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Ch. 2-Anatomy and PhysiologyCh. 2-Anatomy and Physiologyof Body Systemsof Body Systems

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2.1 Anatomical Terminology2.1 Anatomical Terminology

The terms of pThe terms of position includetion include Anatomical positionAnatomical position —The victim is standing erect, arms down —The victim is standing erect, arms down

to the to the sides, palms facing forward. “Right” and “left” refer to the , palms facing forward. “Right” and “left” refer to the victim’s right and left.victim’s right and left.

Supine positionSupine position —The victim is lying face up (on the back) —The victim is lying face up (on the back) Prone positionProne position —The victim is lying face down (on the stomach) —The victim is lying face down (on the stomach) Lateral recumbent positionLateral recumbent position —The victim is lying on the left or —The victim is lying on the left or

right side with the lower arm in front of the body, head dependent right side with the lower arm in front of the body, head dependent with no excess pressure on the chest. This is also known as the with no excess pressure on the chest. This is also known as the recovery, or coma, position.recovery, or coma, position.

Modified HAINES recovery positionModified HAINES recovery position – if the victim has a – if the victim has a suspected injury to the spine, is unresponsive, and has a possible suspected injury to the spine, is unresponsive, and has a possible airway compromise due to a large amount of blood, vomit or airway compromise due to a large amount of blood, vomit or secretions, place the victim in a modified HAINES recovery secretions, place the victim in a modified HAINES recovery position. Extend the victim’s arm above the head, logroll him onto position. Extend the victim’s arm above the head, logroll him onto his side so his head rests on the extended arm. Bend the knees to his side so his head rests on the extended arm. Bend the knees to stabilize his body. stabilize his body.

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Supine Supine PositionPosition

Left lateral recumbent position Left lateral recumbent position (recovery/coma position)(recovery/coma position)Prone PositionProne Position

Right lateral recumbent Right lateral recumbent position (recovery/coma position (recovery/coma

position)position)

Modified HAINES Modified HAINES positionposition

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Terms of Direction and Terms of Direction and LocationLocation

SuperiorSuperior—above, or higher —above, or higher than a point of reference than a point of reference (e.g., The knee is superior (e.g., The knee is superior to the ankle.)to the ankle.)

InferiorInferior—below, or lower —below, or lower than a point of reference than a point of reference (e.g., The wrist is inferior to (e.g., The wrist is inferior to the elbow.)the elbow.)

AnteriorAnterior—toward the front—toward the front PosteriorPosterior—toward the —toward the

backback MedialMedial—toward the midline —toward the midline

or center of the bodyor center of the body LateralLateral—to the right or left —to the right or left

of the midline; away from of the midline; away from the midlinethe midline

SuperficialSuperficial—near the —near the surfacesurface

DeepDeep—remote from the —remote from the surfacesurface

InternalInternal—inside—inside ExternalExternal—outside—outside

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PROGRESS CHECKPROGRESS CHECK

1. A victim lying on his or her back is in the 1. A victim lying on his or her back is in the ____________ position. ____________ position. (supine/prone/lateral)(supine/prone/lateral)

2. A victim lying on her or his stomach is in the 2. A victim lying on her or his stomach is in the ____________ position. ____________ position. (supine/prone/lateral)(supine/prone/lateral)

3. ____________ means above a point of reference.3. ____________ means above a point of reference.(Superior/Anterior/Posterior)(Superior/Anterior/Posterior)4. ____________ means below a point of reference.4. ____________ means below a point of reference.(Superior/Inferior/Posterior)(Superior/Inferior/Posterior)5. A wound near the surface is a ____________ wound.5. A wound near the surface is a ____________ wound.(internal/external/superficial)(internal/external/superficial)

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2.2 The Body’s Framework2.2 The Body’s Framework

SkullSkull Spinal ColumnSpinal Column ThoraxThorax PelvisPelvis Lower ExtremitiesLower Extremities Upper ExtremitiesUpper Extremities Joint MovementsJoint Movements

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The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

1.1. Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle, or , or voluntary musclevoluntary muscle, is , is underunder

a person’s conscious control. a person’s conscious control.

