11

Academic Content StandardsAcademic Content Standards History (Civil War and Reconstruction) History (Civil War and Reconstruction)

8th Grade:8th Grade: Describe and analyze the territorial expansion of the Describe and analyze the territorial expansion of the United States including: United States including: a. Northwest Ordinance; a. Northwest Ordinance;

b. The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and b. The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Clark expedition; expedition; c. c. Westward movementWestward movement including Manifest including Manifest

Destiny; Destiny; d. The Texas War for Independence and the d. The Texas War for Independence and the

Mexican-American War.Mexican-American War.

9. 9. Explain Explain causescauses of the of the Civil WarCivil War with with emphasis emphasis on: on: a. Slavery; a. Slavery;

b. States' rights; b. States' rights;

22

Run Time: [18:14] Run Time: [18:14] Discusses the movement of Americans to the Western Frontier, explains the idea of Manifest Destiny, and also gives Discusses the movement of Americans to the Western Frontier, explains the idea of Manifest Destiny, and also gives

information on the Gold Rush, which lured more Americans westward as wellinformation on the Gold Rush, which lured more Americans westward as well

33

Run Time: [26:20] Run Time: [26:20] Discusses the events that led to western settlement, the war for Texas independence, the California Gold Discusses the events that led to western settlement, the war for Texas independence, the California Gold

Rush, and life on the Prairie.Rush, and life on the Prairie.

Chapter Chapter Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny 12 12 1818-18531818-1853 The United States was made The United States was made

up of people who had up of people who had emigrated from many places emigrated from many places in the world.in the world.

Our first national motto was, Our first national motto was, ""E Pluribus UnumE Pluribus Unum"" its its Latin for Latin for ""One from manyOne from many"" or or ""One from many partsOne from many parts."." It refers to the welding of a It refers to the welding of a single federal state from a single federal state from a group of individual political group of individual political units -- units -- originally coloniesoriginally colonies and and now states.now states.

Many Many Americans remained Americans remained on the move as the United on the move as the United States extended its political States extended its political borders and grew borders and grew economically.economically.

Richard Caton Woodville’s War News from Mexico, first exhibited in 1848, was perhaps the most popular of the political paintings. This lithograph was one of some 14,000 prints sold.

L. S. D. Rees

"The American Flag" [circa 1840s]A New National Lyric.Words By Revd. J.B. Dickson of Scotland.Music by L.S.D. Rees, Philadelphia

[Unknown publisher]Gilmour & Dean, Litho.[Source: 087/005@Levy]

1. Float forth thou flag of the free!Flash far over land and sea,Proud ensign of liberty Hail Hail Hail to thee!The blue of the Heav’ns is thine,

The stars on thy canvas shine.Thy heraldry tells thee divine;Hail Hail to thee.Thy white proclaims thee unstain’dThy crimson thy love unfeign’d,To man by des pots enchain’d.Hail Hail to Thee Hail Hail to thee!

CHORUS [sung after each VERSE]Float forth the flag of the FreeFlash far over land and seaTill the world shout liberty!Hail Hail Hail to thee!Hail to theeHail to theeHail Hail to theeHail to thee!Hail to theeHail Hail to thee thee!

2. Float forth thou flag of the free!Flash far over land and seaProud ensign of libertyHail Haul Hail to thee!

Under thy God giv’n lightOur Fathers went forth to fight,’Gainst sceptr’d wrong for the right;Hail Hail to theeAgain thy stars light the wayWe search in UNITED array.The Hydra of theason to slayHail Hail to Thee Hail Hail to Thee!

55

A look at the Music of the 1840sA look at the Music of the 1840s1 Buffalo Gals 1844

2.Annie Laurie, 1850

Buffalo Gals (porch music) - YouTube5"Lubly Fan Will You Come Out To Night?" (1844) Composed by Cool White

[aka "Buffalo Gals"]

1. As I was lumb'ring down de street down de street down de street A pretty girl I chanc'd to meet O she was fair to view CHORUS Den lubly Fan will you cum out to night, will you cum out to night, will you cum out to night, Den lubly Fan will you cum out to night, An dance by de lite ob de moon.

