1) Celestial objects are things 1) Celestial objects are things seen in Earth’s sky that is seen in Earth’s sky that is outside our atmosphere.outside our atmosphere.

Examples: Moon, Sun, and Examples: Moon, Sun, and StarsStars

2) On 2) On ESRTESRT p.14; shorter wavelengths p.14; shorter wavelengths are on the left side and longer are on the left side and longer wavelengths are on the right side.wavelengths are on the right side.

3) Visible light is a combination of 3) Visible light is a combination of multiple colors.multiple colors.

4) Nitrogen in our atmosphere scatters 4) Nitrogen in our atmosphere scatters and refracts blue wavelength.and refracts blue wavelength.

5) 5) AzimuthAzimuth – compass direction given – compass direction given as angle.as angle.

AltitudeAltitude – the angular elevation above – the angular elevation above the horizon.the horizon.

ZenithZenith – point directly overhead at 90 – point directly overhead at 90°°

6) Determines the time of year; sun’s 6) Determines the time of year; sun’s highest altitude in the sky.highest altitude in the sky.

7) 45 7) 45 °° in Northern direction. in Northern direction.

8) The shadow decreases to noon and 8) The shadow decreases to noon and then increases to sunset.then increases to sunset.

9) Equinox – Earth is not tilted towards 9) Equinox – Earth is not tilted towards or away from the Sun.or away from the Sun.

                                                

     

Solstice – Earth is tilted towards the Solstice – Earth is tilted towards the Sun on Summer Solstice; Earth is Sun on Summer Solstice; Earth is tilted away from the Sun on Winter tilted away from the Sun on Winter Solstice.Solstice.

10) Summer Solstice – June 21 10) Summer Solstice – June 21

Winter Solstice – Dec. 21 Winter Solstice – Dec. 21

Equinoxes Days – Sept. 23 and Equinoxes Days – Sept. 23 and Mar.21Mar.21

11) On both 11) On both equinoxesequinoxes days, the Sun’s days, the Sun’s vertical rays are on the equator; vertical rays are on the equator; summer solsticesummer solstice it is on the Tropic of it is on the Tropic of Cancer 23.5Cancer 23.5°°N; N; winter solsticewinter solstice it is on it is on the Tropic of Capricorn 23.5the Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°°S.S.

12) Summer Solstice - longest day - 15 12) Summer Solstice - longest day - 15 hrs hrs

daylight.daylight.

Winter Solstice - shortest day – 9 Winter Solstice - shortest day – 9 hours hours

daylight.daylight.

Equinoxes – 12 hours day and night.Equinoxes – 12 hours day and night.

13) 13) DatesDates RisesRises SetsSets

Equinoxes:Equinoxes:

Summer Sol.:Summer Sol.:

Winter Sol.:Winter Sol.:

14) Earth’s revolution around the Sun 14) Earth’s revolution around the Sun and its tilted axis of 23.5and its tilted axis of 23.5° as it ° as it rotates.rotates.

15) More than 23.515) More than 23.5° - hotter summers ° - hotter summers and cooler winters (Northern and cooler winters (Northern Hemisphere)Hemisphere)

Less than Less than 23.523.5° - cooler summers ° - cooler summers and warmer winters (Northern and warmer winters (Northern Hemisphere)Hemisphere)

16) 16) PerihelionPerihelion – Earth’s closest – Earth’s closest distance to the Sun; gravitational distance to the Sun; gravitational forces increases, orbital speed forces increases, orbital speed increases.increases.

AphelionAphelion - Earth’s farthest distance to - Earth’s farthest distance to the Sun ; gravitational forces the Sun ; gravitational forces decreases, orbital speed decreases.decreases, orbital speed decreases.

17) Because it “looks” like the Sun and 17) Because it “looks” like the Sun and stars revolve Earth, but it is really stars revolve Earth, but it is really Earth that is moving.Earth that is moving.

18) Age – 15 billion years old18) Age – 15 billion years old

Origin – The Big BangOrigin – The Big Bang

19) 19) RotationRotation – the turning of an object – the turning of an object on its axis.on its axis.

20) 20) RevolutionRevolution – Movement of one – Movement of one celestial object around another.celestial object around another.

21) (121) (1stst Law) Planet’s orbits are Law) Planet’s orbits are ellipticalelliptical; ; the the fartherfarther the planet from the Sun the planet from the Sun ((aphelionaphelion), the ), the longerlonger the revolutionary the revolutionary period, the period, the weakerweaker the gravitational the gravitational force and force and slowerslower orbital speed; the orbital speed; the closercloser the planet to the Sun (the planet to the Sun (perihelionperihelion), the ), the shortershorter the revolutionary period, and the the revolutionary period, and the greatergreater the gravitational force and the gravitational force and fasterfaster orbital speed.orbital speed.

