1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis,...
-
Upload
jane-hunter -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis,...
![Page 1: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Chemical and Biological Agents
![Page 2: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Introduction
Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and burns are related to chemical or biological exposures
Chemical Agent hazards created by one or more
chemicals Biological Agent
hazards created by exposure to biological materials.
![Page 3: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Chemical Agents
More than 70,000 chemicals are currently in use in North America
No toxicity data on about 80% of the chemicals
Certain industrial chemicals have been linked to: cancer, lung disease, blood abnormalities, nervous-system disorders, birth defects, sterility.
![Page 4: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Chemical Agents
80% of all occupational disease result from chemical exposures
Toxicity – the ability to cause
injury to human biological tissue.
Toxicity is the potential degree of seriousness of the hazard of exposure
![Page 5: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Toxicology
Toxicology the scientific study of
poisons Routes of Entry for
chemicals include: Respiration (inhaling) Skin absorption Ingestion Skin penetration (puncture
wounds)
![Page 6: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Respiration(Inhalation)
• Most of the human exposure to chemicals comes from breathing airborne contaminants
• Levels of defense:– Nose– Interior of the nasal passage– Tiny hairs or cilia and mucus– Aerodynamic characteristics
of the human lung
![Page 7: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Skin Absorption
• The ability of a chemical to easily pass through the skin is often closely associated with its level of toxicity
• Chemicals that are not rapidly absorbed may produce a localized irritation (dermatitis) which may cause the skin to become white and dry.
![Page 8: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Ingestion
• Many solvents enter through the mouth and digestive system
• This is not as important as those that enter through the skin or the lungs
• Ingested solvents may be absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to “target organs” where toxic effects can be produced.
![Page 9: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Penetration
• Penetration occurs when the skin is cut or punctured by any sharp object
• A knife or needle may be contaminated with a hazardous chemical
• Workers such as doctors, nurses, can easily be punctured by a hypodermic needle.
![Page 10: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Characteristics of Properties of Solvents
• The general characteristics that make solvents effective and hazardous are:• Low Surface Tension
• the higher the wetting factor the more absorbent the chemical will be into the skin
• High Vapour Pressure • can create an inhalation hazard
• Low Boiling Point • the lower the boiling point the greater
the risk of vapours in the air.
![Page 11: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Characteristics of Properties of Solvents
• Low Heat of Vaporization• the lower the amount of heat
necessary the greater the risk of exposure
• High Volatility • the greater the chemical evaporation,
the greater the risk of health & fire• Ability to Dissolve Fat
• the more effect a chemical is at dissolving fat the more damage it can do to unprotected skin.
![Page 12: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Biological Agents
• Biological Agents – natural organisms or products of
organizations that present a risk to humans
• Two well known diseases resulting from biological agents are:– Legionnaires’ disease and– HIV/AIDS
![Page 13: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Control of Exposure
• A number of control measure are available to minimize exposure to hazards:• Engineering controls• Work practices and procedures• Administrative controls• Personal protective equipment • Personal hygiene practices• Medical surveillance
![Page 14: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Engineering Controls
• The best way to reduce the risk of handling solvents is to find alternatives
• Areas should be properly enclosed with effective exhaust systems in place to prevent ignition, or human exposure to vapours.
![Page 15: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Work Practices
• All employees trained in – identification – handling of dangerous
substances• Spills must be properly
contained and employees exposed to the hazard must wear personal protective equipment
![Page 16: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Administrative Controls
• education all employees in safe work practices
• Ongoing training• Workers must be familiar with
the (WHMIS) legislation.
![Page 17: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Personal Protective Equipment
• Because inhalation is the most common and hazardous route of entry, the most commonly used protective device is a respirator
• No single protective device, such as a facemask, will adequately address all conditions for all workers.
![Page 18: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Medical Surveillance
• Medical surveillance programs are implemented to ensure that workers who are exposed to agents are not subjected to situations in which their health may be jeopardized.
• X-Rays, pulmonary function tests and blood work are aspects of medical surveillance programs.
![Page 19: 1 Chemical and Biological Agents. 2 Introduction Most occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, various types of dermatitis, spills, and.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4f5503460f94c70753/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Case 2. Unexpected gas (p164)
• What steps would you take to ensure that this event was never repeated?