1 Chapter 2 Drug Classes, Schedules, and Categories.
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Transcript of 1 Chapter 2 Drug Classes, Schedules, and Categories.
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Therapeutic and Pharmacological Classification Therapeutic Organized on the basis of their therapeutic
usefulness Example: Therapeutic Focus Cardiac care/ Drugs affecting
cardiovascular function
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Therapeutic Classification
Use Classification Influence blood clotting anticoagulants Lower cholesterol antihyperlipidemics Lower blood pressure antihypertensives Treat abnormal rhythm antidysrhythmics Treat chest pain antianginal drugs
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Pharmacological Classification
Pharmacological Organized on the basis of how they work
pharmacologically (mechanism of action) More specific Prototype drug is the original drug model,
from which other medications are formulated; similar actions, adverse effects
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Pharmacological Classification
Focus: applied therapy – therapy for high blood pressure may be achieved by:
Mechanism of action - Classification Lower plasma volume - diuretics Block heart calcium channels- calcium
channel blockers
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Pharmacological Classification
Mechanism of action - Classification
Block hormone activity- angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitors
Block stress related activity- sympatholytics
Dilate peripheral blood vessels- vasodilators
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Drug Names
Chemical: name is derived from strict nomenclature established by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
A drug has only one chemical name
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Drug Names
Name conveys a clear and concise meaning about the nature of the drug
Name is most always complicated, difficult to pronounce and remember
Chemical and physical properties as well as bioavailability and action can be predicted
Classified by chemical group name
Example: phenothiazines-antipsychotics
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Drug Names
Generic
Nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government
United States Adopted Name Council
Preferred and less complicated
FDA, USP, WHO routinely prescribe using generic names
Examples: Aspirin, Ibuprofen
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Drug Names
Trade or proprietary name
Assigned by the company marketing the drug
By using a slogan name
Company rights to the name is for 17 years, of which 7 are spent in the approval process
Competing companies can produce a generic equivalent with FDA approval
Examples: Anacin, Ecotrin
Advil, Motrin
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Drug Names
Combination drugs- drugs with more than one generic active ingredient
Rule of thumb that active ingredient in a medication is described by their generic name
How are they identified?
Generic – written lower case
Trade name – capitalized
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Expense Versus Bioavailability
Generic are less expensive than brand names
Substitution is made by the physician or by the pharmacist with approval
Drug formulations are not always identical
Inert ingredients – alter how quickly the drugs reach the target tissues, preparation may be different, thus affecting bioavailability
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Abuse Potential
Terms: Addiction: overwhelming feeling that drives
someone to use a drug repeatedly Dependency: physiological or
psychological need for a substance
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Abuse Potential
Physical dependency: an altered physical condition caused by CNS adaptation to repeated drug use
Withdrawal: physical signs of discomfort when the drug is no longer available
Psychological dependency: little or no physical discomfort, the individual feels a need to continue the drug
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Schedules
Five categories: delineates drugs that have a potential for abuse and restricted for medical necessity
Classified by their potential for abuse Schedule I - the highest potential (heroin,
LSD, marijauna, methaqualone) Schedule II – high (morphine, cocaine,
PCP, methadone, methamphetamine)
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Schedules
Schedule III – moderate (anabolic steroids, barbiturates, codeine)
Schedule IV – lower (Darvon, Valium, Xanax, Talwin)
Schedule V - the least potential (OTC cough meds with codeine
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Controlled Substances
Drugs restricted by the Controlled Substances Act 1970
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
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Canadian Drugs
Canadian Food and Drugs Act outlines controlled substances
Schedule G controlled drugs Schedule H restricted drugs Schedule F require a prescription
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Pregnancy Categories
A : lowest risk – studies have not shown a risk to women or fetus (Synthroid)
B : animal studies have not shown risk to fetus or in women if they have they have not been confirmed (Amoxil, Insulin, Prozac)
C : animal studies show risk to fetus, controlled studies have not been done in women ( Zovirax, Lasix)
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Pregnancy Categories
D : may cause harm to fetus, but may benefit the mother in life-threatening situation, another safe treatment is not available (tetracycline, Elavil)
X : significant risk to fetus and the women
( Ortho-Novum, castor oil)