1 Article Smart System for Utility Tunnel Management · 2018-05-12 · 1 Article 2 Smart System for...

Article 1

Smart System for Utility Tunnel Management 2

Isam Shahrour 1,2*, Hanbing Bian 1,3, Xiongyao Xie1, Zixing Zhang 1 3 1 School of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China 4 2 Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Université de Lille, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France 5 3 LEM3 UMR CNRS 7239, Université de Lorraine, Ile du Saulcy, 57045 Metz Cedex 01, France 6 7 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 8

Abstract: This paper presents how the Smart Technology could help in addressing the challenges of 9 the Utility Tunnel, which hosts in the same space several utilities. This technology offers large 10 advantageous such as the possibility to inspect, maintain and extend easily urban utilities without 11 excavation and then to eliminate disturbance related to urban excavation such traffic jams, noise, 12 pollution and pavements degradation. However, the use of this technology is yet below 13 expectations, because an incident in space could lead to a chain of incidents and to the interruption 14 of basic urban services. The management of this space constitutes also a major challenge, which 15 should be properly addressed in order to increase confidence in this space and to provide 16 guarantees for utilities concerning the respect of their requirements as well as the transparency of 17 the governance and economic model. The recent development in the field of Smart Cities offers new 18 opportunities to improve the security and efficiency of complex urban systems. This paper presents 19 how this technology could help both Utility Tunnel operator and utilities managers to address the 20 challenges of the Utility Tunnel. After a presentation of the Utility Tunnel challenges and the Smart 21 City concept, the paper presents the construction of a Smart System for the Utility Tunnel, with 22 emphasis on the system architecture, monitoring, inspection & maintenance, information system, 23 data analysis and system control. It shows that the use of this technology constitutes an effective 24 response to the challenges of the Utility Tunnel. 25

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Keywords: Utility Tunnel; Disturbance; Management; Smart City; Smart Grid; Information System; 27 Smart Monitoring; Data Analysis; Intrusion; Artificial Intelligence; Utilities; Security 28

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Introduction 30

The Utility Tunnel is an underground easily accessible space, which could host a wide range of 31 urban utilities such as water supply, water drainage, electrical power, gas, heat and 32 telecommunications as well as other public services. This space has also its proper equipment for 33 lighting, communication, ventilation, drainage, access control, and firefighting. It offers the 34 possibility to realize inspection, maintenance, renovation and extension of utilities in safe condition 35 without the necessity to make excavation or street cuts [1-4]. Consequently, it reduces traffic 36 congestion as well as working noise and pollution due to pavement cutting and trenching. It reduces 37 also pavement maintenance expenses by increasing the pavement lifespan. It facilitates utilities 38 inspection and reduces the cost related to their maintenance, because maintenance could be 39 conducted more easily under any climate condition and use of the public space. The construction of 40 utilities tunnels highly contributes to the sustainable development of the urban underground space, 41 because it optimizes the use of this space for utilities and public services purposes [5-7]. 42

Despite the large advantages of the Utility Tunnel technology, its implementation is below 43 expectations, because of several barriers and disadvantageous, which were discussed in previous 44 papers [8-10]. The major barrier concerns the security of hosted utilities and their Service Continuity. 45 Indeed, an incident in the Utility Tunnel could lead to a chain of incidents and to the interruption of 46

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urban services such as energy, telecommunication and water. Incidents could result from technical 47 problems such as water leak, flood, gas leak, electrical outage and fire or from maintenance 48 operations or vandalism and sabotage. The Utility Tunnel is subjected also to additional difficulties, 49 which are related to the governance and economic model of this “shared” space [11-13]. Since utilities 50 have specific requirements, they are generally worried about the respect of these requirements in this 51 “shared” space. Difficulties concern also the quantification of the benefits of each utility and 52 establishing an appropriate share of investment and exploitation expanses among beneficiaries. 53

