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Bows and Bows and ArrowsArrows

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Today, we are going to look Today, we are going to look at ..at ..

Types of bowsTypes of bows Who used themWho used them A bit of an idea about how they workedA bit of an idea about how they worked and alsoand also About a very famous archer, the Ice About a very famous archer, the Ice

Man Ötzi Man Ötzi

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The very first bowsThe very first bows The simple bow or The simple bow or

self-bow, made from self-bow, made from a single piece of a single piece of wood, it is clearly wood, it is clearly depicted in cave depicted in cave paintings of 30,000 paintings of 30,000 BC and earlier, the BC and earlier, the earliest evidence earliest evidence appears to have appears to have been found in North been found in North Africa Africa

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The first developmentThe first development The first improvement was The first improvement was

the reflex bow, a bow that the reflex bow, a bow that was curved forward, or was curved forward, or reflexively, near its centre reflexively, near its centre so that the string lay close so that the string lay close against the grip before the against the grip before the bow was drawn. This bow was drawn. This increased the effective increased the effective length of the draw since it length of the draw since it began farther forward, close began farther forward, close to the archer's left hand. to the archer's left hand.

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It was about 20,000BCIt was about 20,000BC that flint arrow heads that flint arrow heads

appearedappeared (these came from a site in (these came from a site in

the United Arab Emirates)the United Arab Emirates) they were attached to a they were attached to a

wooden shaft by sinewswooden shaft by sinews

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The first recorded battleThe first recorded battle

that used bows and arrows (rather than that used bows and arrows (rather than just for hunting) was…..just for hunting) was…..

between the Egyptians and the between the Egyptians and the Persians… Persians…

in about 5000 BCin about 5000 BC

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Another development in Another development in EgyptEgypt

… … was the composite bowwas the composite bow this was made of at least 2 different this was made of at least 2 different

materialsmaterials the problem with plain wooden bows was the problem with plain wooden bows was

that they were quite stiff and did not spring that they were quite stiff and did not spring back fast enough to give the arrow enough back fast enough to give the arrow enough speedspeed

Composite bows were made of horn, bone, Composite bows were made of horn, bone, sinew and gut in various combinations sinew and gut in various combinations were used in place or in conjunction with were used in place or in conjunction with wood. Usually thewood. Usually thestave would be of a wooden core, with the stave would be of a wooden core, with the back side (side facing the target) covered back side (side facing the target) covered with animal sinews or tendons, and on the with animal sinews or tendons, and on the belly (side facing archer) would be applied belly (side facing archer) would be applied horn, or sometimes metal. horn, or sometimes metal.

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Composite bowsComposite bows Around 2800 B.C., the Egyptians Around 2800 B.C., the Egyptians

developed the "composite bow." developed the "composite bow." Using this device, archers mounted on Using this device, archers mounted on

light chariots became a devastating light chariots became a devastating military force. military force.

This bows could fire as far as 400 This bows could fire as far as 400 metres. metres.

Akkadian archers conquered Sumeria in Akkadian archers conquered Sumeria in 2500 B.C. 2500 B.C.

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Composite bowsComposite bows reasons for the uses of horn and sinew in reasons for the uses of horn and sinew in

bow making become apparent when you look bow making become apparent when you look at their properties. The horn was placed on at their properties. The horn was placed on the belly of the bow because horn resists the belly of the bow because horn resists compression, and springs back into shape the compression, and springs back into shape the moment pressure is released. Sinew is, on moment pressure is released. Sinew is, on the other hand, elastic and was placed on the the other hand, elastic and was placed on the back of the bow because after it is stretched back of the bow because after it is stretched it quickly shortens back to its original shape. it quickly shortens back to its original shape. When the two materials were applied this When the two materials were applied this way, the composite bow became much more way, the composite bow became much more powerful than its predecessor could ever be. powerful than its predecessor could ever be. 

