1 Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to A & P.
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Transcript of 1 Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to A & P.
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Anatomy & PhysiologyChapter 1
Introduction to A & P
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – study of ____________ (Greek – “a cutting up”)
• Physiology – study of ____________ (Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates ______________.”
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Levels of Organization
•____________________– electrons, protons, and neutrons• ______________ – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• __________ – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• ________________ – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• ___________ – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• _________ – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• _____________ – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve• __________ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • ______________ – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• ____________ – the human
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Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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Can you name the organ systems? Hint..11
Organ Systems
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Characteristics of Life (10)
•_____________ – change in position; motion
• _____________ – reaction to a change
• __________ – increase in body size; no change in shape
• ______________ – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
• ___________ – production of new organisms and new cells
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• _______________ – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
• ______________ – movement of substances in body fluids
• ________________ – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
• _________________ – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
• ___________ – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Characteristics of Life (Cont.)
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Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:• • • • •
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• Water- most abundant substance in body- required for _____________________- required for transport of substances- regulates ________________________
• Food- provides necessary _____________- supplies energy- supplies __________________
Requirements of Organisms
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• Oxygen (gas)- _____________ of air- used to ______________from nutrients
• Heat- form of _____________ - partly controls ____________________________
• Pressure - application of ________________________ - ______________ pressure – important for breathing - ______________ pressure – keeps blood flowing
Requirements of Organisms
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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable _______________________
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the _____________________and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. All homeostatic mechanisms have three components in common:
• ______________ - provides information about the stimuli; senses change in environment• ______________- tells what a particular value should be (called the set point); regulates set-point of variables• ______________- organ that acts in response to changes; elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Stimulus(Change occursin internalenvironment.) Response
(Change is corrected.)
Receptors Effectors(muscles or glands)
Control center(set point)
(Change is comparedto the set point.)
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• There are two (2) types:
• _____________ feedback mechanisms
• _____________feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
The ________________________________control homeostasis in the body
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Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• ____________the actions of the effectors
• Corrects the _______________
• Causes __________________________to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Limits chaos in the body by creating _________________
• Most _______________ type of feedback loop
• Examples: _____________________________________________
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
• Produces more _______________ in the body
• Produces more chaos in the body
• There are only a few types necessary for our survival
• Positive feedback mechanisms are _________________
• Controls only ___________________that do not require __________________________________
• Considered to be the ______________________ loop
• Examples: _____________________________________
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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AXIAL PORTION APPENCICULAR PORTION
MAJOR CAVITIES CRANIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY
VERTEBRAL CANAL
* Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities. ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY
* Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.
Organization of the Human Body
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Organization of the Human Body
• Body cavities
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelviccavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
(a)
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelviccavity
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoraciccavity
(b)
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Paranasal sinuses:
Cranial cavity
Paranasal sinuses:
Fig. 1.10
Cavities of the Head
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• _______________= a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:
a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = _________________ MEMBRANE.b. lines a body cavity = ___________________ MEMBRANE.
•There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for ________________________.
Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
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• There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs:
a. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS: The membrane on the surface of the lung is called _______________. The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called ____________________. The space between these two membranes is called the _____________, and it is filled with serous fluid.
b. Serous Membranes of the HEART: The membrane on the surface of the heart is called _______________
______________________ The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called _______________________. The space between these two membranes is called the ______________
_______________, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
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c. Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS: The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called
_______________________________.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called ___________ _______________________. The space between these two membranes is called the _____________ ________________, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
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Anatomical Terminology
A language used to describe the _____________________; needed for communication. Anatomical Position –
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Midline
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Anatomical TerminologyRelative Positions
Superior = _________; Inferior = __________;Anterior = _________; Posterior = _________;Ventral = __________; Dorsal = ___________;Medial = __________; Lateral = ___________;Ipsilateral = ________; Contralateral = ________;*Proximal/Distal – Only in the extremities.
Proximal = _____________; Distal = _____________;Superficial / peripheral = __________; Deep = ____________.
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Body Sections or Planes (3)
• ___________ – divides body into left and right portions• ____________ – divides body into equal left and right portions
• ____________________– divides body into superior and inferior portions
• ___________________ – divides body into anterior and posterior portions
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Body Sections
A section along a frontalplane
A section along a transverseplane
A section along themedian plane
Transverse(horizontal)plane
Frontal(coronal)plane
Parasagittalplane
Median(midsagittal)plane
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© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
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Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
• Regions ( )
• Quadrants ( )
(a)
(b)
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Body Regions
(a) (b)
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