54 The management of the Utility Tunnel constitutes a major challenge, which should be properly 55

addressed in order to increase confidence in this space and to provide guarantees for utilities 56 concerning the respect of their requirements as well as the transparency of the governance and 57 economic model. The recent development in the field of the Smart Grids and Smart Cities offers new 58 perspectives for the optimal and safe management of complex urban systems. These concepts are 59 based on an interdisciplinary approach of urban systems including smart monitoring of urban 60 systems as well as the use of advanced tools for data collection, analysis, learning and system control 61 [14-18]. This paper presents how the application of this technology could help operators to address 62 the challenges of the Utility Tunnel management. After a presentation of the Utility Tunnel challenges 63 and the Smart City concept, the paper presents the application of the Smart Technology on the Utility 64 Tunnel management with emphasis on the Smart Solution architecture, monitoring, inspection & 65 maintenance, information system, data analysis, and system control. 66

Utility Tunnel Advantageous and challenges 67

Utility Tunnel Advantageous 68

The Utility tunnel is an accessible underground space, which aims at hosting a wide range of 69 utilities such as water supply, water drainage, electric power, gas, heat and telecommunications. It 70 could also host other public services, which are compatible with urban utilities. 71

Advantageous of the Utility Tunnel were discussed in many papers [1-7]. Figure 1 summarizes 72 these advantageous. The great advantageous of the Utility Tunnel concerns the possibility to install, 73 inspect, maintain and extend utilities in a safe environment without the necessity to operate street 74 cut or excavation. Consequently, this technology reduces disturbances resulting from direct 75 embedment of utilities in the underground. It reduces traffic congestion as well as working noise and 76 pollution due to street cutting and trenching. It reduces also urban pavement maintenance expenses 77 by increasing the pavement life span. It facilitates utilities inspection and maintenance under any 78 climate condition or use of the public space. Consequently, it reduces the expenses related to their 79 maintenance. The risk of utilities damage during excavation work is reduced, because blind digging 80 risk is eliminated. Utility Tunnel reduces also corrosion of buried utilities, which results from the 81 contact of corrosive utilities with humidity and chemical components in the soil [8, 10]. 82

83 84



85 Figure 1. Main advantageous of the Utility Tunnel. 86

In addition, utilities built using traditional technology are subjected to damage risk due to soils 87 settlement. This risk is eliminated by the Utility Tunnel [13]. Moreover, traditional utilities suffer 88 from the high cost of their inspection and of the impact of inspection on the disturbance of traffic and 89 other urban services. According to [19], lack in utilities inspection constitutes the principal failure 90 hazard to utilities. The use of utility tunnels facilitates utilities inspection, and consequently, increases 91 their reliability as compared to the conventional installation practice. 92

[5-7] consider that the Utility Tunnel highly contributes to the sustainable development of the 93 urban underground space, because it optimizes the use of this “nonrenewable” space for utility and 94 urban services purposes. Thanks to these advantageous, the Utility Tunnel has been used in many 95 cities in the world [3, 20-24]. The Utility Tunnel technology is largely used in China. According to 96 [25], about 69 cities in China are building underground utility tunnels with a total length of 1000 km; 97 this length will exceed 1 600 km in 2020. 98

Utility Tunnel Challenges 99

Figure 2 summarizes the main challenges of the Utility Tunnel. Considering the role of this 100 facility in providing basic urban services such as energy, water and telecommunications, it constitutes 101 a critical infrastructure for cities. Consequently, the major challenge of the Utility Tunnel concerns 102 the Service Continuity of hosted utilities and related services. Any serious incident in the tunnel could 103 result in a chain of incidents and to the interruption of urban services. Incidents in the Utility Tunnel 104 could result from technical problems such as water leak, flood, gas leak, electrical outage and 105 maintenance operations. The Utility Tunnel could also be subjected to vandalism, sabotage and 106 terrorism actions. Consequently, the security of the Utility tunnel constitutes a major concern for 107 public authorities as well as for the tunnel operator and clients [8,10, 26]. Utility tunnels are highly 108 complex systems with ‘‘synergistic’’ characteristics, which designates the occurrence of combined 109 actions which have greater total effects than the sum of their individual parts [27]. 110

Fire constitutes the major risk for the Utility Tunnel. Several papers showed the necessity to 111 establish fire-safety strategy for the Utility Tunnel including restrictions on the use of materials in the 112 tunnel construction and equipment, compatibility of hosted utilities, tunnel compartmentalization, 113 tunnel access, escape means, use of fire early detection system, smoke control, fire extinguishment 114 and ventilation [28]. According to a report of the Federal Highway Administration, flood constitutes 115 also a serious risk for the safety of the Utility Tunnel [4]. 116 117