22) Gravitational Force 22) Gravitational Force increasesincreases (2 (2 large objects close together) large objects close together) orbital velocity orbital velocity increasesincreases..

Gravitational Force Gravitational Force decreasesdecreases (2 small (2 small objects far apart) orbital velocity objects far apart) orbital velocity decreasesdecreases..

23) Heliocentric – Sun-centered model23) Heliocentric – Sun-centered model

Geocentric – Earth-centered modelGeocentric – Earth-centered model

24) Closed curves around 2 fixed 24) Closed curves around 2 fixed points.points.

25) A measure of how much an orbit is 25) A measure of how much an orbit is out of roundness.out of roundness.

26) 26) ThousandthThousandth unitsunits

*Any eccentricity calculation *Any eccentricity calculation MUSTMUST be be greater than ______ (perfect circle) but less greater than ______ (perfect circle) but less than _____ (straight line).than _____ (straight line).

E =E =E =E =

E =E =

27) 27) OvalsOvals

circularcircular

28) same28) same

A

B

Areas A and B are the same!

29) Spiral; Milky Way galaxy29) Spiral; Milky Way galaxy

30) Elliptical30) Elliptical

IrregularIrregular

31) Located on the spiral arm of the 31) Located on the spiral arm of the Milky Way GalaxyMilky Way Galaxy

32) 32) GalaxiesGalaxies

solar systemsolar system

33) 33) TerrestrialTerrestrial planets – rocky in planets – rocky in compositioncomposition

JovianJovian planets – larger, less dense, planets – larger, less dense, mostly made of gas, and all have ringsmostly made of gas, and all have rings

34) stars34) stars

35) 35) Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion – lighter elements – lighter elements joining together to make heavier joining together to make heavier elementselements

36) 36) RedRed

BlueBlue

37) 27 1/3 days37) 27 1/3 days

38) 29 ½ days38) 29 ½ days

Draw Draw

39) 39) Moon phasesMoon phases – observed shape of – observed shape of lighted part of moon.lighted part of moon.

WaxingWaxing – seeing more and – seeing more and more of the moonmore of the moon

WaningWaning – seeing less and – seeing less and less of the moonless of the moon

40) Because the moon 40) Because the moon rotatesrotates at the at the samesame raterate as its as its revolutionrevolution around around Earth.Earth.

41) 41) ApogeeApogee – moon’s farthest distance – moon’s farthest distance from Earth.from Earth.

PerigeePerigee - moon’s closest distance from - moon’s closest distance from Earth.Earth.

42) 42) Spring TidesSpring Tides – greatest difference – greatest difference between high and low tidesbetween high and low tides

Neap TidesNeap Tides – least – least

difference betweendifference between

high and low tideshigh and low tides

43) 43) Solar eclipseSolar eclipse::

Sun-Moon-EarthSun-Moon-Earth

Lunar eclipseLunar eclipse::

Sun-Earth-MoonSun-Earth-Moon

44) When the moon orbits into Earth’s 44) When the moon orbits into Earth’s shadow.shadow.

45) When moon’s orbit aligns exactly 45) When moon’s orbit aligns exactly between the Sun and Earth.between the Sun and Earth.

46) When a ring of the Sun shows 46) When a ring of the Sun shows around the Moon’s shadow.around the Moon’s shadow.

47) Total darkness created during an 47) Total darkness created during an eclipse.eclipse.

48) Partial darkness created during an 48) Partial darkness created during an eclipse.eclipse.

49) Between Mars and Jupiter’s orbit.49) Between Mars and Jupiter’s orbit.

50) 50) AsteroidsAsteroids – irregular rocky masses – irregular rocky masses smaller than planets; orbits the Sun.smaller than planets; orbits the Sun.

CometsComets – ice and rock; – ice and rock; very eccentric orbit very eccentric orbit around the Sun.around the Sun.

MeteoroidsMeteoroids – ice or rock fragment in space. – ice or rock fragment in space.

MeteoritesMeteorites – meteoroids that hit Earth’s – meteoroids that hit Earth’s surface.surface.

MeteorsMeteors – streak of light created by – streak of light created by meteoroids.meteoroids.

51) 51) North North

WestWest EastEast

South

52) Meteoroid52) Meteoroid

53) 53) 1111

temperaturestemperatures