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Chapter 2Chapter 2Origins of American Origins of American

GovernmentGovernment

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Section 1—Our Political Section 1—Our Political BeginningsBeginnings

• Did not begin in 1776 or 1787—It Did not begin in 1776 or 1787—It started with the first colonies.started with the first colonies.

• French, Dutch, Spanish, Swedes, and French, Dutch, Spanish, Swedes, and others.others.

• English was most influentialEnglish was most influential– English were influenced by:English were influenced by:

•RomansRomans

•Babylonians—Hammurabi’s Code, 1750 B.C.Babylonians—Hammurabi’s Code, 1750 B.C.

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Basic Concepts of GovernmentBasic Concepts of Government– Ordered Government – need to regulateOrdered Government – need to regulate– Limited Government—restraint on Limited Government—restraint on

actions of government.actions of government.– Representative GovernmentRepresentative Government

—”government of, by, and for the —”government of, by, and for the people.”people.”

• Landmark English DocumentsLandmark English Documents– The Magna Carta - 1215The Magna Carta - 1215

•Runnymede—to restrain King John from Runnymede—to restrain King John from arbitrary acts and heavy taxationarbitrary acts and heavy taxation

– The Petition of Right—1628, The Petition of Right—1628, •to limit the power of King Charles I when he to limit the power of King Charles I when he

asked Parliament for more taxes.asked Parliament for more taxes.

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– The Bill of Rights—1688The Bill of Rights—1688

•Restored monarchy with William and Restored monarchy with William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution.Mary in the Glorious Revolution.

•Prohibited a standing army in Prohibited a standing army in peacetime.peacetime.

•That parliamentary elections be free.That parliamentary elections be free.

•That taxation without the approval of That taxation without the approval of Parliament was prohibited.Parliament was prohibited.

•Guaranteed right to a fair trial, Guaranteed right to a fair trial, freedom from excessive bail, and no freedom from excessive bail, and no cruel and inhuman punishment.cruel and inhuman punishment.

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• The English ColoniesThe English Colonies– Came about over a 125 year period—Came about over a 125 year period—

Virginia first in 1607, Georgia last in Virginia first in 1607, Georgia last in 1733.1733.

– Royal Colonies (8)Royal Colonies (8)

•New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

•Evolved the “bicameral” or two-house Evolved the “bicameral” or two-house legislature.legislature.– Governor + governor’s council + Governor + governor’s council +

lower houselower house

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– Proprietary (3) A grant to a person—Proprietary (3) A grant to a person—Lord Baltimore in Maryland, William Lord Baltimore in Maryland, William Penn in Pennsylvania and Delaware.Penn in Pennsylvania and Delaware.

•Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.Delaware.

•Pennsylvania had a “unicameral” or Pennsylvania had a “unicameral” or one-house legislature.one-house legislature.

– The Charter Colonies (2)—quite liberalThe Charter Colonies (2)—quite liberal

•Connecticut and Rhode IslandConnecticut and Rhode Island

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Section Section 2—The Coming of 2—The Coming of IndependenceIndependence• ““We must all hang together, or We must all hang together, or

assuredly we shall all hang assuredly we shall all hang separately.”—Benjamin Franklin, July separately.”—Benjamin Franklin, July 4, 1776.4, 1776.

• Britain’s Colonial PoliciesBritain’s Colonial Policies– Controlled separately by Privy Council and Controlled separately by Privy Council and

the Board of Trade under the Kingthe Board of Trade under the King•Parliament not much involved.Parliament not much involved.

– London was 3,000 miles awayLondon was 3,000 miles away– Almost “federal”—allowed a lot of self-ruleAlmost “federal”—allowed a lot of self-rule

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– King George III in 1760King George III in 1760

•More restrictiveMore restrictive

•Additional taxesAdditional taxes– Taxation without representationTaxation without representation– To support troops stationed in To support troops stationed in

North America after French and North America after French and Indian War of 1754-1763Indian War of 1754-1763

•King’s ministers were poorly informed King’s ministers were poorly informed and stubborn.and stubborn.

•Choice was to submit or revolt.Choice was to submit or revolt.

