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Characteristics of Living Things

1. Reproduction

2. Has Cells

3. Grow and Develop

4. Acquire Energy and Materials

5. Have DNA

6. Respond to their Environment

7. Maintain stable internal Environment

8. As a group, Change over Time

Cell TheoryCell Theory•All know living things All know living things

are made up of cellsare made up of cells•Cells are the basic Cells are the basic

unit of structure and unit of structure and function in living function in living thingsthings

•All cells come from All cells come from pre-existing cellspre-existing cells

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Robert Hooke-1665

• One of the first people to see cells.

• He saw cork Cells.• First to use the word

cells- named them for the places that monks sleep in the monastery.

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• English scientist Robert Hooke built this microscope in the 17th century and used it to conduct pioneering research. He discovered the cell structure of plants by observing a thin slice of cork under his microscope.

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Theodor Schwann1839

Concluded that all animals are made up of cells

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   Schleiden, Matthias

   

1839

Concluded that all Plant cells are made up of cells

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Cell Elemental Composition Cells are 90% water. Of the remaining molecules present,

the dry weight is approximately: • 50% protein • 15% carbohydrate • 15% nucleic acid • 10% lipid • 10% miscellaneous Total approximate composition by element: • 60% H • 25% O • 12% C • 5% N

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Two basic Types of Two basic Types of CellsCells

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Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells

DO HAVEDO HAVE• Cell membrane• Ribosomes• DNA

DO NOT HAVEDO NOT HAVE• Organelles• Nucleus

•Are all singled celled organisms.

•Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came first.

•They still carry out all of life’s functions!

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Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells•Have organelles.•Can be singled-

celled organisms or multicellular organisms….. Like US!

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Basic Cell StructureBasic Cell Structure•Cells come in many Cells come in many

different shapes and different shapes and sizes.sizes.

•Like bricks in a Like bricks in a building, cells make up building, cells make up all living thingsall living things

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Basic Cell StructureBasic Cell Structure The Cell Membrane

• The outside of all cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids.

• Nickname: “The gatekeeper”

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Membrane StructureMembrane Structure• There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane

that help get things into and out of the cells.

• They also help to get messages into the cell.

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Proteins in Membrane

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The The MembraMembrane is a ne is a lipid lipid bilayer.bilayer.

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Plant cells also have a cell wall Plant cells also have a cell wall outside of the cell membrane.outside of the cell membrane.

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• Cell walls can also Cell walls can also be found in fungi be found in fungi and bacteria.and bacteria.

• The cell wall The cell wall provides support provides support and protection for and protection for these cells.these cells.

• In plants, the cell In plants, the cell wall is made of wall is made of the carbohydrate the carbohydrate cellulose.cellulose.

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Inside of the cellInside of the cellThe CytoplasmThe CytoplasmThe cytoplasm contains

all of the organelles.

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• Cells are filled with organelles that each do something to keep the cell alive.

• The jelly-like insides of a cell is called cytoplasm.

Organelles in the Organelles in the CytoplasmCytoplasm

•Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job.

•Each organelle has its own job!•Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC

CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!!

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What an organelle?

•Organelle mean “tiny organ.”

•Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!!

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Nucleus-The Control Nucleus-The Control CenterCenter

•The Brain•Contains the

DNA•DNA controls

which proteins get made-and when!

•Where ribosomes are made

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• The nucleus has a phospholipid bilayer around it.

• The nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus.

• The DNA NEVERNEVER leaves the nucleus.

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RibosomesRibosomes• Not technically an Not technically an

organelles.organelles.• Nickname: Nickname: “protein “protein

maker”maker”• Place where Place where

proteins are made.proteins are made.• They help put the They help put the

amino acidsamino acids together to make together to make proteins.proteins.

• Made of the nucleic Made of the nucleic Acid-RNAAcid-RNA

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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Membrane

system that’s function involves protein synthesis and transport.

• Can be thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis.

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Two types of ER• Smooth

– No attached ribosomes

• Rough– Attached ribosomes

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ER branches off from the nuclear membrane.

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Golgi Apparatus

• Nickname: “UPS”• Packages molecules and

sends them to their destination.

• Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER.

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Golgi w/vacuoles

Vacuoles are packages of material that are being transported.

