1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes...
Transcript of 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes...
![Page 1: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter5Topics1.AnimalLifeCycles2.StructureofDNAinEukaryotesandProkaryotes!3.ReplicationofDNA(copyingofDNA)4.Makingproteins!
• Transcription-goingfromDNAtomRNA• Translation-goingfrommRNAtoprotein
5.Generegulation!6.SizinguptheGenome7.Mutations8.MitosisvsMeiosis(sexualreproduction)9.MendelandPunnettSquares
![Page 2: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter5FinalTopicMendelandPunnetSquaresEveryonewasinterestedininheritanceduring2ndhalfof1800sMostlypeoplebelievedinblendinginheritance.
![Page 3: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Whatisblendinginheritance??
Imagineballsareindividualsfilledwithpaintandyoumimicmatingbyrandomlypullingthemoutofabuckettwobytwo….
![Page 4: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fig.1.Differencebetweentheoutcomesfromblendingandfromparticulateinheritance.Inpost-Mendelianterms,weassumeasingledialleliclocus,andhencethreediploidgenotypes(AA,blue;Aa,green;aa,yellow).Underparticulateinheritance,thepopulation'svariabilityispreservedfromgenerationtogeneration.Incontrast,theconventionalwisdomofDarwin'sdaysawoffspringinheritablendofparents'characteristics,hererepresentedastheaverageofthetwoparentalshadings.Theresultisthatthevariabilitydiminishesinsuccessivegenerations(thevarianceishalvedeachgenerationifmatingisatrandom)SCIENCEMAGAZINEB.MAY
![Page 5: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fig.1.Differencebetweentheoutcomesfromblendingandfromparticulateinheritance.Inpost-Mendelianterms,weassumeasingledialleliclocus,andhencethreediploidgenotypes(AA,blue;Aa,green;aa,yellow).Underparticulateinheritance,thepopulation'svariabilityispreservedfromgenerationtogeneration.Incontrast,theconventionalwisdomofDarwin'sdaysawoffspringinheritablendofparents'characteristics,hererepresentedastheaverageofthetwoparentalshadings.Theresultisthatthevariabilitydiminishesinsuccessivegenerations(thevarianceishalvedeachgenerationifmatingisatrandom)SCIENCEMAGAZINEB.MAY
![Page 6: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fig.1.Differencebetweentheoutcomesfromblendingandfromparticulateinheritance.Inpost-Mendelianterms,weassumeasingledialleliclocus,andhencethreediploidgenotypes(AA,blue;Aa,green;aa,yellow).Underparticulateinheritance,thepopulation'svariabilityispreservedfromgenerationtogeneration.Incontrast,theconventionalwisdomofDarwin'sdaysawoffspringinheritablendofparents'characteristics,hererepresentedastheaverageofthetwoparentalshadings.Theresultisthatthevariabilitydiminishesinsuccessivegenerations(thevarianceishalvedeachgenerationifmatingisatrandom)SCIENCEMAGAZINEB.MAY
![Page 7: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
WhywasMendelabletodeducethe“particulatepattern”whileotherswerestruggling?Imagineyouareinterestedininheritance…….Whatmeasurementscouldyoumakeonthepeopleinthisclass?
![Page 8: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
WhywasMendelsuccessful?Hewassuccessfulbecausehechose….• flowercolorispurpleorwhite• flowerpositionisaxilorterminal• stemlengthislongorshort• seedshapeisroundorwrinkled• seedcolorisyelloworgreen• podcolorisyelloworgreen
Hedidnotchoosetraitslike• numberofseedsperpod• podlength• podwidth• seedsperplant• seedweight• plantheight
![Page 9: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Toreview…Mendelchosetotrackonlycharactersthatvariedinan“either-or”ratherthanamoreorlessmanner.Hisplantshadeitherpurpleorwhiteflowers,therewasnothingintermediatebetweenthesetwovarieties.
HadMendelfocusedinsteadoncharactersthatvaryinacontinuumamongindividuals-seedweightforexample-hewouldnothavediscoveredtheparticulatenatureofinheritance!