118 Figure 2. Challenges of the Utility Tunnel. 119

Liability and management of the Utility Tunnel constitutes also a major challenge for companies 120 who share the same critical space [7, 11, 12]. Generally, companies do not accept liability involving 121 risk of explosion, flood, and the presence of other company working in the same space. Consequently, 122 Utility Tunnel owner and operator should present guarantees about the safety and security of the 123 Utility Tunnel exploitation. 124

The Utility Tunnels is subjected also to difficulties related to the governance and economic 125 models of this “shared” space [11-13]. Since utilities have specific requirements, they are generally 126 worried about the respect of their requirements and also to the transparency in the determination of 127 utilities benefits as well as the share of investment and exploitation expanses. 128

The complex challenges of the Utility Tunnel constitute a major barrier to their development and 129 use. The Smart Technology allows to meet these challenges through the construction of a 130 comprehensive management system including monitoring, control of security equipment and 131 advanced data analysis, that allow to detect quickly any incident in the tunnel and to apply adequate 132 procedures to confine this incident, repair its origin and re-establish the system functioning. The 133 system ensures that hosted services do not fail or that their failure is recovered within acceptable time 134 limits. The following sections show how the Smart Technology will help in the construction of this 135 comprehensive management system. 136

Smart City concept 137

The Smart City concept is based on an interdisciplinary approach of urban systems [14-18]. It 138 consists in using both digital technology as well as social and economic innovations for the optimal 139 and safe management of cities. The focal point of this concept concerns the efficiency of urban 140 systems, quality of life for citizens as well as development of friendly urban environment, that 141 preserves natural resources and reduces pollutants emission. The Smart City concept includes a 142 friendly digital environment, that provides citizens with pertinent information about urban systems 143 and services. In addition, the Smart Technology offers the capacity to confine a local fault and 144 consequently to prevent its extension to larger areas. This technology provides public authorities and 145 city stakeholders with pertinent data and information concerning the real performances of urban 146 systems as well as stakeholders’ response to urban crisis or disasters. These data are crucial to improv 147 the city capacity to address resiliency challenges. 148

Figure 3 summarizes the implementation of the smart city concept. It includes data collection 149 from different urban systems including infrastructures, services and environment [7-11]. Collected 150 data are then verified, cleaned and stored in an information system, which constitutes the heart of 151 the Smart City system. Data could be enhanced by images, videos and audios resulting in the 152 construction of urban Big Data [29, 30]. Analysis of real-time and historical data includes different 153 issues such as identification of general trends in urban systems responses, security and performances 154 analysis, machine learning, development of prediction models and their use to improve the city 155 management. 156



157 Figure 3. Implementation of the Smart City concept. 158

Utility Tunnel Smart System Management 159

Specifications 160

The smart management system of the Utility Tunnel aims at developing an inclusive digital 161 system that uses the latest technology in smart monitoring, data collection, data analysis, system 162 control and data share to meer the requirements presented in figure 3. 163

Figure 4 summarizes the specifications of the Smart System Management. It should perform data 164 collection concerning the tunnel and hosted utilities assets and exploitation using smart sensors as 165 well as smart tools for the tunnel inspection and maintenance. 166

The system should also perform real-time and historical data analysis using conventional 167 engineering and security tools as well as advanced ICT tools such as BigData, Artificial Intelligence 168 and Augmented Reality. 169

The system should also incorporate advanced tools for resilience management such as 170 establishing smart procedure for incident management, incident early detection as well as for 171 effective incident response to ensure the Service Continuity. The ACT tools such as Artificial 172 Intelligence are used to enhance the Utility Tunnel resiliency. The system should edit and diffuse 173 incidents reports as well as performances reports. 174

• Urban infrastructures• Urban services• Urban environment• Urban stakeholders

Data collection

Data storage and procession

Data Analysis Output

• Data verification• Data cleaning• Data storage• Data sharing

• Basic trends • Security control• Learning• Prediction models• Optimization• Share of information

• Enhanced security• Improved efficiency• Performances evaluation• Improved services quality



175 Figure 4. Specifications of the Utility Tunnel Smart Management System. 176

Architecture 177

The architecture of the Smart Management System is presented in figure 5. A Smart 178 Management Platform ensures the coordination of the system, which includes the following layers: 179 managers layer, physical layer, monitoring layer, inspection and maintenance layer, information 180 system, analysis layer and control layer. 181

