1 Basics of Gerontechnology Herman Bouma. 2 Overview GT Basics Definition Interdisciplinary:...
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Basics of Gerontechnology
Herman Bouma
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Overview GT BasicsDefinitionInterdisciplinary: Gerontology & TechnologyDemography: spread, not averageInclusive design; normalisationLearning; situated learning; motivation
Generations; technology generationSuccesful ageing; 3rd age & 4th age; restrictionsGT Impact Matrix: Impacts & domains of lifeMatrix cells; recent technologyGT History; Literature
Conclusions for phd research
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Gerontechnology: definition
the study of technology and agingfor ensuring an optimal technological
environment of all aging and old people
up to a high age
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GT: Interdiscipline
Gerontechnology is interdisciplinary between gerontology disciplines and technology disciplines
Methods are often discipline-specific
Few professionals are knowledgeable in both fields: collaboration
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Technology Disciplines
Gerontology
Disciplines
Architecture
& Building
Information & Communication
Mechatronics& Robotics
Industrial Design
….
Biology
Physiology
Psychology
Social Psychology
Sociology
Demography
Medicine
Rehabilitation
Gerontechnology Interdiscipline Matrix
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Why GT?
Gerontechnology has emerged because of the combination of: demographic increase of aging peoplerapid evolution of technological environments
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GT: Demography• Above 65 yrs rising to 25% of population• Balance women and men (age dependent)• Diversity of people increases with age:
health (level, restrictions, depression,..) family (single, spouse, children,..)finances (rich, moderate pension, poor)housing (suitability, neighbours,…)skills (working experience, computer,.)
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Average Fallacy (ergonomics)
If one designs for ‘the average person’ characterized by averages of different variables, one designs for nobody.(‘the average person does not exist’)
Rather, spread (s.d.) should guide the design.
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Inclusive designDesign of products or services thatincludes as many users as possible:directed at the weaker users.User participation essential.
(design for all, universal design)
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Normalisation/StandardisationNormalisation: products of different brands and products of different functionality share certain relevant properties (e.g. user interface); standardisation makes this mandatory within defined limits (international standardization committees)This is of great value for all users and for all ageing users in particular, because of generalisation of usage.
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LearningLearning is life-long (unless disease)
types of learning are age-dependentSituated learning is learning while doing
aided by suitable on-line instructionrequires ‘smart’ instruction.suitable for ageing people
Unlearning is impossible (unlike forgetting)
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Motivation for using/not-using technology
• Insight in functionality (impact matrix)
• Balance of benefits and costs
• Following friends and relatives (mimicry)
• External persuasion (media)
• For unfamiliar technology:– Inclination for exploration– Restrain and uncertainty of control
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Generation (sociology)Birth cohorts of consecutive years that have lived through the same important life experiences in society (e.g. economic depression, presence of computers,… ……….)In particular the years until the age of 30 are decisive (formative years)
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Technology generation
Generation that has grown up in a certain important technological environment (unable to forget)(best example: 3 types of user interface:mechanical up to 1950, electro-mechanical up to 1985, layered menu now)
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Successful aging
• Maintain physical, cognitive, and social activities
• Live an independent life of one’s own choice
• Quality of Life (QoL): healthy, daily joy, dignity, autonomy, participation in family and in society
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Third age and Fourth age
Third age of ageing people is defined as period with only minor physical and psychological restrictions and living an independent life
Fourth age of ageing people is defined as period of frailty and largely dependent on care
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Physical and Psychological restrictionsMobility: walking; equilibriumSensory: vision (acuity, field of view)
hearing (noisy environments, speech; directional hearing)
Motor: trembling (writing; fine motor skills) declining force
Memory: short term-, working-, prospective- , long term-)
Multiple tasks: changing more difficult
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GT: Five domains of daily life
• Health and Self-esteem
• Housing and Daily living
• Mobility and Transport
• Communication and Information
• Work and Leisure
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GT: Four goals
• Enhancement and Satisfaction
• Prevention and Engagement
• Compensation and Assistance
• Care Support and Organisation
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Gerontechnology (GT) Impact Matrix
Taxonomy of what goals to be served by technology for the main life
domains of aging people
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Gerontechnology Impact matrix
Life DomainHealth &
Self-esteem
Housing &
Daily living
Mobility &
Transport
Communication & Governance
Work &
Leisure
GoalEnhancement
& Satisfaction
Telemedicine
Internet
Wireless/remote (e.g.phone)
GPS navigation
Info publ.transp
Mobile phone
Internet
Digital. camera
Internet
Prevention &
Engagement
Healthy diet
Home trainer
Smart ventil.
Safety illumin.
Car automation
Traffic info
Video Links Focussed
lighting
Compensation
& Assistance
Passive
alarms
Smart IADL Rollator/walker
Battery wheelchair
Hearing Aids Power tools
Robot pet
Care support& Organisation
Smart intake
Control-PDA
Electronic keys Powered lifting Care Networks
Video links
Robots
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Recent Technology and its infrastructure
• Internet: e.g. e-mail; search machines; weblogs• Mobile phone; sms• Digital camera, digital photography• Navigation tools (GSM)• Games• Robots• Smart products and systems (adaptive)
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Brief history of GerontechnologyBefore 1990: Technology and ageing (ergonomics; aids for the handicapped)International congresses 1991 Eindhoven; 1996 Helsinki;1999 Munich; 2002 Miami; 2005 Nagoya; 2008 PisaInternational Society for Gerontechnology 1997+Gerontechnology quarterly journal 2001+ISG discussion site 2004+Masterclasses 2006 Eindhoven, 2007?, 2008 PisaRegional chapters 2006+ Japan; 2007+ Netherlands
/Flandres
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GT Community and its literature
• International Society for Gerontechnology (ISG) www.gerontechnology.info
• Discussion site: [email protected] from Lawrence Normie [[email protected]]
• Its literature:• Bouma, Graafmans (eds). Gerontechnology (1992)• Graafmans, Taipale, Charness (eds): Gerontechnology: A sustainable
Investment in the Future (1998)• Harrington, Harrington (eds) Gerontechnology: Why and How (2000)• Pieper, Vaarama, Fozard(eds)Gerontechnology:3rd Millennium(2002)• GERONTECHNOLOGY Quarterly Journal (Since 2001/2002)
Presently: volume 6 (2007) Website www.gerontechjournal.net
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Conclusion for phd research
• Check GT Basics regularly
• Make GT goals explicit
• Collaborate with other disciplines
• Situate results in real environment
• Become fluent in English
• Keep digesting relevant literature
• Be part of GT community