ConsideringallthatcanoccurinthepathwayfromgenotypetophenotypeitisamazingthatMendelcouldsimplifythecomplexitiestorevealthefundamentalprinciplesgoverningtransmissionofindividualgenesfromparentstooffspring!
![Page 10: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1865MendelpublisheshisPARTICULATEVIEWofInheritance…
Almostcompletelyignoredeventhoughitwouldhavemadenaturalselectionworktodriveevolution!
WasnotuntiltheModernSynthesisthatMendel’sideascametogetherwithmathematicalmodelsofnaturalselection.
![Page 11: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Reviewofterms…Whatisalocus?Whatarealleles?Foradiploidorganism,howmanyalleleswilltherebeateachlocus?Homozygous?Heterozygous?Dominant?Recessive?
![Page 12: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Reviewofterms…Whatisalocus?Whatarealleles?Foradiploidorganism,howmanyalleleswilltherebeateachlocus?Homozygous?Heterozygous?Dominant?Recessive?
![Page 13: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
IFtheblackgumballisDOMINANTtothewhitegumball,thisindividual’sphenotypewouldbe(whatcolorwouldthebeifthegumballlocusaffectedfurcolor)…..?
![Page 14: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Imagebelowshows5pairsofhomologouschromosomesin5differentindividuals.
Whichotherindividualsareheterozygousinthispopulationatthegumballlocus?Howmanyallelesarethereinthispopulationof5individualsatthegumballlocus?
Foradiploidorganism,howmanyalleleswilltherebeateachlocus?
![Page 15: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Letsfocusonasinglelocus(“gene”)onasinglechromosomeforplants!
Inplantsweuseupperandlowercaseletters(usually).
![Page 16: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fromyourtext!Whichisdominant?
![Page 17: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
I’lladdanotherexample-FlowercolorinMendel’speasInpeaplantsP(purpleflowers)isdominantto(p)whiteflowers…..SoifaplantisPPitwillbe..whatcolor?IfitisPpitwillbe...Ifitisppitwillbe…
![Page 18: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Parental generation (P)
PP pp
Genotypesofalloffspring(F1)?
Phenotypesofalloffspring?
What gametes? What gametes?
![Page 19: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
AnorganizedwaytorespondtothisquestionofwhatarethegenotypesgoingtobeinthenextgenerationistouseaPunnettSquare..PPxppcross…
Whataregenotypesandphenotypesofoffspring?
p p
P
P
![Page 20: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
AnorganizedwaytorespondtothisquestionofwhatarethegenotypesgoingtobeinthenextgenerationistouseaPunnettSquare..PPxppcross…
Whataregenotypesandphenotypesofoffspring?DidIevenneeda2x2table??
Pp
Pp Pp
Pp zygotes
p p
P
P
![Page 21: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SotheseareallPp…right?Nowletscrosstwoofthese!
PP pp
F1
![Page 22: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
P
P
p
p
Whatifyouinterbredtheoffspring(F1)togettheF2?PpxPpcross…
WhataregenotypesandphenotypesoftheseF2offspring?
![Page 23: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PP
Pp
Pp
pp
P
P
p
p
WhatifyouinterbredtheoffspringorF1togettheF2?PpxPpcross…
WhataregenotypesandphenotypesoftheseF2offspring?
![Page 24: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Phenotype
1
Genotype
Purple
Purple
Purple
White
Ratio 3:1
PP (homozygous)
Pp (heterozygous)
Pp (heterozygous)
pp (homozygous)
Ratio 1:2:1
2
3
1
1
![Page 25: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
P Generation (true-breeding
parents)
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
Purple flowers White flowers
All plants had purple flowers
Self- or cross-pollination
705 purple-flowered plants
224 white-flowered plants
Isthisobservationcompatiblewithblending????
Thisreappearanceofwhiteflowerswasconsideredamazing!!Whitedisappearedandthenreappeared!