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Guerrilla warfareGuerrilla warfare Lighter versions of the bow and arrow Lighter versions of the bow and arrow

were used in mobile armieswere used in mobile armies The armies of Alexander the Great The armies of Alexander the Great

attributed much of its success to attributed much of its success to mobile archery ( around 300 BC)mobile archery ( around 300 BC)

This was a tactic used also by Hannibal, This was a tactic used also by Hannibal, a bit later a bit later

Guerilla warfare tactics were used Guerilla warfare tactics were used against invading Romans in Parthia against invading Romans in Parthia

Hit and run with the bow and arrow. Hit and run with the bow and arrow.

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Hannibal again!Hannibal again! Hannibal used horse archers to Hannibal used horse archers to

devastating effect against the Roman devastating effect against the Roman legions, during his campaign in Italy. legions, during his campaign in Italy.

Horse archers played a pivotal role in Horse archers played a pivotal role in the Battle of Carrhae and again in the the Battle of Carrhae and again in the medieval Battle of Legnica. medieval Battle of Legnica.

In both cases, horse archers won the In both cases, horse archers won the day because their opponents depended day because their opponents depended on direct contact. on direct contact.

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The CrusadesThe Crusades Much later ( after 1066) due to Much later ( after 1066) due to

the heavy armour worn by the heavy armour worn by Western troops, they had Western troops, they had difficulty facing the more mobile, difficulty facing the more mobile, missile-armed cavalry of Eastern missile-armed cavalry of Eastern nations, as shown by numerous nations, as shown by numerous examples during the Crusades. examples during the Crusades.

The medieval Battle of Hattin, for The medieval Battle of Hattin, for instance, is an example of horse instance, is an example of horse archers contributing to the archers contributing to the defeat of armoured troops, via defeat of armoured troops, via demoralization and continued demoralization and continued harassment.harassment.

In this case Saladin beat those In this case Saladin beat those guarding Jerusalemguarding Jerusalem

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We will look at later We will look at later archeryarchery

For instance when we For instance when we look at how castles look at how castles

were used in warfare were used in warfare and alsoand also

when we look at the when we look at the first Americansfirst Americans

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The Ice ManThe Ice Man Ötzi Ötzi

A mystery A mystery

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Two hikers in September Two hikers in September 1991 ..1991 ..

found a frozen body high in the found a frozen body high in the mountains, near the border between mountains, near the border between Austria and Italy. Austria and Italy.

It turned out to be 5,300 years old, the It turned out to be 5,300 years old, the oldest frozen mummy ever found. oldest frozen mummy ever found.

Named Ötzi the Iceman after the Ötztal Named Ötzi the Iceman after the Ötztal area where he was found, he became a area where he was found, he became a worldwide sensation.worldwide sensation.

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What happened nextWhat happened next The body was taken to Austria where The body was taken to Austria where

scientists soon got to work on him. scientists soon got to work on him. They analysed his bone density to find out They analysed his bone density to find out

how old he was (in his 40s, an advanced age how old he was (in his 40s, an advanced age for the time) and examined his wonderfully for the time) and examined his wonderfully preserved belongings. preserved belongings.

The cause of his death remained a mystery. The cause of his death remained a mystery. Now archaeologists are being joined by Now archaeologists are being joined by

forensic scientists to investigate this unique forensic scientists to investigate this unique case and new research has revealed a case and new research has revealed a shocking answer.shocking answer.

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Frozen in timeFrozen in time The investigation into The investigation into

Ötzi's death started at the Ötzi's death started at the scene of discovery. scene of discovery.

By examining photos By examining photos which had been taken at which had been taken at the site, Austrian the site, Austrian archaeologist Konrad archaeologist Konrad Spindler worked out the Spindler worked out the layout. layout.

He was particularly He was particularly intrigued by the position of intrigued by the position of the Iceman's copper axe, the Iceman's copper axe, which was found propped which was found propped up against a rock. up against a rock.

Axe bladeAxe blade - This is the - This is the blade in its entirety. blade in its entirety. While in use, up to three While in use, up to three quarters would have quarters would have been buried in the shaft been buried in the shaft head. . head. .