182 Figure 5. Architecture of the Utility Tunnel Smart Management System. 183

184

Physical layer : Tunnel and utilities

Information system

Data Analysis Layer Engineering, safety/security, Learning

Control layer : Switches, valves, actuators

Smart Management Platform

Monitoring layer : Smart Sensors, cameras, robots

Inspection & Maintenance

Tunnel Manager

Utility 1 Manager

Utility 2 Manager

Utility n Manager

Mangers layer



Managers Layer 185

The managers layer includes the operator of the tunnel as well as the managers of hosted 186 utilities. The tunnel operator is in charge of the management of the tunnel, which consists in ensuring 187 the tunnel security as well as the operational conditions for utilities according to the agreement 188 between the tunnel owner and utilities managers. The Utility Tunnel management requires the 189 creation of a Management Committee, which is composed of the tunnel operator and utilities 190 managers. This committee shares information about the exploitation and security requirements of 191 each utility as well as the general requirements for the tunnel exploitation and security. This 192 committee is in charge of analysis of utilities interactions, in particular the impact of any incident in 193 the tunnel on utilities. It establishes procedures to be followed in case of any incident. 194

Physical Layer 195

The physical layer corresponds to the tunnel and hosted utilities as well as their equipment. This 196 layer is subjected to strict exploitation and quality control requirements, including operational 197 conditions and performances as well as monitoring, inspection and maintenance. 198

A 3D digital model is constructed for the digital representation of the tunnel and utilities assets. 199 This model includes digital identification as well as geo-localization of the tunnel and hosted utilities 200 components. Each component is equipped by RFID tags, which provide dynamic information about 201 the component including manuals, guides, photos and videos. BIM is used for the construction of 202 this model as well as for the asset management and 3D visualization. 203

Monitoring Layer 204

The monitor layer concerns both the tunnel and hosted facilities. 205

Tunnel Monitoring 206

Figure 6 illustrates the smart monitoring of the tunnel. It includes smart sensors to follow 207 indoor conditions such as temperature, humidity, air quality, smoke, gas emission and water 208 infiltration. 209

Survey cameras are used to track illegal intrusions in the tunnel. Staffs access to the tunnel is 210 controlled using digital identification system for each staff member. This system provides 211 information about the identity of the member, his contact and hierarchy as well as the authorized 212 area in the tunnel. In addition, each presence in the tunnel is tracked using internal geo-localization 213 system [31, 32]. At each instant, the system provides the identity of staff members in the tunnel as 214 well as their positions. This information is crucial for security requirements. The system provides also 215 the history of presences in the tunnel. 216

Tunnel monitoring concerns also the tunnel equipment such as tunnel access (open/closed, 217 identity of users), compartmentalization equipment, ventilation system (debit, temperature..) and the 218 lightening system (on/off, color). 219 220



221 Figure 6 . Tunnel Smart Monitoring. 222

Utilities Monitoring 223

The smart technology achieved a high maturity level for utilities management. The use of this 224 technology in the Utility Tunnel is facilitated by the ease access to utilities and favorable 225 environmental conditions for the monitoring system. Figure 7 summarizes the smart monitoring of 226 the following systems: drinking water, water drainage, district heating and electrical grid. 227

The drinking water system is monitored by AMRs (Automatic Meter Reading) to measure water 228 debit, pressure cells to record the water pressure and water quality sensors for on-line control of the 229 water quality (Turbidity, pH, Temperature, chlorine, conductivity,..). This system allows rapid 230 detection of water leakage and water contamination. 231

The drainage system uses sensors to follow the water level and flow in the tunnel, water quality 232 (turbidity, temperature, pH, ..) and pumping equipment. This system allows early detection of flood 233 in the tunnel and faults in the pumping equipment. 234

The electrical grid is monitored by smart sensors to measure the electrical tension, current and 235 frequency as well as switches status (on/off) and the electrical wires temperature. This system allows 236 early detection of faults in the electrical grid. 237

The heating system is monitored by sensors that record fluid temperature, pressure and flow as 238 well as the state of valves (open/off). This system allows early fault detection in the heating system 239 as well as the improvement of the system performances. 240 241