![Page 26: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
WasprettyimpressivethatthroughtheseresultsMendelwasabletoinferwhatwasgoingon!Hefiguredoutthatthereweretrue“particles”thatretainedtheiridentity.Wasnotlikepaintblending!
![Page 27: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Toreview…Mendelchosetotrackonlycharactersthatvariedinan“either-or”ratherthanamoreorlessmanner.Hisplantshadeitherpurpleorwhiteflowers,therewasnothingintermediatebetweenthesetwovarieties.
HadMendelfocusedinsteadoncharactersthatvaryinacontinuumamongindividuals-seedweightforexample-hewouldnothavediscoveredtheparticulatenatureofinheritance!
ConsideringallthatcanoccurinthepathwayfromgenotypetophenotypeitisamazingthatMendelcouldsimplifythecomplexitiestorevealthefundamentalprinciplesgoverningtransmissionofindividualgenesfromparentstooffspring!
![Page 28: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Gettingmorereal…..1.Mostreallocihavemanyalleleswhenyoulookatapopulation!• Bloodgroups…IA, IB, and IO
• Majorhistocompatibilitycomplex(MHC)genesalsoknownasthehumanleukocyteantigen(HLA)mayhaveonehundreddifferentallelesatasinglelocus!!!
![Page 29: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2.Mostgenesaffectmultipletraits-Pleiotropy!Ex.CysticfibrosiscausedbymutationsinCFTRgene(Over1900alleles!)affectslungs-getinfectionsbutalsoaffectspancreasanddigestivesystem.Ex.Fruitfliesvggeneaffectswingsandthepositionofbristlesonafly'sscutellum,anddecreasesthelengthofafly'slife.
![Page 30: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Insomecases…twoallelesataparticularlocushaveunusualrelationships!Itmaynotbeasimpledominant-recessiverelationship.
![Page 31: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
½ ½
P Generation
F1 Generation
Gametes
Gametes
White CWCW
Pink CRCW
Red CRCR
CW CR
CW CR
3.Incompletedominance!Isthisblendinginheritance???
![Page 32: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Thischickenisheterozygousatasinglelocus(BW),erminette.
Whatisgoingonhere?Bothallelesareexpressed!
4.Codominance
![Page 33: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Plusmanygenesinteractwithoneanother….
![Page 34: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
BE
be
BBEE
bbee
BbEE BbEe
bE
Be
BBEe
BbEE bbEE bbEe BbEe
BBEe BbEe Bbee BBee
BbEe bbEe Bbee
9 : 4 : 3
Eggs
Sperm
Bb Ee FYI..2locion2differentchromosomesWhatwouldbethepossiblegenotypesofthespermproducedbythismalelab?
![Page 35: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ BE Be
BE
be
BBEE
bbee
BbEE BbEe
bE be
bE
Be
BBEe
BbEE bbEE bbEe BbEe
BBEe BbEe Bbee BBee
BbEe bbEe Bbee
9 : 4 : 3
Eggs
Sperm
BbEe BbEe FYI..2locion2differentchromosomes
![Page 36: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ BE Be
BE
be
BBEE
bbee
BbEE BbEe
bE be
bE
Be
BBEe
BbEE bbEE bbEe BbEe
BBEe BbEe Bbee BBee
BbEe bbEe Bbee
9 : 4 : 3
Eggs
Sperm
BbEe BbEe
![Page 37: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ BE Be
BE
be
BBEE
bbee
BbEE BbEe
bE be
bE
Be
BBEe
BbEE bbEE bbEe BbEe
BBEe BbEe Bbee BBee
BbEe bbEe Bbee
9 : 4 : 3
Eggs
Sperm
BbEe BbEe
![Page 38: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ BE Be
BE
be
BBEE
bbee
BbEE BbEe
bE be
bE
Be
BBEe
BbEE bbEE bbEe BbEe
BBEe BbEe Bbee BBee
BbEe bbEe Bbee
9 : 4 : 3
Eggs
Sperm
BbEe BbEe
![Page 39: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure11.12
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ BE Be
BE
be
BBEE
bbee
BbEE BbEe
bE be
bE
Be
BBEe
BbEE bbEE bbEe BbEe
BBEe BbEe Bbee BBee
BbEe bbEe Bbee
9 : 4 : 3
Eggs
Sperm
BbEe BbEe
Whatisgoingon????Brownlabwhenhomozygousrecessive(bb)andeither(EE)or(Ee).