2. 2. Smooth muscleSmooth muscle, or involuntary muscle, is , or involuntary muscle, is musclemuscle

over which a person has little or no conscious over which a person has little or no conscious control.control.

3. 3. Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle forms the walls of the forms the walls of the heart andheart and

is made up of a cellular mesh.is made up of a cellular mesh.

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VocabularyVocabulary

articulate-articulate- To fit into each other To fit into each other fracture-fracture- A break in the bone A break in the bone skeletal (voluntary) muscle-skeletal (voluntary) muscle- Muscle that is under Muscle that is under

direct voluntary control of the braindirect voluntary control of the brain smooth muscle-smooth muscle- The muscles found in the walls of The muscles found in the walls of

the internal organs and blood vessels, generally not the internal organs and blood vessels, generally not under voluntary controlunder voluntary control

involuntary muscle-involuntary muscle- Smooth muscle over which a Smooth muscle over which a person has no voluntary or conscious controlperson has no voluntary or conscious control

cardiac muscle-cardiac muscle- The muscle that makes up the The muscle that makes up the heartheart

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PROGRESS CHECKPROGRESS CHECK

1. The largest bone in the body is the __________. 1. The largest bone in the body is the __________. (tibia/humerus/femur)(tibia/humerus/femur)

2. Dislocation will occur at _________________. 2. Dislocation will occur at _________________. (muscle attachments/joints/tendons)(muscle attachments/joints/tendons)

3. Deliberate acts, such as walking and talking, depend 3. Deliberate acts, such as walking and talking, depend on ____________ muscle. on ____________ muscle. (skeletal/smooth/cardiac)(skeletal/smooth/cardiac)

4. The movement of the intestines depends on 4. The movement of the intestines depends on ____________ muscle. ____________ muscle. (skeletal/smooth/cardiac)(skeletal/smooth/cardiac)

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2.3 The Body’s Organ 2.3 The Body’s Organ SystemsSystems

The Circulatory SystemThe Circulatory System HeartHeart Blood VesselsBlood Vessels PulsePulse BloodBlood

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The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory System

ventilationventilation The mechanical process of The mechanical process of moving (breathing) air into and out of moving (breathing) air into and out of the lungsthe lungs

inhalationinhalation The act of breathing in The act of breathing in (inspiration), or the drawing of air or (inspiration), or the drawing of air or other gases into the lungsother gases into the lungs

inspirationinspiration The act of breathing in The act of breathing in (inhalation)(inhalation)

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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System

Purposes:Purposes:

Ingest and carry foodIngest and carry food Digest foodDigest food Absorb nutrientsAbsorb nutrients Eliminate wastesEliminate wastes

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The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

endocrine glands endocrine glands The ductless glands The ductless glands that regulate the body by secreting that regulate the body by secreting hormoneshormones

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PROGRESS CHECKPROGRESS CHECK

1. 1. The circulatory system has two major fluid The circulatory system has two major fluid transportationtransportation

systems: the cardiovascular and the ____________.systems: the cardiovascular and the ____________.(cardiopulmonary/genitourinary/lymphatic)(cardiopulmonary/genitourinary/lymphatic)2. 2. The mechanical process of moving air into and The mechanical process of moving air into and

out of the lungs is called ____________. out of the lungs is called ____________. (inspiration/ventilation/expiration)(inspiration/ventilation/expiration)

3. 3. The urinary system filters and ____________ body The urinary system filters and ____________ body wastes. wastes. (breaks down/metabolizes/eliminates)(breaks down/metabolizes/eliminates)

4. 4. Endocrine glands, which have no ducts, secrete Endocrine glands, which have no ducts, secrete ____________ directly into the bloodstream.____________ directly into the bloodstream.

