1 BIOMOLECULES copyright cmassengale. Elements & Compounds All living things are made from chemical...

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BIOMOLECULESBIOMOLECULES

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electron

neutron

proton

Elements & Compounds• All living things are made from chemical

compounds.• Those compounds are built using elements and

molecules. – The basic unit of an element is an atom.

• Consists of electrons, protons and neutrons

– Each atom is then combined to form molecules.– Different combinations form different molecules.

• Take pizza for example: Using different ingredients we build different types of pizzas. Your basic cheese, then pepperoni, pepperoni with sausage…and so on.

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Organic Organic CompoundsCompounds

• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic compounds

• BIOMOLECULES BIOMOLECULES are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.


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Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• Basic unit of most Basic unit of most

biomoleculesbiomolecules

• CarbonCarbon can form bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements). Forming biomolecules

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

• Example:Example: CHCH44(methane)(methane)


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BiomoleculesBiomolecules

• Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules.• Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.• Made up of smaller “building

blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS.• Examples:Examples:

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)


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Question:Question:How Are How Are

biomolecules biomolecules Formed?Formed?


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Answer:Answer: Dehydration Dehydration SynthesisSynthesis

• Also called “condensation “condensation reaction”reaction”

• Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by “removing “removing water”water”.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O


Dehydration Synthesisof a Disaccharide


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Question:Question: How are How are

biomolecules biomolecules separated or separated or

digested?digested?


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Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

•Separates monomersmonomers by “adding water”“adding water”

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O


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CarbohydratCarbohydrateses


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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

• Small sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar moleculeslarge sugar molecules.

• Examples:Examples:A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide


FUNCTION

• Short term energy• Structural components

– Chitin – shells of animals– Cellulose – stalks of plants

• Cell Recognition– Sugars on cells can detect invaders

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar unitMonosaccharide: one sugar unit

Examples:Examples: glucoseglucose- simple sugar found in - simple sugar found in juices (juices (C6H12O6)

FructoseFructose – corn – corn syrup/cerealssyrup/cereals

Galactose – Galactose – sugar found sugar found in in dairy productsdairy products

glucoseglucose


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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit

Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)– Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose


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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)





cellulosecellulose


Carbohydrate Shapes

Can be rings or a straight chainBut will always have C, H, O

Review1. How many sugars are in a monosaccharide?

2. What is one function of a carbohydrate?

3. How are biomolecules broken apart?Condensation reaction or hydrolysis


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LipidsLipids


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LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which are

not soluble in waternot soluble in water.• Remember:Remember: “stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides


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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)


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LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

H

H-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

fatty acids

O


=

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see these on

food labels:

1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)O


=

saturatedsaturated

O

C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH3

=

unsaturated


Shapes of fatty acids

STEROIDS

• Composed of four fused carbon rings

• Familiar steroid in humans is cholesterol– Help with chemical

processes in the body (metaboloism), growth, and sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

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ProteinsProteins


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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).

• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions


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Proteins Proteins (Polypeptides)(Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein Four levels of protein structure:structure:

A.A. Primary StructurePrimary Structure

B.B. Secondary Structure Secondary Structure

C.C. Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure

D.D. Quaternary Structure Quaternary Structure


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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded

together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)


Amino Acid Structure

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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

• Two examples:Two examples:

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bondscopyright cmassengale

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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and

foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of linked polypeptides

• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)

• Call a “subunit”.“subunit”.

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheetcopyright cmassengale

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Quaternary Quaternary StructureStructure

•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”•Globular in shape•Form in Aqueous environments•Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)

subunitssubunits


Review1. The monomers of proteins are?

2. What is one function of a lipid?

3. How are biomolecules put together?Condensation reaction or hydrolysis


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Nucleic Nucleic AcidsAcids


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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Two types:Two types:

a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)

• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.


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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)


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NucleotideNucleotide

OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

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SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)


Nucleic Acid Structure• A nitrogenous base• 1-3 phosphate groups• Five carbon sugar

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