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• Growing Colonial UnityGrowing Colonial Unity– Early AttemptsEarly Attempts

•New England Confederation in 1643New England Confederation in 1643

•1696—William Penn’s plan1696—William Penn’s plan– The Albany PlanThe Albany Plan

•Offered by Benjamin FranklinOffered by Benjamin Franklin– The Stamp Act CongressThe Stamp Act Congress

•1765—stamps on all legal documents1765—stamps on all legal documents

•Later repealedLater repealed

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– The Stamp Act Congress (cont.)The Stamp Act Congress (cont.)•New laws stimulated a “boycott.”New laws stimulated a “boycott.”

– March 5, 1770, Boston MassacreMarch 5, 1770, Boston Massacre•Committees of Correspondence led by Committees of Correspondence led by

Samuel Adams organized resistance (1772).Samuel Adams organized resistance (1772).•December 16, 1773—Boston Tea PartyDecember 16, 1773—Boston Tea Party

• The First Continental CongressThe First Continental Congress– Parliament passed more laws to “punish” the Parliament passed more laws to “punish” the

colonies in 1774colonies in 1774• Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

– Met on September 5, 1774 in PhiladelphiaMet on September 5, 1774 in Philadelphia•For 2 monthsFor 2 months• Issued a Declaration of Rights-a protestIssued a Declaration of Rights-a protest•Adjourned on October 26 calling for a Adjourned on October 26 calling for a

second meeting.second meeting.

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• The Second Continental CongressThe Second Continental Congress– May 10, 1775, in PhiladelphiaMay 10, 1775, in Philadelphia

•Battles of Lexington and Concord—”the Shot Battles of Lexington and Concord—”the Shot Heard Round the World”—April 19Heard Round the World”—April 19

– Representatives from all 13 colonies—Representatives from all 13 colonies—John Hancock as president.John Hancock as president.

– Our First National GovernmentOur First National Government•From July 1776-March 1, 1781From July 1776-March 1, 1781

• The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independence– July 4, 1776, adopted.July 4, 1776, adopted.

•““We hold these truths . . .”We hold these truths . . .”•““. . .our lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred . . .our lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred

Honor.Honor.

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Section 3—The Critical Section 3—The Critical PeriodPeriod• Articles of Confederation—Nov. 15, Articles of Confederation—Nov. 15,

17771777– ““A Firm League of Friendship.”A Firm League of Friendship.”

Governmental StructureGovernmental Structure•One body of Congress—members One body of Congress—members

chosen annuallychosen annually– Each state had one vote.Each state had one vote.– No Executive or Judicial branch.No Executive or Judicial branch.

Handled by committees of Handled by committees of Congress.Congress.

A presiding officer was chosen.A presiding officer was chosen.

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– Powers of CongressPowers of Congress•Make war and peaceMake war and peace

•Send and receive ambassadorsSend and receive ambassadors

•Make treatiesMake treaties

•Borrow money and set up a money system.Borrow money and set up a money system.

•Establish post officesEstablish post offices

•Build a navyBuild a navy

•Raise an army by asking the states to send Raise an army by asking the states to send troopstroops

•Fix uniform standards of weights and Fix uniform standards of weights and measuresmeasures

•Settle disputes among the states.Settle disputes among the states.

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• State ObligationsState Obligations•To obey acts of CongressTo obey acts of Congress

•Provide funds and troops requested.Provide funds and troops requested.

•Regard citizens and acts of other states as Regard citizens and acts of other states as bindingbinding

•Provide for open travel among the states.Provide for open travel among the states.

– WeaknessesWeaknesses•No power to tax—could only borrowNo power to tax—could only borrow

•No power to regulate trade among the No power to regulate trade among the states.states.

•No power to enforce laws.No power to enforce laws.

•Needed the consent of 9 of 13 states for Needed the consent of 9 of 13 states for laws to pass.laws to pass.

•Could not amend without 9 states Could not amend without 9 states – (No amendment was ever passed)(No amendment was ever passed)

1717

• The Critical Period, the 1780sThe Critical Period, the 1780s– War ended October 19, 1781.War ended October 19, 1781.– Treaty of Paris in 1783Treaty of Paris in 1783– Jealousy and bickering among the states Jealousy and bickering among the states

increased.increased.– Taxed goods from other states.Taxed goods from other states.– Debts went unpaid.Debts went unpaid.– Shay’s Rebellion in the fall of 1786.Shay’s Rebellion in the fall of 1786.

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• A Need for Stronger GovernmentA Need for Stronger Government– Mount Vernon meetingMount Vernon meeting

•To settle trade problems between Maryland To settle trade problems between Maryland and Virginia.and Virginia.