(hormones/chemicals/fluids)(hormones/chemicals/fluids)

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2.4 The Nerves and Skin2.4 The Nerves and Skin

The nervous systemThe nervous system Enables the person to be aware of the Enables the person to be aware of the

environmentenvironment Enables the person to react to the Enables the person to react to the

environmentenvironment Coordinates responses of the body to Coordinates responses of the body to

stimulistimuli Keeps body systems working togetherKeeps body systems working together

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Nervous SystemNervous System

central nervous systemcentral nervous system The part of the nervous system that The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cordconsists of the brain and the spinal cord

peripheral nervous systemperipheral nervous system Structures of the nervous Structures of the nervous system (especially nerve endings) that lie outside the brain and system (especially nerve endings) that lie outside the brain and spinal cordspinal cord

Functional divisions:Functional divisions: voluntary nervous systemvoluntary nervous system is responsible for voluntary is responsible for voluntary

movements throughout the body movements throughout the body autonomic nervous system autonomic nervous system influences the involuntary influences the involuntary

function of muscles, glands and organs.function of muscles, glands and organs. sympathetic nervous systemsympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous systemparasympathetic nervous system

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The SkinThe Skin

Protects internal organs from injuryProtects internal organs from injury Prevents dehydrationPrevents dehydration Protects against invasion by microorganismsProtects against invasion by microorganisms Regulates body temperatureRegulates body temperature Aids in elimination of water and various saltsAids in elimination of water and various salts Acts as the receptor organ for touch, pain, Acts as the receptor organ for touch, pain,

heat, and coldheat, and cold

EpidermisEpidermis- the outermost layer- the outermost layerDermisDermis- the inner layer, contains a vast - the inner layer, contains a vast network of blood vesselsnetwork of blood vessels

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Body CavitiesBody Cavities

cranial cavitycranial cavity —contains the brain —contains the brain spinal cavityspinal cavity —contains the spinal cord —contains the spinal cord thoracic cavitythoracic cavity —contains the heart, trachea, —contains the heart, trachea,

lungs, large vessels, and esophaguslungs, large vessels, and esophagus pericardial cavitypericardial cavity —the tough fibrous covering that —the tough fibrous covering that

contains the heartcontains the heart abdominal cavityabdominal cavity —contains the liver, spleen, —contains the liver, spleen,

gallbladder, small and large intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestine, pancreas, appendix, and stomachappendix, and stomach

pelvic cavitypelvic cavity —contains the reproductive organs, —contains the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, urethra, rectum urinary bladder, urethra, rectum

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PROGRESS CHECKPROGRESS CHECK

1. The nervous system has two main functions: communication 1. The nervous system has two main functions: communication and ____________. and ____________. (sensation/control/reaction) (sensation/control/reaction)

2. The brain and spinal cord make up the ____________.2. The brain and spinal cord make up the ____________.(autonomic nervous system/central nervous system/voluntary (autonomic nervous system/central nervous system/voluntary

nervous system)nervous system)3. The peripheral nervous system is nerves located outside the 3. The peripheral nervous system is nerves located outside the

____________. ____________. (brain/spinal cord/brain and spinal cord)(brain/spinal cord/brain and spinal cord)4. The “fight-or-flight” syndrome is regulated by the ____________.4. The “fight-or-flight” syndrome is regulated by the ____________.(parasympathetic nervous system/sympathetic nervous system/ (parasympathetic nervous system/sympathetic nervous system/

central nervous system)central nervous system)5. The outer layer of the skin is called the ____________. 5. The outer layer of the skin is called the ____________.

(epidermis/dermis/subcutaneous)(epidermis/dermis/subcutaneous)6. The cavity that contains the urinary bladder is the ____________. 6. The cavity that contains the urinary bladder is the ____________.

(abdominal/thoracic/pelvic)(abdominal/thoracic/pelvic)