2. 2. I stopt her an I had some talk, Had some talk, Had some talk, But her foot covered up de whole side walk And left no room for me. (CHORUS) 3. She's de prettiest gal ibe seen in my life, Seen in my life, Seen in my life, An I wish to de Lord she was my wife, Den we would part no more. .

Her lips are like de oyster plant, De oyster plant, De oyster plant, I try to kiss dem but I cant, Dey am so berry large.

(CHORUS)

6. Oh make haste Fan dont make me wait, Make me wait, Make me wait, I fear you've kept me now too late, Yes dare's de ebening gun.

(CHORUS)

7. Yes lubly Fan will you cum out to night, Cum out to night, Cum out to night, Yes lubly Fan will you cum out to night, And dance by de light ob de moon.

CHORUS Lubly Fan is cumming out to night Cumming out to night Cumming out to night [Lubly Fan is cumming out to night] Far to dance by de lite of de moon.

[for "Buffalo Gals"] 1. As I was lumb'ring down the street, Down the street, down the street, A handsome gal I chanc'd to meet; Oh! she was fair to view.

[CHORUS] Buffalo gals, can't you come out to night? Can't you come out to night? Can't you come out to night? And dance by de light ob de moon.

2. I ax'd her would she hab some talk, Hab some talk, hab some talk, Her feet cover'd up de whole sidewalk, As she stood close by me.

(CHORUS)

3.

Annie Laurie" (c. 1850)Scotch BalladSung by Jenny Lind, 1820-1887Arranged by Finley Dun, 1795-1853

1.Max-welton braes are bonnie, Where early fa's the dew,And it's there that Annie Laurie Gie'd me her promise true;Gied me her promise true, Which ne'er forgot will be,And for bonnie Annie Laurie I'd lie me doune and dee.

2.Her brow is like the snaw drift Her throat is like the swan;Her face it is the fairest That e'er the sun shone on.That e'er the sun shone on, And dark blue is her e'er;And for bonnie Annie Laurie I'd lay lay me doune and dee.

3.Like dew on the gowan lying Is the fa' o' her fairy feet;And like winds in summer sighing, Her voice is low and sweet.Her voice is low and sweet And she is a' the world to me,And for bonnie Annie Laurie I'd lay we doune and dee.

To George Francis Train Esq."Ho! Westward Ho!" (circa 1850s)[Words and Music?] by Ossian E. Dodge

[Source: facsimile copy on pp. 301-304 from"Songs of Yesterday: A Song Anthology ofAmerican Life" by Philip D. Jordan and LillianKessler (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran& Co., Inc., 1941)]

1. “The Star of Empire” poets say, Ho! Westward Ho! “Forever takes its onward way!” Ho! Westward Ho! That this be proven in our land, Ho! Westward Ho! It seems Jehovah’s great command, Ho! Westward Ho!

CHORUS [sung after each verse]Ho! Westward! Soon the world shall know That all is grand In the western land; Ho! Westward Ho!

2. Our Pilgrim Fathers sang the song,— Ho! Westward Ho! Hear Right should triumph over Wrong? Ho! Westward Ho! Still— westward many thousands flock, Ho! Westward Ho! And sing the shout from Plymough Rock, Ho! Westward Ho!

3. Tis ever thus, the people cry, Ho! Westward Ho!And from the eastern citites fly, Ho! Westward Ho!To live on God’s most glorious land, Ho! Westward Ho!Where hearts and thoughts are ever grand! Ho! Westward Ho!

4. The western fields, give thousands wealth, Ho! Westward Ho!And yield to all a glowing health, Ho! Westward Ho! For all inclined to honest toil, Ho! Westward Ho!Secure their fortunes from the soil, Ho! Westward Ho!

5. We hear a thousand men relate, Ho! Westward Ho!They wandered to some westest State, Ho! Westward Ho!Without a hope their lives to save, Ho! Westward Ho!The climate snatched them from the grave; Ho! Westward Ho!

6. We love the glorious western land, Ho! Westward Ho! For here the peoples’ hearts expand, Ho! Westward Ho! And on the prairies broad and grand, Ho! Westward Ho! We all can see Jehovah’s hand, Ho! Westward Ho!

