1. Basic Concepts of Electricity

8/7/2019 1. Basic Concepts of Electricity

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PendahuluanPendahuluan

Electrical & ElectronicElectrical & Electronic

Circuit 1Circuit 1


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AwalAwal PerkuliahanPerkuliahan


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PerkenalanPerkenalan

NamaNama :: BimaBima SenaSena BayuBayu D., S.ST.D., S.ST. NIPNIP : 197612151999031003: 197612151999031003 ProdiProdi : T.: T. KomputerKomputer RuangRuang :: RuangRuang DosenDosen TeknikTeknik KomputerKomputer HPHP : 081331695778: 081331695778 EmailEmail :: bima@[email protected] URLURL :: http://lecturer.eepishttp://lecturer.eepis--its.edu/~bimaits.edu/~bima

http://www.bimasenabayu.comhttp://www.bimasenabayu.com

http://www.trainingrobotika.comhttp://www.trainingrobotika.com


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SistemSistem PenilaianPenilaian

TugasTugas / Project/ Project 25%25%

UTSUTS 40%40%UASUAS 40%40%

Note :Note :

PenilaianPenilaian bersifatbersifat fleksibelfleksibel,, perubahanperubahan padapada prosentaseprosentase sewaktusewaktu--

waktuwaktu tanpatanpa pemberitahuanpemberitahuan


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Attitude /Attitude /SikapSikap SelamaSelama PerkuliahanPerkuliahan

MahasiswaMahasiswa dilarangdilarang makanmakan,, minumminum,, merokokmerokok,, berguraubergurauatauatau menggunakanmenggunakan peralatanperalatan hiburanhiburan elektronikelektronik,, fasilitasfasilitas

mp3/mp4/teleponmp3/mp4/telepon genggamgenggam ((baikbaik meneleponmenelepon atauataumendengarkanmendengarkan musikmusik/radio) ,/radio) , jikajika dilanggardilanggar,, makamakamahasiswamahasiswa dikeluarkandikeluarkan daridari perkuliahanperkuliahan

MahasiswaMahasiswa wajibwajib berpakaianberpakaian rapirapi dandan mengenakanmengenakan jasjas lablab,,

tidaktidak bolehboleh memakaimemakai kaoskaos oblongoblong dandan atauatau sandal,sandal, jikajikadilanggardilanggar,, makamaka mahasiswamahasiswa dikeluarkandikeluarkan daridari perkuliahanperkuliahan

MahasiswaMahasiswa tidaktidak bolehboleh datangdatang terlambatterlambat lebihlebih daridari 1515 menitmenit

sejaksejak

jamjam

perkuliahanperkuliahan

berlangsungberlangsung

,,

jikajika

terlambatterlambat

lebihlebih

daridari 1515 menitmenit,, makamaka mahasiswamahasiswa tidaktidak diperkenankandiperkenankanmasukmasuk dandan dianggapdianggap tidaktidak mengikutimengikuti perkuliahanperkuliahan,, dandansebagaisebagai kompensasikompensasi mahasiswamahasiswa wajibwajib mengerjakanmengerjakan tugastugas

yangyang diberikandiberikan


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Attitude /Attitude /SikapSikap SelamaSelama PerkuliahanPerkuliahan

MahasiswaMahasiswa wajibwajib hadirhadir dalamdalam setiapsetiap perkuliahanperkuliahan,, jikajikaberhalanganberhalangan karenakarena alasanalasan tertentutertentu yangyang tidaktidak dapatdapat

ditinggalkanditinggalkan,, makamaka mahasiswamahasiswa bolehboleh tidaktidak masukmasuk dengandenganmenunjukkanmenunjukkan suratsurat ijinijin // suratsurat dokterdokter jikajika sakitsakit AkibatAkibat daridari pelanggaranpelanggaran salahsalah satusatu sikapsikap diatasdiatas,, makamaka nilainilai

tidaktidak akanakan dikeluarkandikeluarkan..


