbtion, or
loss of iron Dietary-inadequate intake or iron or vitamins
49
Anemia S&S and Treatment
Little energy Dyspnea Rapid pulse Increased respiratory rate p. 698 Treatment:
-Iron supplements, eliminating cause, blood transfusions, Nutrition
50
Leukemia
'Cancer” of the blood White blood cell number increase, but of poor
quality Erythrocytes & platelets decrease. Highly susceptible to infection Prone to bleeding
51
Leukemia Treatment
Patient comfort Maintain normal blood vessels- may need
blood transfusions Antibiotics Chemotherapy/radiation
52
Special Care for Cancer & Anemia
Vital signs Encourage rest & handle pt. Gently Good nutrition & fluid intake Report signs of bleeding Prevent falls p. 698