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Frozen in timeFrozen in time He believed that this He believed that this

must have been placed in must have been placed in that position by Ötzi that position by Ötzi himself which meant that himself which meant that everything at the site had everything at the site had been preserved in the been preserved in the position it was when Ötzi position it was when Ötzi died. died.

His body was slumped His body was slumped face down on the ground, face down on the ground, his cap lay nearby just as his cap lay nearby just as if it had fallen from his if it had fallen from his head.head.

Axe ShaftAxe Shaft - The Iceman's axe - The Iceman's axe is the only totally preserved is the only totally preserved Stone Age axe ever to have Stone Age axe ever to have been found. This is the shaft, been found. This is the shaft, into which would be inserted a into which would be inserted a copper head, held in place with copper head, held in place with leather strips and birch pitch . leather strips and birch pitch .

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Frozen in timeFrozen in time Scientists also wanted to Scientists also wanted to

know when he died so know when he died so they examined the ice in they examined the ice in which he'd been found. which he'd been found.

This contained pollen that This contained pollen that they could identify as they could identify as coming from autumn-coming from autumn-flowering plants, so they flowering plants, so they concluded that Ötzi had concluded that Ötzi had died in the autumn. died in the autumn.

Together, this evidence Together, this evidence implied that the Iceman implied that the Iceman might have got caught in might have got caught in a storm and died of a storm and died of hypothermia. hypothermia.

CapCap - The Iceman's cap - The Iceman's cap was made from the fur of was made from the fur of a brown beara brown bear

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The Disaster TheoryThe Disaster Theory Then the scientists looked inside the Then the scientists looked inside the

iceman using X-rays and CAT (Computer iceman using X-rays and CAT (Computer Assisted Tomography) scans. Assisted Tomography) scans.

They saw what looked like unhealed rib They saw what looked like unhealed rib fractures. fractures.

So Spindler came up with what he called So Spindler came up with what he called his disaster theory. his disaster theory.

He believed Ötzi was a shepherd who, He believed Ötzi was a shepherd who, one autumn, was returning to his home one autumn, was returning to his home village with his animals. village with his animals.

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The Disaster TheoryThe Disaster Theory When he got there he became involved When he got there he became involved

in some kind of argument or battle. in some kind of argument or battle. He suffered a severe injury to his chest, He suffered a severe injury to his chest,

fracturing his ribs, but managed to fracturing his ribs, but managed to escape. escape.

He fled into the mountains and made it to He fled into the mountains and made it to the top, but by then he was exhausted the top, but by then he was exhausted from his injuries. from his injuries.

He lay down to rest in a sheltered gully He lay down to rest in a sheltered gully where he died of hypothermia and was where he died of hypothermia and was buried in ice.buried in ice.

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More ideasMore ideas The theory seemed to make sense, but it The theory seemed to make sense, but it

would not go unchallenged for long. would not go unchallenged for long. In 1998, Ötzi was transferred to Italy since In 1998, Ötzi was transferred to Italy since

the body had actually been found just inside the body had actually been found just inside the Italian border. the Italian border.

There the iceman was placed on display in a There the iceman was placed on display in a specially built museum in the town of specially built museum in the town of Bolzano. Bolzano.

To put the finishing touch to their display, the To put the finishing touch to their display, the museum contacted forensic pathologist Peter museum contacted forensic pathologist Peter Vanezis to reconstruct Ötzi's face, based on Vanezis to reconstruct Ötzi's face, based on the shape of the skull. the shape of the skull.

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More ideasMore ideas Vanezis normally works from the skull itself, but Vanezis normally works from the skull itself, but

in this case, of course, that was impossible. in this case, of course, that was impossible. So using the 3D CAT scan data and a rapid So using the 3D CAT scan data and a rapid

prototyping machine, the Austrian team created prototyping machine, the Austrian team created a detailed life-size replica of the Iceman's skull a detailed life-size replica of the Iceman's skull and gave this to Vanezis. and gave this to Vanezis.

He then used a laser to scan the skull into his He then used a laser to scan the skull into his facial reconstruction system. facial reconstruction system.