3. Ossian E. Dodge 1849

"De Blue Tail Fly" (1846)(A Negro Song)by C. H. Keith ?

1.O when you come in summer time,To South Carlinar's sultry clime,If in de shade you chance to lie,You'll soon find out de blue tail fly, An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

2.Dar's many kind ob dese here tings,From different sort ob insects springs;Some hatch in June, and some July,But August fetches de blue tail fly, An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

3.When I was young a us'd to waitOn Massa's table and hand de plate;I'd pass de bottle when he dry,And bresh away de blue tail fly. An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

4.Den arter dinner massa sleep,He bid me vigilance to keep;An when he gwine to shut he eye,He tell me watch de blue tail fly. An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

5.An' when he ride in de arternoon,I foller wid a hickory broom;De poney being berry shy,When bitten by de blue tail fly, An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

6.One day he rode aroun' de farm,De flies so numerous did swarm;One chance to bite 'im on de thigh,De debble take dat blu tail fly, An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

7.De poney run, he jump an pitch,An tumble massa in de ditch;He died, an de jury wonder why,De verdict was de "blue tail fly," An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

8.Dey laid 'im under a simmon tree,His epitaph am dar to see;Beneath dis stone I'm forced to lie,All by means ob de blue tail fly, An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

9.Ole Massa's gone, now let him rest,Dey say all tings am for de best;I nebber forget till de day I die,Ole Massa an de blue tail fly, An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

10.De hornet gets in your eyes an nose,De 'skeeter bites y'r through your close,De gallnipper sweeten high,But wusser yet de blue tail fly, An scratch 'im wid a brier too.

4. C. H. Keith ? 1846

"Away in Mexico" (1847)The Words Taken From theScientific American,Music Composed and Presented to theAlleghanians,byAustin Phillips.and sung byCaroline Hiffert.

New York : William Hall & Son, 239 BroadwaySung by Caroline HiffertDedicatee: [the Alleghanians]Lith. By Sarony & Major, 117 Fulton St. N.Y.Plate number: 4181[Source: 018/008@Levy]

1.Despondency is all the rage And moping all the go,Our husbands, sweethearts, all are gone Away to Mexico!Some never smile; some offer sobs; Some cry, outright, with woe;Till one would think mankind were all Away in Mexico.One would think mankind were all Away in Mexico.

2.You ask Miss Snooks, “Why, what ails you?” Her tone is sad and low,As she replies— “My George has gone Away to Mexico!”Some wives who used to vex their lords, Until they jump’d Jim Crow,Now cry they long to be with them, Away to Mexico.

3.But when dear HUBBY does come back, (It always turns out so)How oft, poor soul, he’ll wish he was Away in Mexico.Some wives have faces three feet long, The reason I don’t know,But think they dread their lords may come Away from Mexico.

4.There’s Mrs. Stubbs, the other day, Was talking very slowAbout her grief for poor, dear Stubbs Away in Mexico.And, all the time, here eyes were fix’d On handsome Captain DOUGH,Worth fifty of her husband— Stubbs— Away in Mexico.

5.But all that wives are now about I do not choose to show,But think their husbands better come Away from Mexico.But I’m a maid, and have no lord, Although I have a beau,Who’se gone, among the volunteers, Away to Mexico.

6.I’m true to him— yet love to flirt— And have a youth in tow,Who’d do as well, were poor Charles hurt, Away in Mexico.So, ladies, dry your weeping eyes, Nor let their currents flow;We’ve chaps on hand as good as those Away in Mexico.

7.Then, whilst our hearts are free as winds That from the northwest blow,We’ll letters write to gull our swains Away in Mexico. POSTSCRIPT“Whilst shine the sun,” the proverb says, “Your hay you’d better mow,”So, verbum sap to those who’ve lords Away in Mexico.

5. Austin Phillips 1847

Stephen Foster wrote the original lyrics in 1847.

"Oh Susannah" was set with new lyrics and became known as the "forty-niners" theme song. This version was sung by miners during the California Gold Rush.

