1

Air Pollution Control Update10/14/11

Air & Waste Management Association

William O’Sullivan, P.E.Director, Division of Air Quality

NJ Department of Environmental Protection

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Air Pollution Challenges 20121. Mobile Sources

2. Air Toxics (especially diesel) focus on disproportionate impacts.

3. Ozone

4. NO2/SO2 1 hour NAAQS

5. Fine Particulates – continued progress

6. GHG – BACT/High Efficiency

6. Mobile Sources

3

4

New Jersey

PM2.5 Annual Average and Maximum Concentration1999-2010

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

m g/m

3

Average Concentration

Maximum Concentration

Average Concentration = Average of all sites annual averageMaximum Concentration = Maximum Annual Average

NAAQS = 15 ug/m3

New Jersey Goal = 12 ug/m3

5

Number of Day Ozone StandardsHave Been Exceeded in New Jersey

1986 - 2011

22

32

45

18

2326

9

18

7

14

6

10

4

10

4

11

16

4

0

53 3

0 0 1 0

5659

61

49 50

68

34

61

36 3633

36

47 46

18

34

45

18

13

2320

23

17

1

14

9

35

52

64

36

30

4139

44

30

9

35

21

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Nu

mb

er o

f D

ays

>0.12 ppm (1-Hour Max)

>0.08 ppm (8-Hour Max)

>0.075 ppm (8-Hour Max)

Data Through Sept 11, 2011

6

Daily Maximum 1-Hour SO2 ConcentrationsColumbia, New Jersey

September 23, 2010 - September 11, 2011

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

9/23

/201

0

10/3

/201

0

10/1

3/20

10

10/2

3/20

10

11/2

/201

0

11/1

2/20

10

11/2

2/20

10

12/2

/201

0

12/1

2/20

10

12/2

2/20

10

1/1/

2011

1/11

/201

1

1/21

/201

1

1/31

/201

1

2/10

/201

1

2/20

/201

1

3/2/

2011

3/12

/201

1

3/22

/201

1

4/1/

2011

4/11

/201

1

4/21

/201

1

5/1/

2011

5/11

/201

1

5/21

/201

1

5/31

/201

1

6/10

/201

1

6/20

/201

1

6/30

/201

1

7/10

/201

1

7/20

/201

1

7/30

/201

1

8/9/

2011

8/19

/201

1

8/29

/201

1

9/8/

2011

Par

ts p

er M

illio

n (

pp

m)

NAAQS = 75 ppb

NAAQS Exceeded on 31 days during this period

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New Jersey State Implementation Plan (SIP) Status• Ozone

– 0.08 ppm• USEPA approved RFP, RACM, Conformity, RACT and Control Measures;• USEPA proposed disapproval of the attainment demonstration May 2009;• NJ’s Northern NAA: NJ has requested a Clean Data Determination;• NJ’s Southern NAA: NJ received a 1 year extension of the 2009 attainment date.

– 0.075 ppm• NJ submitted designation recommendations April 1, 2009;• NJ recommended either a larger multi-state NAA, or the same as the 0.08 ppm NAAs;• EPA put them on hold pending the ozone reconsideration, but is now moving forward

with implementation.

• PM2.5– 15 μg/m3 annual

• NJ submitted a final SIP March 2009. We are waiting for EPA action;• EPA promulgated a Clean Data Determination for NJ’s Northern NAA;• We expect EPA to propose a Clean Data Determination for NJ’s Southern NAA;

– 35 μg/m3 24-hour• NJ will request a CDD from the USEPA for both NAA’s.

• Regional Haze– Submitted Jul 28, 2009, submitted BART portion in 2011, EPA has proposed APPROVAL on

August 11, 2011.