This measures the proportions of the skull and This measures the proportions of the skull and shapes a generic face to match. shapes a generic face to match.

This allowed him to recreate Ötzi's face at last.This allowed him to recreate Ötzi's face at last.

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Re-examining the Re-examining the evidenceevidence Vanezis also wanted to look again at Vanezis also wanted to look again at

the theory of Ötzi's deaththe theory of Ötzi's death More and more evidence was More and more evidence was

questioning the disaster theory. questioning the disaster theory. An examination of the contents of Ötzi's An examination of the contents of Ötzi's

intestine found hop hornbeam pollen. intestine found hop hornbeam pollen. This pollen was incredibly well This pollen was incredibly well

preserved - the cell contents still intact. preserved - the cell contents still intact. This could only mean that it had been This could only mean that it had been

consumed very soon after the flowering consumed very soon after the flowering of the plant just before the Iceman died. of the plant just before the Iceman died.

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Re-examining the Re-examining the evidenceevidence

And since the hop hornbeam only flowers And since the hop hornbeam only flowers between March and June he must have between March and June he must have actually died in spring.actually died in spring.

Also, evidence from the body and objects Also, evidence from the body and objects showed that the site had melted at least showed that the site had melted at least once and so things weren't necessarily in the once and so things weren't necessarily in the same position. same position.

And finally, new examinations of the ribs And finally, new examinations of the ribs showed that they hadn't been fractured showed that they hadn't been fractured before death - but been bent out of shape before death - but been bent out of shape after death. after death.

Scientists seemed to be back to square one.Scientists seemed to be back to square one.

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A Shocking DiscoveryA Shocking Discovery It seemed his death might It seemed his death might

be shrouded in mystery be shrouded in mystery forever.forever.

Then in June 2001, his new Then in June 2001, his new custodians, the Italians, custodians, the Italians, decided to X-ray the body decided to X-ray the body again. again.

A local hospital radiologist A local hospital radiologist noticed what looked like a noticed what looked like a foreign object near the foreign object near the shoulder, a shadow in the shoulder, a shadow in the shape of an arrow. shape of an arrow.

When they looked at its When they looked at its density they found it was density they found it was denser than bone, it was denser than bone, it was the same density as flint. the same density as flint.

They'd discovered a stone They'd discovered a stone arrowhead embedded in Ötzi's arrowhead embedded in Ötzi's shoulder, which had been shoulder, which had been missed despite 10 years of missed despite 10 years of intensive study. intensive study.

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A Shocking DiscoveryA Shocking Discovery Now scientists can tell a new story of the Now scientists can tell a new story of the

Iceman's death. Iceman's death. Ötzi was attacked and managed to flee. Ötzi was attacked and managed to flee. As he ran he was shot in the back with an As he ran he was shot in the back with an

arrow. arrow. He pulled out the arrow shaft but the head He pulled out the arrow shaft but the head

remained stuck in his shoulder. remained stuck in his shoulder. He reached the top of the mountains but was He reached the top of the mountains but was

now exhausted and weakened from bleeding. now exhausted and weakened from bleeding. He could go no further, lay down and died.He could go no further, lay down and died.

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There is still more to learnThere is still more to learn Although this story fits the latest Although this story fits the latest

results, there are still many results, there are still many unanswered questions. unanswered questions.

Scientists hope soon to conduct an Scientists hope soon to conduct an autopsy to remove the arrowhead and autopsy to remove the arrowhead and only then will we be able to say for only then will we be able to say for certain what killed Ötzi.certain what killed Ötzi.

The Iceman may still be hiding more The Iceman may still be hiding more secrets. secrets.

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HomeworkHomework Next week, we are going to be looking at Next week, we are going to be looking at

what the Romans and Greeks got up to!what the Romans and Greeks got up to! They invented various machines for They invented various machines for

making warfare more effective.making warfare more effective. Can you find out about any special Can you find out about any special

device that they useddevice that they used Keep it simple – enough to go on one Keep it simple – enough to go on one

slide (½ picture half writing is fine) or 2 slide (½ picture half writing is fine) or 2 at most.at most.