I come from AlabamaWith my banjo on my kneeI'm going to Louisiana,My true love for to see

It rained all nightThe day I leftThe weather it was dryThe sun so hot,I froze to deathSusanna, don't you cry

Oh, Susanna,Oh don't you cry for meFor I come from AlabamaWith my banjo on my knee

I had a dream the other nightWhen everything was stillI thought I saw SusannaA-coming down the hill

The buckwheat cakeWas in her mouthThe tear wasIn her eyeSays I, I'm coming from the southSusanna, don't you cry

Oh, Susanna,Oh don't you cry for meFor I come from AlabamaWith my banjo on my knee

 

I came from Salem City with my washpan on my kneeI'm going to California, the gold dust for to see.

It rained all night the day I left, the weather it was dryThe sun so hot I froze to death, Oh, brothers don't you cry.

Oh, Susannah, Oh, don't you cry for meI'm going to California with my washpan on my knee.

I soon shall be in Frisco and there I'll look around.And when I see the gold lumps there, I'll pick them off the ground.

I'll scrape the mountains clean, my boys, I'll drain the rivers dry.A pocketful of rocks bring home, So, brothers don't you cry.

6. James Gaspard Maeder 1847

66

LLaanndd Ownership OwnershipWhy Americans have always been so Why Americans have always been so mobile.mobile.

It was It was so so easyeasy and and desirabledesirable to move west to move west FeudalFeudal——Europe, areas of SouthEurope, areas of South

CommunalCommunal----Native Americans--sacred Native Americans--sacred geographygeography

Fee SimpleFee Simple—”—”fee simple absolute” --fee simple absolute” --

personalpersonal,, privateprivate– – PURCHASED PURCHASED Exclusively owned!Exclusively owned! Govt. policy beginning in 1784, 85.Govt. policy beginning in 1784, 85.

The greatest possible estate in land, wherein the owner has the right to use it, exclusively possess it, commit waste upon it, dispose of it by deed or will, and take its fruits. A

fee simple represents absolute ownership of land, and therefore the owner may do whatever he or she chooses

with the land. If an owner of a fee simple dies intestate, the land will descend to the heirs. ( intestate: Dying without a legal will. Distribution is overseen by a probate court. also called in intestacy. opposite of testate.)

1862, the Homestead Act : established a three-fold homestead process:. Any U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. Government could file an application and lay claim to 160 acres of surveyed Government land. For the next 5 years, the homesteader had to live on the land and improve it by building a 12-by-14 dwelling and growing crops. After 5 years, the homesteader could file for his deed of title by submitting proof of residency and the required improvements to a local land office.

First phase of American Expansion went from First phase of American Expansion went from independence to 1790 and gained land from independence to 1790 and gained land from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River.the Atlantic to the Mississippi River.

In 1803 the Louisiana Territory was added to In 1803 the Louisiana Territory was added to our national boundariesour national boundaries

As early as As early as 18231823 Congressman Congressman Francis BayliesFrancis Baylies from from Mass. made the comment,Mass. made the comment,

“Gentlemen are talking of natural boundaries. Sir, our natural boundary is the Pacific Ocean. The tide of our population must roll on until the mighty ocean interposed its waters, and limits out territorial empire.”

Pressure to expand became a powerful Pressure to expand became a powerful influence in American politics, leading to war influence in American politics, leading to war with Mexico in 1846.with Mexico in 1846.

The poet Walt Whitman conveyed the general American attitude when he commented,

“What has miserable, inefficient Mexico—with her superstition, her burlesque upon freedom, her actual tyranny by the few over the many—what has she to do with the great mission of peopling the new world with a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission!”

99

John O’SullivanJohn O’Sullivan18391839The American people having derived their origin

from many other nations, and the Declaration of National Independence being entirely based on the great principle of human equality, these facts demonstrate at once our disconnected position as regards any other nation; that we have, in reality, but little connection with the past history of any of them, and still less with all antiquity, its glories, or its crimes. On the contrary, our national

birth was the beginning of a new history, the formation and progress of an untried political system, which separates us from the past and connects us with the future only; and so far as regards the entire development of the natural rights of man, in moral,

political, and national life, we may confidently assume that our country is destined to be the great nation of futurity. "The Great Nation of Futurity," The United States Democratic Review, Volume 6, Issue 23, pp. 426-430 1839

John O’SullivanJohn O’Sullivan In the In the July–August 1845July–August 1845 issue of the issue of the

Democratic ReviewDemocratic Review,, O'Sullivan published an O'Sullivan published an essay entitled essay entitled "Annexation","Annexation", which called which called on the U.S. to admit the Republic of Texas on the U.S. to admit the Republic of Texas into the Union. into the Union.