•Stimulated a call for a meeting of all states Stimulated a call for a meeting of all states to regulate commerce.to regulate commerce.

– Annapolis—September 11, 1786Annapolis—September 11, 1786•Only 5 states attended but a call went out Only 5 states attended but a call went out

for another meeting the next year in for another meeting the next year in Philadelphia.Philadelphia.

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Section Section 4—Creating the 4—Creating the ConstitutionConstitutionThe FramersThe Framers

– 12 States represented (none from Rhode 12 States represented (none from Rhode Island)Island)

– 55 attended55 attended– Many big names were missing—Many big names were missing—

Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry John HancockPatrick Henry John Hancock

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• Organization and ProcedureOrganization and Procedure– Independence HallIndependence Hall– George Washington as president George Washington as president – One vote per State—majority rulesOne vote per State—majority rules– Working in SecrecyWorking in Secrecy

• James Madison’s James Madison’s NotesNotes——– Father of the ConstitutionFather of the Constitution– Nailed windows shutNailed windows shut

– A Momentous DecisionA Momentous Decision•Throw out the “Articles,” write a new Throw out the “Articles,” write a new

constitutionconstitution

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• The Virginia Plan—James MadisonThe Virginia Plan—James Madison– Three branches of governmentThree branches of government– Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature– Smaller States found it too “radical”Smaller States found it too “radical”

• The New Jersey Plan – William The New Jersey Plan – William PattersonPatterson– Unicameral legislatureUnicameral legislature– States equally represented.States equally represented.

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• CompromisesCompromises– Connecticut Compromise (the Great Connecticut Compromise (the Great

Compromise)Compromise)•Two houses of Congress---one based on Two houses of Congress---one based on

equality of States---one based on population.equality of States---one based on population.

– The Three-Fifths CompromiseThe Three-Fifths Compromise•““Three-fifths of all other persons”Three-fifths of all other persons”

– The Commerce and Slave Trade The Commerce and Slave Trade CompromiseCompromise•Could not tax exports from any StateCould not tax exports from any State

•Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years (1808).(1808).

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• Fundamental Values were not disputed:Fundamental Values were not disputed:•Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty

•Limited GovernmentLimited Government

•Representative GovernmentRepresentative Government

•Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

•Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances

• Sources of the ConstitutionSources of the Constitution•We stole from everyone to create final We stole from everyone to create final

documentdocument

• The Convention Completes Its WorkThe Convention Completes Its Work– September 17, 1787September 17, 1787– 39 signed—3 refused39 signed—3 refused

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Section 5--Section 5--Ratifying the Ratifying the ConstitutionConstitution• The Fight for RatificationThe Fight for Ratification

– Unanimous approval NOT neededUnanimous approval NOT needed– Federalists and Anti-Federalists Federalists and Anti-Federalists

emergedemerged•Federalists—who favored ratificationFederalists—who favored ratification

– Led by Madison and HamiltonLed by Madison and Hamilton

•Anti-Federalists—who opposed ratificationAnti-Federalists—who opposed ratification– Led by Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Led by Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John

Hancock and Samuel AdamsHancock and Samuel Adams– Concerns about increased central power and no Concerns about increased central power and no

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

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• The Fight for Ratification (cont.)The Fight for Ratification (cont.)– Nine States RatifyNine States Ratify

•Delaware first, New Hampshire was 9Delaware first, New Hampshire was 9thth but but without Virginia or New York.without Virginia or New York.

– Virginia’s RatificationVirginia’s Ratification•Washington’s support was crucialWashington’s support was crucial

•Very divided 89-79Very divided 89-79

– New York, The Last Key State 30-27New York, The Last Key State 30-27•85 essays called:85 essays called:The FederalistThe Federalist by Hamilton, by Hamilton,

James Madison and John JayJames Madison and John Jay

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• Inaugurating the GovernmentInaugurating the Government– Quorum assembled on April 6, 1789, in Quorum assembled on April 6, 1789, in

Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York (the temporary capital)(the temporary capital)

– April 30, 1789, George Washington was April 30, 1789, George Washington was sworn in as president.sworn in as president.

– North Carolina first failed to ratify.North Carolina first failed to ratify.– Rhode Island was last more than a year Rhode Island was last more than a year

later.later.

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