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Anticipated National Ambient Air Quality Standards Milestones

Pollutant StandardNAAQS

Promulgation Date

Designation Effective

110(a) SIPs Due

Attainment Demonstration Due

Attainment Date

Promulgated            

PM2.5 35 µg/m3 daily Sep-06 Dec-09 Sep-09Dec-12, CDD in

progress insteadDec-14

Ozone 0.075 ppm 8 hour Mar-08 Mid-12? Mar-11 Mid-15?

Dec-15Marginal or

Dec-18 Moderate?

Lead 0.15 µg/m3 Oct-08 Nov-11? Oct-11 NA NA

NO2 Primary 100 ppb 1 hour Jan-10 Feb-12? Jan-13 NA NA

SO2 Primary 75 ppb 1 hour Jun-10 Aug-12?For AAs: Jun-13

(maint also)

For NAs: Jan-14 (Plan) and by Aug-17 (Demo

and maint)? Aug-17?

CONo change, new

monitoring requirements

Aug-11 NA NA NA NA

Not Yet Promulgated            

NO2/SO2 Secondary

NO2-53 ppb annual, 100 ppb 1 hour, SO2-0.5 ppm 3 hour, 75

ppb 1 hour?

Proposed 8/2011, Final

3/2012?Apr-14? Mar-15? Oct-15? NA

PM2.512 µg/m3 annual, 30

µg/m3 daily?Proposal end

of 2011?Dec-14? Oct-15? Dec-17? Dec-19/24?

Ozone8-hour 0.06-0.07

ppm?Jun-14? Jul-16? Jun-16? Jul-19? Jul-24?

Updated 9/29/2011, Judy Rand

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Overview of New 1-hour NAAQS

1-hr NO2 = 100 ppb (189 ug/m3)

• Effective on April 12, 2010• Based on 98th percentile of annual

distribution of daily max. 1-hr values

1-hr SO2 = 75 ppb (196 ug/m3)

• Effective on August 23, 2010• Based on 99th percentile of annual distribution

of daily max. 1-hr values

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1-Hour NO2 in New Jersey

• Current New Jersey 1-Hour Background Levels -37% to 67% of NAAQS

• EPA and NJDEP guidance memos limit need to model intermittent NOx emissions:– Startup/Shutdown operations– Testing of emergency equipment

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1-Hour NO2 Modeling Conclusions

• NO2 1-Hour NAAQS is much more easily violated than the current annual NAAQS

• Principal sources of concern:

- smaller sources with low stacks,

- large sources with large emissions and

no NOx control

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1-Hour SO2 in New Jersey

• Current New Jersey 1-Hour Background Levels – 18% - 47% of NAAQS

• Sources currently burning No. 2 and lighter oil will become negligible after 2016 (Sulfur in Fuel Rule will limit oil to 15 ppm sulfur)

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Sulfur In Fuel Rule

3,000 or 5,0003,000 – 20,000#5, #6, & Heavier

2,5003,000 – 20,000#4

155002,000 – 3,000#2 & Lighter

2016 Limits (ppm)

7/1/16

2014 Limits (ppm)

7/1/14

Current Limits (ppm)

Grade of Fuel Oil

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1-Hour SO2 Modeling Conclusions

• SO2 1-Hour NAAQS is much more easily violated than the 3 and 24-Hour NAAQS

• Principal sources of concern are older, large sources burning No. 6 oil or coal (in other states)

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Columbia Lake NJ Monitor

• Data collected since Sept. 23, 2010

• 31 exceedances of the 1-hour SO2 NAAQS recorded from Sept. 23, 2010 to Sept. 15, 2011

• Confirms model predictions of NAAQS violations due to Portland Power Plant

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USEPA’s NATA National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment

EPA released 2005 NATA in March 2011.

(2002 NATA was released to public in June 2009.)

NATA is generated for every 3rd year.

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USEPA’s NATA 2005

For 177 air toxics + diesel particulate matter

Compile emissionsinventory for point, nonpoint & mobile

sources

Dispersion modeling

Estimate ambient concentrations for each census tract

nationwide

Estimate public health

risk

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20

21

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NJ Facility-Wide Cancer Risk Guidelines

Risk < 10 in a million (1x10-5) Negligible risk

10 in a million < Risk ≤ 100 in a million

Pursue long-term (5-year) risk minimization

strategy.