O'Sullivan's essay urged that:O'Sullivan's essay urged that: O'Sullivan argued that the United States had a O'Sullivan argued that the United States had a

divine mandatedivine mandate to expand throughout North to expand throughout North America, writing of,America, writing of,

"It is now time for the opposition to the Annexation of Texas to cease."

"our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."

1111

Slavery Slavery and and territorial expansionterritorial expansion intersect as causes of the Civil War. intersect as causes of the Civil War.

Disputes over the Disputes over the extension of slaveryextension of slavery into the territories led to increasingly into the territories led to increasingly divergent understandings of the divergent understandings of the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution, nature of , nature of the the UnionUnion, and , and republican government in republican government in general.general. Eventually Eventually increasinglyincreasingly dangerous tensions between the North dangerous tensions between the North and South developed.and South developed.

The slave and free states as of 1861, with free states in red and slave states in blue.

The United States on the MOVE!

In 70 years-From Sea…

…To Shining Sea!

Did You Know?Did You Know? John Jacob Astor John Jacob Astor

established one established one of of the the first first trading posts in Oregontrading posts in Oregon country. He was country. He was only 20only 20 when he came to when he came to America America in 1783 with just $25 in his in 1783 with just $25 in his pocket. Two years later he pocket. Two years later he opened a store in New Yorkopened a store in New York that sold furs. When he died that sold furs. When he died in 1848, he was the richest in 1848, he was the richest man in America. He left an man in America. He left an estate worth more than $20 estate worth more than $20 million.million.

American Progress by John Gast 1872Columbia personification of U.S. leadingthe way west.

Moral of the story…people who go west make money. People

who go west make BIG MONEY. GO WEST!

Chapter 12, Section 1Chapter 12, Section 1 MANIFEST DESTINYMANIFEST DESTINY

I. Rivalry in the Northwest I. Rivalry in the Northwest (Pages (Pages 356-358)356-358)

In the early 1800s, four nations claimed the Oregon --In the early 1800s, four nations claimed the Oregon --United States, United States, Britain, Spain, and Russia.Britain, Spain, and Russia.

The United States wanted to annex the Oregon country in order to gain The United States wanted to annex the Oregon country in order to gain access to the Pacific, access to the Pacific,

Britain refused to give up its claim to OregonBritain refused to give up its claim to Oregon when President when President John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams proposed dividing Oregon at the proposed dividing Oregon at the 49th parallel49th parallel in in 1825. As a result, the United States and Britain agreed to extend an 1818 1825. As a result, the United States and Britain agreed to extend an 1818 agreement agreement for for joint occupation joint occupation of of the area.the area.

The first Americans to reach the Oregon country were trappers and traders The first Americans to reach the Oregon country were trappers and traders looking looking for for beaver furs. Because they spent much beaver furs. Because they spent much of of their time hunting and their time hunting and trappingtrapping in the Rocky Mountains, they were often called in the Rocky Mountains, they were often called mountain menmountain men. . Among these men was Jim Beckwourth an African Among these men was Jim Beckwourth an African American from Virginia who explored Wyoming’s American from Virginia who explored Wyoming’s Green River. Green River. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=140278 Hats 5:40 minhttp://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=140278 Hats 5:40 min

Jim BeckwourthJim Beckwourth

Kit Carson

1854-55. After Beckwourth's rough narrative, The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountaineer, Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians was published by Harper and Brothers in 1856--An often-told story had it that when the book appeared, a group of miners who were well-acquainted with Beckwourth commissioned one of its members to pick up a copy while on a trip to San Francisco. But the man, being careless, got a copy of the Bible instead. In the evening, he was requested to read aloud from the long-awaited book, and opening it

at random, he hit upon and read the story of Samson and the foxes.