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Lysosomes

• Nickname “Recycling Center”

• Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules.

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Vacuoles

• Storage and transport containers.

• Plants usually have one large one

• Animals generally have many small ones.

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• A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small.

• Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells and play a role in turgor pressure. When a plant is well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant. Without sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.

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Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis in plants.

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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton• Gives cells their shape.• Contain proteins: microtubules and

microfilaments.     Microfilaments help give the cell shape, and movement in cytoplasm.         Microtubules aids in chromosome movement, movement of organelles, and the movement of cilia and flagella.     Without the cytoskeleton, the cell would have no shape.  By allowing the cell to keep shape, the cell is allowed to function and stay in homeostasishomeostasis.

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Microtubules and Microfilaments42

Cell membrane

Endoplasmicreticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes Michondrion

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Mitochondria

• Nickname: “Powerhouse”

• Site of ATP production

• ATP is the universal energy molecule

• Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP.

• Website

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Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrian

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

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Animal Cell

Centrioles

NucleolusNucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrian

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

Organelles of the Cell Clip

Animal Cell and Plant Animal Cell and Plant CellCell

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• Cells make up tissues.• Tissues make up Organs.• Organs make up organ systems.

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How do How do molecules molecules

get into and get into and out of a cell?out of a cell?

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Diffusion•Movement Movement of of molecules molecules from a from a place of place of higher higher concentraticoncentration on toto a a place of place of lower lower concentraticoncentrationon

•Always Always higher to higher to lower!lower!

•No energy No energy input input required!required!

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Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membranemembrane

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Transport through the Transport through the membranemembrane

Two typesTwo types–Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

•EnergyEnergy input input NOT NOT requiredrequired

–Active TransportActive Transport•EnergyEnergy input input requiredrequired

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Facilitated Facilitated DiffusionDiffusion

Protein

Energy is Energy is

NOTNOT required required to move to move substancsubstances across es across the the membramembrane.ne.

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HighConcentration

LowConcentration

Cell Membrane

bilayer

Glucosemolecules

Proteinchannel

Facilitated Diffusion55

.

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Active Active TransportTransport

•Energy is Energy is requiredrequired..

•Need ATP- Need ATP- the universal the universal energy energy molecule.molecule.

•Low to highLow to high

•Energy is Energy is requiredrequired..

•Need ATP- Need ATP- the universal the universal energy energy molecule.molecule.

•Low to highLow to high

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Other ways to get Other ways to get molecules into and out molecules into and out

of a cellof a cellSome molecules are too Some molecules are too large to get through the large to get through the membrane.membrane.

WebsiteWebsite

1.1.EndocytosisEndocytosis• IntoInto

1.1.ExocytosisExocytosis• Out ofOut of

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EENNDDOOCCYYTTOOSSIISS

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Inside of the cell Outside of the cell

ExocytosisExocytosis

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solutionssolutions

–The solution with the higher concentration of solutes is hypertonic.

–The solution with the lower concentration of solutes is hypotonic.

–These are comparative terms.•Tap water is hypertonic compared to distilled water but hypotonic when compared to sea water.

–Solutions with equal solute concentrations are isotonic.

3 types of Solutions

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What types of solution?

Hypertonic

Or

Hypotonic

Plasmolysis

MicroscopesMicroscopes

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65 Stage

Arm

Light Source

Base

Body Tube

Stage Clips

Nosepiece

10x Objectives

100x Objective

Fine Adjustment

Coarse Adjustment

Eyepiece

Diaphragm

40X objectiveStage

• This beautiful microscope was made for the famous British scientist Robert Hooke in the late 1600s, and was one of the most elegant microscopes built during the period. Hooke illustrated the microscope in his Micrographia, one of the first detailed treatises on microscopy and imaging.

Electron Microscopes

• use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale

• Co-invented by Germans, Max Knott and Ernst Ruska in 1931, Ernst Ruska was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986 for his invention.

• 15x to 200,000x

Below are five different images of the same mosquito.

• The fossilized shell of a microscopic ocean animal is magnified 392 times its actual size. The ancient creature, called Radiolarian, lived in the waters off Antarctica and is now used to study such things as climate and ocean circulation.