100 in a million < Risk < 1000 in a million

Pursue short-term (<1 year) and long-term risk minimization strategy.

Risk > 1000 in a million (1x10-3)

Unacceptable risk. Pursue N.J.A.C. 7:27-5

enforcement action for existing facilities.

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Mobile Sources1. Diesel

a. Port

b. Retrofit Program

c. Idling Program

d. Inspection and Maintenance

2. Gasoline

a. Inspection and Maintenance

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25

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Diesel Retrofit Program

• Closed crankcase technology installed on 7,310 school buses.

• Tailpipe control technology installed on 1,400 garbage trucks.

• 800 NJ Transit buses underway & almost done. 1,500 commercial transit buses in process.

• 6,500 other public diesel vehicles and larger off-roads begin retrofit Fall 2011.

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Other retrofit opportunities• Governor’s Executive Order #60 requires

nonroad retrofits on DOT construction projects• Targeted at urban areas• 175 retrofits over 3 years• Evaluation after 3 years before expanding to all

projects• Funding from grants and enforcement settlement

($2.5 million)• Builds on NJ Clean Construction efforts

underway

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Summary of Voluntary Diesel Reduction Projects in NJ as of 9/1/2011

On road $1,489,000

Non road $3,510,000

Education $235,000

Marine $1,750,000

Idle Reduction $4,053,000

Study $370,000

Rail $3,987,500

Total Projects Completed & Underway = $ 18,416,500

Non road $6,532.000

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Back to School Reminder

• 3 minute idling limit for all gasoline and diesel vehicles (this includes school buses and parents).

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Diesel I/M Program• ~85,000 heavy-duty diesel trucks are inspected annually at private

inspection facilities.• ~11,000 heavy-duty diesel (in & out of state) trucks are inspected by

State diesel roadside teams.• Smoke opacity standards were lowered and enforcement began April

2010.– Annual inspections saw a 1% increase in emission failures– Roadside inspections saw a 10% increase in emission failures

Opacimeter in stack

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• NJ has about 5 million gasoline vehicles that require periodic inspection.

• 80% of inspections performed at 120 centralized lanes and 20% at over 1,100 decentralized garages.

• Almost 3 million inspections per year.• Overall initial failure rate is 12%.• 96% of vehicle owners show up for inspection on

time and/or have a valid inspection sticker.

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• New Jersey’s Inspection & Maintenance (I/M) Program was revised in early 2010– On Board Diagnostics (OBD) test for all 1996

and newer cars including light-duty diesels – Dynamometer-based emissions test replaced

with two-speed idle emission test for pre-1996 cars

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• Future I/M program designs will focus on the use of On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) for all vehicles including heavy-duty diesel.

• The use of advanced OBD inspection technologies will enable future I/M programs to become more cost-effective by reducing inspection costs while focusing on the “M”, i.e., maintenance side of I/M to maximize emission reductions.

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New Jersey’s Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) Program

• Adopted by DEP in 2005, became mandatory in January 2009

• Light-duty vehicles sold in NJ must meet California emission limits;

• The program includes emission standards for NMOG, NOx, CO, and Greenhouse Gases(CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs)

• The Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) requirement promotes advanced technologies such as Battery Electric, Fuel Cell Electric, Plug-In Hybrids and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

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LEV Program Metrics:Cleaner Vehicles Sold in NJ

• PZEVs Partial Zero Emission Vehicles, ultra-low emitting , AT PZEVs are Hybrid-Electrics; sales has increased to about 26% in 2009/2010;