242 Figure 7. monitoring of main utilities. 243

Inspection and Maintenance Layer 244

The inspection and maintenance of the Utility Tunnel constitute a major concern for the tunnel 245 and utilities safety and performances. Requirements and procedures for the smart inspection and 246 maintenance of each component of the tunnel and hosted utilities should be established and 247 coordinated by concerned managers. Each inspection and maintenance intervention should be 248 controlled and result in an on-line “intervention report”, which is transmitted to concerned staffs and 249 authorities. 250

Figure 8 illustrates how the Smart Technology could help in improving the quality of inspection 251 and maintenance of the tunnel and hosted utilities. In addition to the digital identification and geo-252 localization of the tunnel and utilities components, each component is equipped by inspection and 253 maintenance RFID tags, which are connected to the “Tunnel Management Platform” via mobile 254 application. 255

The inspection tag provides both inspection historical data and procedure. It allows via specific 256 protocol to control the inspection quality as well as on-line reporting. The inspection report could 257 include sheets, images and videos. The report is then automatically transmitted to staffs concerned 258 by the inspection, with alerts in case of any need for urgent intervention. 259

Robots could be used for the inspection of the tunnel using inspection cameras as well as tags 260 for the localization of the tunnel and utilities components. 261

The maintenance tag is used to improve the quality and control of maintenance. The RFID 262 maintenance tag is used in the same way as the inspection RFID tag to improve and control the 263 quality of maintenance. 264 265



266 Figure. 8 Inspection and maintenance data of the tunnel and hosted utilities. 267

Information System 268

Data and information concerning the tunnel and utilities assets as well as their monitoring, 269 inspection, maintenance and exploitation are stored via the management platform in an information 270 system. Any new data is first controlled and eventually cleaned according to specific protocols before 271 integration into the information system. The information system includes structured data such as 272 sheets, time-series data as well as unstructured data such as images, videos, audios… 273

The management of the information system is complex, because of the critical nature of this 274 system for the security of the tunnel and for the Service Continuity of hosted utilities. An organization 275 of the information system in clusters allows to meet the operational and security requirements of the 276 tunnel and hosted utilities. Figure 9 shows this organization. It includes three types of clusters. The 277 tunnel cluster, which includes data and information related to the tunnel and utilities assets and the 278 digital identity of staff members involved in the tunnel or utilities exploitation. It includes also data 279 concerning the tunnel monitoring, inspection and maintenance. Each Utility cluster includes data 280 related to the utility asset, monitoring, inspection and maintenance. The security cluster includes data 281 related to the Utility Tunnel security and incident management, such as indoor conditions, fluid leak, 282 illegal intrusion, faults in the security system (ventilation, fire frightening, compartmentalization, 283 access control…) and human presence. 284

A “key actor” is designated for each cluster. His role is to work with other key actors as well as 285 with the tunnel and utilities mangers to establish procedures related to data purchase, verification, 286 cleaning, validation, processing, share, exploitation and quality control. The procedure should also 287 cover data use for incident and security management. 288

289



290

Figure 9. Data clusters in the information system. 291

Control Layer 292

The control layer includes electronic devices, switches, valves, motors, pumps and locks, which 293 could be remote-controlled via the platform. 294

Electronic locks are used for the on-line control of the tunnel access. Smart pumps are used for 295 the e control of ventilation, smoke extraction, fire-frightening and water evacuation. Smart motors 296 are used for closing/opening the tunnel compartmentalization doors and tunnel access. Smart valves 297 are used to control the water flow or pressure in the drinking water and district heating systems. 298 Smart switches are used for the control of the electrical grid. 299

Data Analysis 300

Data analysis concerns the transformation of real-time and historical data into operational data, 301 that improves the efficiency and security of the tunnel and hosted utilities. 302

Security analysis aims at improving the early detection of abnormal events such as water or gas 303 leak, water infiltration, unusual increase in the temperature, illegal intrusion as well as faults in the 304 tunnel equipment related to access control, ventilation, smoke extraction and firefighting. It aims also 305 at operating rapid execution of security procedures including automatic actions such turning off/on 306 some equipment, closing/opening accesses, closing/opening compartmentalization doors, putting-on 307 firefighting system, smoke evacuation, alerting staffs inside the tunnel, sending alerts to staffs and 308 authorities concerned by incident. 309