"That'll do!" one of the men cried. "I'd know that story for one of Jim's lies anywhere!"

Jeremiah Johnson –Jeremiah Johnson –ExtraExtra Credit Credit Viewing!Viewing!

John “Liver Eating” Johnston The man who is the basis of this movie?

John Johnston

II. Settling Oregon II. Settling Oregon (Page (Page 358)358) American settlers began traveling to the Oregon country in the American settlers began traveling to the Oregon country in the

1830s, lured by reports of abundant, fertile land.1830s, lured by reports of abundant, fertile land.

The first large-scale trip west took place in 1843 when more The first large-scale trip west took place in 1843 when more than 1,000 pioneers left Independence, Missouri, for Oregon. than 1,000 pioneers left Independence, Missouri, for Oregon. In the years that followed, tens of thousands of Americans In the years that followed, tens of thousands of Americans made the trip. made the trip.

Among the first settlers of the Oregon Country Among the first settlers of the Oregon Country were missionaries.were missionaries. Among the earliest missionaries in Among the earliest missionaries in Oregon were Oregon were Dr. Dr. Marcus WhitmanMarcus Whitman and his wife and his wife NarcissaNarcissa.. They built a Christian mission among the They built a Christian mission among the Cayuse peopleCayuse people. .

On November 29, 1847, several Cayuse, under the leadership of the chief Tiloukaikt, took revenge for what they perceived as treachery. They killed fourteen whites, including the Whitmans, and burnt down the mission buildings.

A subsequent white militia attack on a band of uninvolved Cayuse escalated the conflict into a war, which went very poorly for the Cayuse. Two years after the attack, Tiloukaikt and several others (5 in all) involved in the Whitman Massacre voluntarily surrendered themselves in an effort to avoid the destruction of the entire tribe. Tiloukaikt was defiant to the end, announcing on the

gallows, "Did not your missionaries teach us that Christ died to save his people? So we die to save our people."

On November 29, Tilaukait and Tamsuky of the Cayuse called Whitman into his kitchen and killed him with a tomahawk. The Cayuse then embarked on a killing spree catching whites at their places of work. Narcissa Whitman was wounded in the shoulder by a bullet. Narcissa and others barricaded themselves into a second floor room, then surrendered when they were assured that they would be safe. Cayuse warriors renewed the attacks and killed Narcissa and other prisoners. Those whites who did not escape were taken hostage. Some of the wounded hostages were killed later. The hostages were ransomed with blankets, shirts, guns, and ammunition supplied by the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Walla Walla.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=140269

1818

Pioneers headed for Oregon began their trip in Pioneers headed for Oregon began their trip in

Missouri and Missouri and traveled for 2,000 miles along thetraveled for 2,000 miles along the Oregon Trail.Oregon Trail.

Read journey to Oregon Jesse Applegate 1843Read journey to Oregon Jesse Applegate 1843

Restored Settler's Store at  Fort Laramie

  A pile of bison skulls in the 1870s.

Migratory path of the buffalohttp://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=140271Sager family saga 11:29 min.

1919

Run Time: [11:29] Run Time: [11:29] Hear the story of the Sager family's journey to Oregon. Listen to a first-hand account of the challenges and tragedies they Hear the story of the Sager family's journey to Oregon. Listen to a first-hand account of the challenges and tragedies they

faced on their westward travelsfaced on their westward travels

After adoption by the Whitmans the Sagers were initially very shy, but soon warmed to the loving compassion of the Whitman’s and began calling them Father and Mother. After 3 years, a measles epidemic swept away more than half of the Indian tribe, including most of their children.

After seeing their adoptive mother shot to death, and finding the dead bodies of other family members, they were kept captive by the Indians in one of the adobe houses adjacent to the Whitman house. Five days later, Louisa died of the measles.

About a week after the massacre, a trapper from the Hudson’s Bay Company decided to pay ransom for the 45-50 captives. He didn’t know if the United States government would reimburse him, but he was willing to use his own money to rescue the hostages. He was able to make a treaty with the Indians and the captives were granted safe passage away from the Whitman Mission. 