• 15 years / 150,000 miles warranty, 10 years on battery• Placed in NJ: 110 BMW BEV Mini-E, 30+ full range electric Tesla

vehicles; Nissan Leaf and PHEV Chevrolet Volt are coming too

Total sales of PZEV & AT PZEV

59 2,69221,334 14,901

51,095 51,233

112,721136,192

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Model Year

Sal

es

Qu

anti

ties

(P

ZE

V &

AT

P

ZE

V)

Totalsales ofPZEV &AT PZEV

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Stationary Sources

1. OTC Regional Control Strategies

2. General Permits

3. Transformation

4. ISG

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OTC Regional Control Strategies

NOx Sources:

Model Rules/MOUs:1. EGU’s (Oil and Gas-fired Boilers)*2. High Electric Demand Day (HEDD)

Turbines*3. New Small Boilers4. Stationary Generators

Draft Model Rules:5. Non-Road Equipment Idling*6. Natural Gas Compressor Stations

Categories Under Review:7. Municipal Waste Incinerators8. Promote Energy Efficiency/

Renewable Energy9. Coal-fired Boilers (EPA)

VOC Sources:

Model Rules/MOUs:1. Large VOC Stationary Storage

Tanks*2. Autobody Refinishing3. Consumer Products4. Architectural/Industrial Coatings

Draft Model Rules:5. Solvent Cleaning

(Industrial/Commercial)6. Paint Thinners (Consumer)

Category Under Review:7. Stage 1 and 2 Vapor Recovery

*Existing NJ Rule Equivalent to Model Already Adopted

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General Permits/ General Operating Permits Under Development

GP Number Title Status

GP-021/GOP-005

CHP using Turbines

Available for Use Sept. 19, 2011

GP-022/GOP-006

CHP using Spark Ignited Engines

Available for Use Sept. 19, 2011

GOP-003 Emergency Generators

Propose winter 2012

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TRANSFORMATION

Air Permit Review & Process

40

ITEMS DISCUSSED

• Permit Format• Streamlining of Compliance Plans • Level of monitoring • Level of monitoring as it relates to

enforcement history • Permit application supplemental

information• Redefining insignificant sources in NJ

Title V program

41

ITEMS DISCUSSED

• Hold on-site pre/post application meetings• Offer Plant-wide Applicability Limits (PAL)• Develop General Operating Permits• Shortening Permit Processing Time • Classify More significant Modifications as

Minor Modifications • Like-kind Replacement of Equipment• Minimize the number of appeals

42

IMPLEMENTATION

• General Permits (GPs & GOPs)– Combined Heat & Power (Engines &

Turbines) – Available 9/19/11– Emergency Generators GOP – in progress

• Pre-application Checklists – in progress– Administrative & Technical Completeness

• Pre-application Meetings – on-going– On-site if necessary

43

PERMIT PROCESS - LEAN

• Produced results in manufacturing industry• Identified OP Sig. Mod. Process• Review Process Fairly Efficient Overall• Info Requests Throughout Rev. Process

– Due To Application Incompleteness– Missing/Incomplete Info Identified Late in Review

Process

• Moving Completeness Review To Front of Review Process Will Improve Efficiency

44

PILOT PROJECT

• Six-month Project (OP Sig. Mods initially)• Pre-application Meetings

– On-site if necessary

• Completeness Checklists– Rule Applicability/Compliance Demonstrations– Process Description/Air Flow Diagram– Emission Calculations/Supporting Documentation– Need for Modeling/Risk Assessment– Level of Public Interest & Outreach

• Full Applicant Cooperation

45

Air Permitting/ Industrial Stakeholders Group (AP/ISG)

• Open to anyone with an interest in AQ Permits. • Composed primarily of DEP AQ permitting staff, DEP AQ

enforcement staff and representatives of regulated industries, and other parties interested in Air Permitting

• The group meets quarterly to discuss ways of:– promoting effective and consistent permits – that are protective of the environment – consider the concerns of the regulated community.

• Most recent meeting held on September 16, 2011• Materials on past and future meeting can be found at

http://www.state.nj.us/dep/aqpp/isg.html