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DeskripsiDeskripsi SingkatSingkat MataMata KuliahKuliah

RangkaianRangkaian ListrikListrik && ElektronikaElektronika 11MataMata kuliahkuliah iniini mengajarkanmengajarkan tentangtentang

Konsep Dasar Listrik, HukumKonsep Dasar Listrik, HukumOhm, Rangkaian Seri Dan Paralel,Ohm, Rangkaian Seri Dan Paralel,Rangkaian Pembagi TeganganRangkaian Pembagi Tegangan

Dan Hukum Kirchoff, RangkaianDan Hukum Kirchoff, RangkaianKombinasi SeriKombinasi Seri Paralel, AnalisaParalel, AnalisaJaringan DC, Teori Dasar AC,Jaringan DC, Teori Dasar AC,Bilangan Kompleks, ReaktansiBilangan Kompleks, ReaktansiDan Impedansi, Resonansi, Filter,Dan Impedansi, Resonansi, Filter,Aplikasi Diode (FWR & HWR),Aplikasi Diode (FWR & HWR),Clipper dan Clamper, Filter,Clipper dan Clamper, Filter,Regulator, dan TransistorRegulator, dan Transistor

SAPSAP


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DaftarDaftar PustakaPustaka

Tony R.Tony R. KuphaldtKuphaldt,, Lesson s I n Elect r ic Ci r cui t s ,Lesson s I n Elect r ic Ci r cui t s ,Vol u m e I Vol u m e I DCDC, Fifth Edition, last update October 18,, Fifth Edition, last update October 18,2006,2006, www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuitswww.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits

Tony R.Tony R. KuphaldtKuphaldt,, Lesson s I n Elect r ic Ci r cui t s ,Lesson s I n Elect r ic Ci r cui t s ,Vo lu m e I IVo lu m e I I ACAC, Sixth Edition, last update July 25, 2007,, Sixth Edition, last update July 25, 2007,www.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuitswww.ibiblio.org/obp/electricCircuits

Albert PaulAlbert Paul MalvinoMalvino,, HanapiHanapi GunawanGunawan,, Pr ins ip Pr ins ip --Pr ins ip Pr ins ip

E lek t ron i k E lek t ron i k ,, EdisiEdisi KeduaKedua,, PenerbitPenerbit ErlanggaErlangga, 1995, 1995 P. R. Belanger, E. L. Adler, N. C.P. R. Belanger, E. L. Adler, N. C. RuminRumin,, I n t r odu ct i on t o I n t r odu ct i on t o

C i rcu i t Wi th E lec t ron ics C i rcu i t Wi th E lec t ron ics An I n t eg ra t ed Appr oach An I n t eg ra t ed Appr oach ,,HoltHolt--Saunders International Editions, 1985Saunders International Editions, 1985

DllDll

(yang(yang

terkaitterkait

).).


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Basic Concepts ofBasic Concepts of

ElectricityElectricity((KonsepKonsep DasarDasar ListrikListrik))

BimaBima SenaSena BayuBayu D.D.


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TujuanTujuan

MemperkenalkanMemperkenalkan kepadakepada mahasiswamahasiswa

tentangtentang konsepkonsep--konsepkonsep dasardasar listriklistrikMemberikanMemberikan pengetahuanpengetahuan kepadakepada

mahasiswamahasiswa tentangtentang bahanbahan konduktorkonduktor

dandan insulatorinsulatorMemberikanMemberikan pengertianpengertian kepadakepada

mahasiswamahasiswa tentangtentang tegangantegangan dandanarusarus sertaserta hubungannyahubungannya terhadapterhadapresistansiresistansi


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Static Electricity (Static Electricity (ListrikListrik StatisStatis))

It was discovered centuries ago that certain types ofmaterials would mysteriously attract one another after

being rubbed together. For example: after rubbing a pieceof silk against a piece of glass, the silk and glass wouldtend to stick together. Indeed, there was an attractive forcethat could be demonstrated even when the two materialswere separated:


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Glass and silk aren't the only materials knownto behave like this. Anyone who has ever

brushed up against a latex balloon only to findthat it tries to stick to them has experiencedthis same phenomenon. Paraffin wax and woolcloth are another pair of materials early

experimenters recognized as manifestingattractive forces after being rubbed together:


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This phenomenon became even more

interesting when it was discovered thatidentical materials, after having beenrubbed with their respective cloths, always

repelled each other:


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More attention was directed toward the pieces ofcloth used to do the rubbing. It was discoveredthat after rubbing two pieces of glass with twopieces of silk cloth, not only did the glass piecesrepel each other, but so did the cloths. The same

phenomenon held for the pieces of wool used torub the wax:


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Now, this was really strange to witness. After all, none ofthese objects were visibly altered by the rubbing, yet theydefinitely behaved differently than before they wererubbed. Whatever change took place to make thesematerials attract or repel one another was invisible. Someexperimenters speculated that invisible fluids were beingtransferred from one object to another during the processof rubbing, and that these fluids" were able to effect aphysical force over a distance. Charles Dufay was one theearly experimenters who demonstrated that there weredefinitely two different types of changes wrought byrubbing certain pairs of objects together. The fact thatthere was more than one type of change manifested inthese materials was evident by the fact that there were twotypes of forces produced: attraction and repulsion. Thehypothetical fluid transfer became known as a charge.


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One pioneering researcher, Benjamin Franklin,came to the conclusion that there was only one

fluid exchanged between rubbed objects, andthat the two different "charges" were nothingmore than either an excess or a deficiency of thatone fluid. After experimenting with wax and wool,

Franklin suggested that the coarse wool removedsome of this invisible fluid from the smooth wax,causing an excess of fluid on the wool and adeficiency of fluid on the wax. The resulting

disparity in fluid content between the wool andwax would then cause an attractive force, as thefluid tried to regain its former balance betweenthe two materials.


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Precise measurements of electrical charge werecarried out by the French physicist Charles

Coulomb in the 1780's using a device called atorsional balance measuring the force generatedbetween two electrically charged objects. Theresults of Coulomb's work led to the development

of a unit of electrical charge named in his honor,the coulomb. If two "point" objects (hypotheticalobjects having no appreciable surface area) wereequally charged to a measure of 1 coulomb, and

placed 1 meter (approximately 1 yard) apart,they would generate a force of about 9 billionnewtons (approximately 2 billion pounds), eitherattracting or repelling depending on the types ofcharges involved.


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It was discovered much later that this fluid" was actually composed of extremelysmall bits of matter called electrons, so named in honor of the ancient Greek word foramber: another material exhibiting charged properties when rubbed with cloth.Experimentation has since revealed that all objects are composed of extremely small

"building-blocks" known as atoms, and that these atoms are in turn composed ofsmaller components known as particles. The three fundamental particles comprisingatoms are called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms are far too small to beseen, but if we could look at one, it might appear something like this:


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Review of Static ElectricityReview of Static Electricity

All materials are made up of tiny "buildingblocks" known as atoms.

All atoms contain particles called electrons (freeto move around and ability to jump), protons(elemental identity), and neutrons.

Electrons have a negative (-) electric charge. Protons have a positive (+) electric charge. Neutrons have no electric charge.

Electrons can be dislodged from atoms mucheasier than protons or neutrons. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus

determines its identity as a unique element.


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Conductors, Insulators, and Electron Flow

((KonduktorKonduktor, Insulator, Insulator dandan AliranAliran ElektronElektron)) Conductors :

silver

copper gold aluminum iron steel brass bronze

mercury graphite dirty water concrete

Insulators : glass

rubber oil

asphalt

fiberglass

porcelain ceramic

quartz

(dry) cotton

(dry) paper (dry) wood

plastic

air

diamond pure water

C


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Review of Conductors, Insulators,

and Electron Flow In conductive materials, the outer electrons in

each atom can easily come or go, and are called

free electrons. In insulating materials, the outer electrons are

not so free to move. All metals are electrically conductive. Dynamic electricity, or electric current, is the

uniform motion of electrons through a conductor.Static electricity is an unmoving, accumulatedcharge formed by either an excess or deficiencyof electrons in an object.

For electrons to flow continuously (indefinitely)through a conductor, there must be a complete,unbroken path for them to move both into andout of that conductor.