Early incident detection is based on the comparison of real-time data with references values or 310 base-line values, which could be completed or enhanced by cross data analysis and Artificial 311 Intelligence. According to the degree of violation of the reference values, a risk degree is attributed 312 to the event and an appropriate procedure is activated. This procedure could include simply 313 additional verification, alerts, turning off/on some equipment or emergency service intervention. 314



The incident post-analysis is crucial. It concerns analysis of data collected during the incident as 315 well as pre- and post- incident data. It includes also staff response to the incident and the interaction 316 among the tunnel and utilities operators. This analysis allows to understand the real-response of 317 systems and staffs concerned by the incident. It allows also to check the efficiency of incident-318 management procedures and to improve these procedures including incident detection and response 319 strategies. 320

Since the Utility Tunnel is very complex, historical and real-time data are used for the training 321 and use of the Artificial Intelligence for the tunnel and utilities safety and optimal management. The 322 Artificial Intelligence is mature for complex data analysis including, image processing, cross data 323 analysis, faults early detection and system control. 324

Construction of Utility Tunnel the Smart Management System 325

An effective governance and management model is crucial for an efficient management of the 326 Utility Tunnel. It is based on a governance committee, which is composed of the tunnel operator, 327 utilities managers and other authorities concerned by the Utility Tunnel. It requires also clear rules 328 for decision-making, responsibilities and rights of the Utility Tunnel stakeholders. It also defines the 329 organization of the management team. 330

The specifications part aims at defining the specifications for the components of the Utility 331 Tunnel concerned by the Smart System, such as monitoring, tunnel access rules, inspection, 332 maintenance, information system, data analysis tools and system control. 333

The system construction consists in building the components of the system according to the 334 specifications defined in the 2nd step. It concerns construction of the management platform, 335 construction of the 3D digital model of the tunnel and hosted utilities, installation of the monitoring 336 and control systems, digital installation of procedures for maintenance and inspection, 337 implementation of analysis tools and software, including the Artificial Intelligence tools. 338

The last phase concerns the verification and regular evaluation of the system. It includes 339 verification of vertical layers, which correspond to utilities, as well as horizontal layers, which 340 concern the tunnel as well as security. Performances of these layers are evaluated regularly according 341 to performances indicators. The system is regularly updated to enhance the system security and 342 efficiency. 343 344



345

Figure 10 details the septs to be conducted for the construction of the Utility Tunnel Smart 346 Management Structutre. It includes 4 steps: (1) Establishing the governance and management 347

system, (2) Establishing the Smart System specifications, (3) Construction of the System and (4) 348 Verification, evaluation and update. 349

Conclusion 350

The Utility Tunnel offers large opportunities to cities. It allows an ease inspection, maintenance, 351 renovation and extension of urban utilities under any environmental condition without the necessity 352 to operate pavement cuts and excavations. Consequently, it eliminates urban disturbances related to 353 utilities works such as traffic jams, noise, pollution and pavements degradation. It reduces also 354 expenses related to maintenance of utilities and pavements. However, the use of this technology is 355 yet below expectations, because of security and management challenges related to the exploitation of 356 this critical space. 357

This paper presented a Smart Solution that allows the Utility Tunnel operator to improve 358 security and efficiency of this space, and consequently to provide guarantees for utilities concerning 359 the respect of their requirements as well as transparency of the governance and economic models. 360 The great advantageous of the Smart Solution concerns the establishment of an efficient governance 361 and management system, use of the latest technology to collect and share data and information 362 related to the exploitation and security of the tunnel and hosted utilities, use of advanced technology, 363 including Artificial Intelligence, for data analysis as well as for the enhancement of the tunnel 364 resiliency. This solution provides at each moment a multi-scale fine picture of the tunnel and utilities 365 functioning and environment. It allows early detection of abnormal events and a rapid application of 366 advanced procedures to confine these events and to preserve the Service Continuity of hosted 367 utilities. In addition, the construction of the Smart Solution allows a real involvement of the tunnel 368



stakeholders in the design, construction and use of this comprehensive solution. This involvement 369 constitutes a major key success in the optimal and safe management of the Utility Tunnel. 370 371 Author Contributions 372 Conceptualization Isam SHAHROUR; Methodology, Xiong Yao XIE and Zixin Zhang; Resources, Hanbing Bian; 373 Writing – original draft, Isam SHAHROUR. 374

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