![Page 40: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
¼
¼
¼
¼
¼ ¼ ¼ ¼ BE Be
BE
be
BBEE
bbee
BbEE BbEe
bE be
bE
Be
BBEe
BbEE bbEE bbEe BbEe
BBEe BbEe Bbee BBee
BbEe bbEe Bbee
9 : 4 : 3
Eggs
Sperm
BbEe BbEe Getyellowlabwheneveree!(Itshutsdowncolorproducinggene.)Whatisthiscalled?5.Epistasis
![Page 41: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
6.Traitsareusuallydeterminedbymanymorethanoneoreventwoloci!With2lociwhatismaximumnumberofgeneticallydifferentgametesyoucouldhave?BbEe 4differentgametes….(BE,Be,bE,be)
Imagine3lociormore!
Howmanygeneticallydifferentgametesarepossiblewith3lociallonseparatechromosomes?AaBbCcABCAbcABcaBCabCAbCaBcabcWhatwillyourpunnetsquarelooklike!!
![Page 42: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Eggs
Sperm
AaBbCc AaBbCc
Phenotypes:
0 Number of dark-skin alleles: 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 64 1 64 6 64 6 64 1 64 15 64 15 64 20 64
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8
Ex.SkincolorisPolygenic(quantitativetraitormultilocustrait)
![Page 43: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Eggs
Sperm
AaBbCc AaBbCc
Phenotypes:
0 Number of dark-skin alleles: 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 64 1 64 6 64 6 64 1 64 15 64 15 64 20 64
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8
ABC abc
![Page 44: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Eggs
Sperm
AaBbCc AaBbCc
Phenotypes:
0 Number of dark-skin alleles: 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 64 1 64 6 64 6 64 1 64 15 64 15 64 20 64
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8
![Page 45: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Eggs
Sperm
AaBbCc AaBbCc
Phenotypes:
0 Number of dark-skin alleles: 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 64 1 64 6 64 6 64 1 64 15 64 15 64 20 64
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8
1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8
Doyouthinkhaving3lociisrealisticforskincolor?
![Page 46: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
“Humanskincolorisapolygenictrait,meaningmultiplegenelociareinvolvedinitsexpression.Atlastcount,theInternationalFederationofPigmentCellSocieties…hasdeterminedthatthereareatotalof378geneticlociinvolvedindeterminingskincolorinhumansandmice.”http://www.gbhealthwatch.com/Trait-Skin-Color.php
![Page 47: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
7.Twolociorgenes(andthusthetraitstheycodefor)maybelinkediftheyareclosetogetheronthesamechromosome!Ifyouinheritoneyouverylikelyinherittheother-recombinationwillnotbreakthemapartduringmeiosis.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_17_02_01.jpg
![Page 48: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
8.MultifactorialtraitsWhenadiseaseissaidtohaveamultifactorialbasis,itmeansthat…???• itiscausedbyagenewithalargenumberofalleles• itaffectsalargenumberofpeople• ithasmanydifferentsymptoms• bothgeneticandenvironmentalfactorscontributetothedisease
• ittendstoskipageneration
![Page 49: 1. Animal Life Cycles 2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and ......2. Structure of DNA in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes! 3. Replication of DNA (copying of DNA) 4. Making proteins! •](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062611/6135e2310ad5d2067647a937/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
8.MultifactorialtraitsWhenadiseaseissaidtohaveamultifactorialbasis,itmeansthat…???• itiscausedbyagenewithalargenumberofalleles• itaffectsalargenumberofpeople• ithasmanydifferentsymptoms• bothgeneticandenvironmentalfactorscontributetothedisease
• ittendstoskipagenerationComeupwithanexampleofamultifactorialdisease!Thesearethenorm!