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Electric Circuit (Electric Circuit (RangkaianRangkaian ListrikListrik))

You might have been wondering how electronscan continuously flow in a uniform direction

through wires without the benefit of thesehypothetical electron Sources and Destinations.In order for the Source-and-Destination schemeto work, both would have to have an infinitecapacity for electrons in order to sustain acontinuous flow! Using the marble-and-tubeanalogy, the marble source and marble

destination buckets would have to be infinitelylarge to contain enough marble capacity for aflow" of marbles to be sustained.


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Electric Circuit (Electric Circuit (RangkaianRangkaian ListrikListrik))

The answer to this paradox is found in the concept of a circuit: a never-ending looped pathway for electrons. If we take a wire, or many wiresjoined end-to-end, and loop it around so that it forms a continuouspathway, we have the means to support a uniform flow of electronswithout having to resort to infinite Sources and Destinations:

Each electron advancing clockwise in this circuit pushes on the one in frontof it, which pushes on the one in front of it, and so on, and so on, just likea hula-hoop filled with marbles. Now, we have the capability of supportinga continuous flow of electrons indefinitely without the need for infiniteelectron supplies and dumps. All we need to maintain this flow is acontinuous means of motivation for those electrons, which we'll address inthe next section of this chapter.


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Review of Electric CircuitReview of Electric Circuit

A circuit is an unbroken loop of conductivematerial that allows electrons to flow through

continuously without beginning or end. If a circuit is "broken," that means it's conductive

elements no longer form a complete path, and

continuous electron flow cannot occur in it. The location of a break in a circuit is irrelevant toits inability to sustain continuous electron flow.Any break, anywhere in a circuit prevents

electron flow throughout the circuit.

V lt d C tV lt d C t


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Voltage and CurrentVoltage and Current

((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus)) As was previously mentioned, we need

more than just a continuous path (circuit)before a continuous flow of electrons willoccur: we also need some means to pushthese electrons around the circuit. Just

like marbles in a tube or water in a pipe, ittakes some kind of influencing force toinitiate flow. With electrons, this force is

the same force at work in static electricity:the force produced by an imbalance ofelectric charge.

V lt d C tV lt d C t


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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus)) If we take the examples of wax and wool which

have been rubbed together, we find that the

surplus of electrons in the wax (negative charge)and the deficit of electrons in the wool (positivecharge) creates an imbalance of charge between

them. This imbalance manifests itself as anattractive force between the two objects:

V lt d C tVoltage and C rrent


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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus)) If a conductive wire is placed between the

charged wax and wool, electrons will flowthrough it, as some of the excesselectrons in the wax rush through the wireto get back to the wool, filling the

deficiency of electrons there:

Voltage and C rrentVoltage and Current


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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus)) The imbalance of electrons between the

atoms in the wax and the atoms in the

wool creates a force between the twomaterials. With no path for electrons toflow from the wax to the wool, all this

force can do is attract the two objectstogether. Now that a conductor bridgesthe insulating gap, however, the force willprovoke electrons to flow in a uniform

direction through the wire, if onlymomentarily, until the charge in that areaneutralizes and the force between the wax

and wool diminishes.



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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus))



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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus)) This potential energy, stored in the form of an

electric charge imbalance and capable of

provoking electrons to flow through a conductor,can be expressed as a term called voltage, whichtechnically is a measure of potential energy perunit charge of electrons, or something a physicist

would call specific potential energy. Defined inthe context of static electricity, voltage is themeasure of work required to move a unit chargefrom one location to another, against the forcewhich tries to keep electric charges balanced. Inthe context of electrical power sources, voltage isthe amount of potential energy available (work tobe done) per unit charge, to move electronsthrough a conductor.



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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus)) Because voltage is an

expression of potential

energy, representing thepossibility or potentialfor energy release as the

electrons move from one"level" to another, it isalways referenced

between two points.Consider the waterreservoir analogy:



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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus)) Voltage can be generated by means other than

rubbing certain types of materials against each

other. Chemical reactions, radiant energy, andthe influence of magnetism on conductors are afew ways in which voltage may be produced.Respective examples of these three sources ofvoltage are batteries, solar cells, and generators(such as the "alternator" unit under the hood ofyour automobile). For now, we won't go into

detail as to how each of these voltage sourcesworks more important is that we understand howvoltage sources can be applied to create electronflow in a circuit.



