OVERVIEW of SKELETAL &MUSCULAR SYSTEM

ANATOMY of MOTION

MA. CRISTINA S. ELMA-ZULUETA,M.D., M.S.P.H.Fellow, Phil. OB-GYN Society

Department of AnatomyUERMMMCI

OBJECTIVES

1. Enumerate and describe the functional parts of the skeletal system.

2. Classify bones and give examples.

3. Enumerate bony markings and give examples.

4. Enumerate and describe the different terms of movement.

OBJECTIVES

5. Classify joints and give examples of each.6. Classify synovial joints and give examples of each.

7. Enumerate and describe the types of muscles.

8. Classify muscles based on shape and give examples

9. Describe the coordinated action of muscle group.

REFERENCE

CLINICALLY ORIENTED ANATOMY, 6TH ED BY MOORE ET AL

OVERVIEW of theSKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL ANATOMYProvides foundation for studying the gross

anatomy of organ systems ie. named based on rel. to nearby bonesUnderstanding of how the muscles produce

body movementsBones serve as clinical landmarks

FUNCTIONAL PARTS

AXIAL SKELETON- Bones of the head, neck and

trunk

APPENDICULAR SKELETON- Bones of the limbs including

those forming the pectoral & pelvic girdles

BONES of Skeletal System

Typical adult count = 206 bones At birth , about 270 FUSION of bones is completed by late

adolescence or early 20s.+ sesamoid++ wormian

Surface markings = basis of terminologies

COMPOSITION

CARTILAGE- semirigid, resilient,

avascular

- Seen where flexibility is required

BONE- Living tissue, highly

specialized

TYPES OF BONE

Based on relative amount of solid matter and the number and size of the spaces they contain

1. Compact

2. Spongy

CLASSIFICATION OF BONESBased on SHAPE

LONG BONES- tubular SHORT BONES- cuboidal(tarsus &

carpus)

FLAT BONES- usually serve protective function (skull bones, scapula, sternum,ribs)

IRREGULAR BONES various shapes (vertebrae, ossicles, facial bones)

SESAMOID BONE develop in certain tendon(patella)

BONE MARKINGS

Appear wherever tendons, ligaments and fascias are attached

Where arteries lie adjacent to or enter

BONY MARKINGS

ANATOMICAL REGIONS

SKULL = cranial + facial bones

VERTEBRAL COLUMN + ( thoracic cage) UPPER LIMB + PECTORAL GIRDLE LOWER + PELVIC GIRDLE

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Flexion- bending or decreasing angle bet. bones or parts of the body

Extension- straightening or increasing angle

Dorsiflexion- flexion at ankle joint Plantarflexion-bends the foot and

toes toward the ground

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Abduction moving away from the median plane

Adduction- moving toward it

Circumduction- circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension & adduction

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Rotation- turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis

(medial, lateral)

Pronation- rotates the radius medially, palm faces posteriorly

Supination- rotates radius laterally and uncrossing from the ulna

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Eversion- moves sole of the foot away fr the median plane, turning sole laterally

Inversion- moves sole of foot toward median plane, turning sole medially

Note:

Foot fully everted, it is also dorsiflexed. When fully inverted, also plantarflexed.

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Protrusion- movement anteriorly(forward)

Retrusion- movement posteriorly(backward)

Elevation- raises or moves a part superiorly

Depression- lowers or moves a part inferiorly

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

Opposition- pad of 1stdigit brought to another digit pad

Reposition- movement from opposition back to anatomical position

JOINTS

or ARTICULATION Unions or junctions

between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton

May be freely movable, allow only slight movement or no movement

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

Based on type of material by w/c articulating bones are united

- Synovial

- Fibrous

- Cartilaginous

FIBROUS JOINTS

In fibrous joints; collagen fibersin between.

3 TYPES :

a. Sutures

b. Gomphoses

c. Syndesmoses have longer fibers (interosseous membrane

or lig) =more movable

CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS

2 BONES joined by CARTILAGE

TYPES : SYNCHONDROSES

= by hyaline cartilage

SYMPHYSES = by fibrocartilage

SYNOVIAL JOINT

Synovial joint def; 2 bones are sep. by

a space w/ slippery lubricant (synovial fluid)

FREELY MOVABLE most common &

structurally complex dev. crippling dysfunctions !!

TYPES of SYNOVIAL JOINTS

BALL & SOCKET HINGE SADDLE PIVOT GLIDING CONDYLOID

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Consists of about 600 muscles MYOLOGY FUNCTIONS:

1. Movement

2. Stability

3. Communication

4. Control of body openings & passages.

5. Heat production

MUSCLE TYPES

MUSCLE CLASSIFICATION

Based on shapes :

1. fusiform

2. parallel

3. convergent

4. pennate

5. circular (sphincter)

GENERAL ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

Origin (head)

Insertion

thicker Belly

Coordinated Action of Muscle Group

Prime mover (agonist)

Synergist Antagonist Antagonist pair Fixator

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles

Intrinsic muscle = origin & insertion are in the same region ie. Hand muscles

Extrinsic muscle = acts upon a designated region but has its origin elsewhere

ie. Forearm ms acting on the fingers

Muscle Innervation

Innervation : cranial

spinal nervesDorsal ramus

Ventral ramus

= plexus

MUSCLE NOMENCLATURE

REFER TO THEIR: Size Insertion Shape Number of heads Location Orientation Origin Or action

= used singly or in combination

== advantageous to understand why muscle is so named minimize rote memorization

Learning Strategies

1.Dissect cadavers2.Examine models3. Photographic atlas as you read about structures4. Study the derivation of each name (muscle ; bone)5. Locate origins & insertions ; understand how they produce particular

joint actions

= Visual images are easier to remember than words==Direct observation stick in memory better that ofdescriptive text

THANK YOU & GOOD DAY !

OVERVIEW of SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEMOBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESREFERENCEOVERVIEW of the SKELETAL SYSTEMFUNCTIONAL PARTS Slide Number 7BONES of Skeletal SystemCOMPOSITIONTYPES OF BONECLASSIFICATION OF BONESBased on SHAPEBONE MARKINGSBONY MARKINGSANATOMICAL REGIONSTERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENTJOINTSCLASSIFICATION OF JOINTSFIBROUS JOINTSCARTILAGENOUS JOINTSSYNOVIAL JOINTTYPES of SYNOVIAL JOINTSTYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSMUSCULAR SYSTEMMUSCLE TYPESMUSCLE CLASSIFICATIONGENERAL ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLESCoordinated Action of Muscle GroupIntrinsic and Extrinsic MusclesMuscle InnervationMUSCLE NOMENCLATURESlide Number 37Learning StrategiesTHANK YOU & GOOD DAY !