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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus)) Any source of voltage, including

batteries, have two points for electricalcontact. In this case, we have point 1

and point 2 in the above diagram. Thehorizontal lines of varying lengthindicate that this is a battery, and theyfurther indicate the direction which thisbattery's voltage will try to push

electrons through a circuit. The fact thatthe horizontal lines in the battery symbolappear separated (and thus unable toserve as a path for electrons to move) isno cause for concern: in real life, those

horizontal lines represent metallic platesimmersed in a liquid or semi-solidmaterial that not only conductselectrons, but also generates the voltageto push them along by interacting withthe plates.



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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus))


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Review of Voltage and CurrentReview of Voltage and Current

Electrons can be motivated to flow through a conductor by thesame force manifested in static electricity.

Voltage is the measure of specific potential energy (potential

energy per unit charge) between two locations. In layman'sterms, it is the measure of "push" available to motivate electrons. Voltage, as an expression of potential energy, is always relative

between two locations, or points. Sometimes it is called a voltage"drop."

When a voltage source is connected to a circuit, the voltage willcause a uniform flow of electrons through that circuit called acurrent.

In a single (one loop) circuit, the amount of current at any point isthe same as the amount of current at any other point.

If a circuit containing a voltage source is broken, the full voltageof that source will appear across the points of the break. The +/- orientation a voltage drop is called the polarity. It is also

relative between two points.


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ResistanceResistance


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ResistanceResistance

((ResistansiResistansi))

As before, with no flow of electrons, the entire potential(voltage) of the battery is available across the break,waiting for the opportunity of a connection to bridge across

that break and permit electron flow again. This condition isknown as an open circuit, where a break in the continuity ofthe circuit prevents current throughout. All it takes is asingle break in continuity to "open" a circuit. Once any

breaks have been connected once again and the continuityof the circuit re-established, it is known as a closed circuit.

R i f R i


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Review of ResistanceReview of Resistance

Resistance is the measure of opposition to electric current. A short circuit is an electric circuit ordering little or no resistance

to the flow of electrons. Short circuits are dangerous with high

voltage power sources because the high currents encountered cancause large amounts of heat energy to be released. An open circuit is one where the continuity has been broken by an

interruption in the path for electrons to flow. A closed circuit is one that is complete, with good continuity

throughout. A device designed to open or close a circuit under controlled

conditions is called a switch. The terms "open" and "closed" refer to switches as well as entire

circuits. An open switch is one without continuity: electrons

cannot flow through it. A closed switch is one that provides adirect (low resistance) path for electrons to flow through.

Voltage and Current in a Practical CircuitVoltage and Current in a Practical Circuit


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((TeganganTegangan dandan ArusArus dalamdalam RangkaianRangkaian)) Because it takes energy to force electrons to flow against the opposition

of a resistance, there will be voltage manifested (or "dropped") betweenany points in a circuit with resistance between them. It is important tonote that although the amount of current (the quantity of electrons

moving past a given point every second) is uniform in a simple circuit,the amount of voltage (potential energy per unit charge) betweendifferent sets of points in a single circuit may vary considerably:

Take this circuit as an example. If we label four points in this circuit withthe numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4, we will find that the amount of currentconducted through the wire between points 1 and 2 is exactly the sameas the amount of current conducted through the lamp (between points 2

and 3). This same quantity of current passes through the wire betweenpoints 3 and 4, and through the battery (between points 1 and 4).



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((TeganganTegangan

dandan

ArusArus

dalamdalam

RangkaianRangkaian

))

However, we will find the voltage appearingbetween any two of these points to be directly

proportional to the resistance within theconductive path between those two points, giventhat the amount of current along any part of thecircuit's path is the same (which, for this simplecircuit, it is). In a normal lamp circuit, theresistance of a lamp will be much greater thanthe resistance of the connecting wires, so weshould expect to see a substantial amount ofvoltage between points 2 and 3, with very littlebetween points 1 and 2, or between 3 and 4. Thevoltage between points 1 and 4, of course, will bethe full amount of "force" ordered by the battery,which will be only slightly greater than the

voltage across the lamp (between points 2 and3).


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1. Basic Concepts of Electricity

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