Although there were perilous adventures and mishaps, the Sager girls eventually ended up in the Willamette Valley. Catherine Sager married a prominent early day settler in Salem by the last name of Pringle, becoming Catherine Sager Pringle. Elizabeth Sager married and became Elizabeth Sager Helm. Matilda became Matilda Sager Delaney. Henrietta became Henrietta Sager Cooper Sterling. They all lived to be old women.  

2020

2009 OAT Test Question

2121

You are living during the early 1840s. You hear that there is cheap, fertile land for the taking in Oregon. Your family might prosper in Oregon. But you will have to travel more than 2,000 miles through the wilderness to get there-and you are not sure what you will find if you make it. Would you leave your home and family behind and take a chance? Explain your answer.

Demonstrate an understanding of the pros and cons of making such an arduous trip.

III. The Division of Oregon III. The Division of Oregon (Pages 359-360)(Pages 359-360)

Most Oregon settlers headed for the fertile Most Oregon settlers headed for the fertile Willamette ValleyWillamette Valley, south of the , south of the Columbia River. Between 1840 and 1845, the population of American Columbia River. Between 1840 and 1845, the population of American settlers in the area rose from settlers in the area rose from 500 to 5,000. The British population 500 to 5,000. The British population remained at about 700.remained at about 700.

Oregon became an issue in the presidential Oregon became an issue in the presidential election of 1844election of 1844. . James K. PolkJames K. Polk,, the Democratic candidate, ran using the slogan the Democratic candidate, ran using the slogan "Fifty-"Fifty-four Forty or Fight." four Forty or Fight."

Determined to make Oregon part of the United States, but unable to Determined to make Oregon part of the United States, but unable to get Britain to agree to a boundary at 54°40" N-which would have get Britain to agree to a boundary at 54°40" N-which would have turned over almost the whole territory to the United States-Polk turned over almost the whole territory to the United States-Polk decided to compromise. Polk concluded an agreement with Britain in decided to compromise. Polk concluded an agreement with Britain in June 1846 that splitJune 1846 that split Oregon at 49°NOregon at 49°N, , with the area south of that line with the area south of that line becoming a territory of the United States. becoming a territory of the United States.

2424

Run Time: [50:00] Run Time: [50:00] Explores Oregon visiting the state capital, Portland, explains the Oregon Trail and its importance to American history, and Explores Oregon visiting the state capital, Portland, explains the Oregon Trail and its importance to American history, and

presents the local industries, like fishing and technology.presents the local industries, like fishing and technology.

Chapter 12, Chapter 12, Section 2Section 2

Did You Know? Did You Know? The city of Dallas, The city of Dallas,

Texas, was named after Texas, was named after a mystery man. a mystery man. John John Neely BryanNeely Bryan, an early , an early Texas pioneer, named Texas pioneer, named the town for the town for "his "his friend, Dallas,"friend, Dallas," but but Bryan never gave a last Bryan never gave a last name for the friend.name for the friend.

Every town has it’s unique bit of history and traditionCaleb Mangle - Jack Frost

Hanna Weaver - Snow PrincessKatelyn Sommer - Snow FlakeAmanda Hershberger - Queen

Frederick Jackson TurnerFrederick Jackson Turner(1861-1932)(1861-1932)

Turner, a young Turner, a young historian in historian in 1893 1893 expressed a bold idea in expressed a bold idea in his book his book The Frontier The Frontier in American Historyin American History..

He felt that the west He felt that the west offered freedom of offered freedom of opportunity that made opportunity that made possible the growth of possible the growth of democracy in this democracy in this nation.nation.

“From the beginning of the settlement of America, the frontier regions have exercised a steady influence toward democracy.

The very fact of the wilderness appealed to men as a fair, blank page on which to write a new chapter in the story of man’s struggle for a higher type of society.Most important of all …has been the fact that an area of free land has continually lain on athe western border of the settled area of the United States. When ever social conditions tended to [become unbearable] in the East…there was this gate of escape for the free conditions of the frontier. These free lands promoted individualism, economic equality, freedom to rise, democracy.

…[Free] lands meant free opportunities. Their existence has differentiated the American democracy from the democracies which have preceded it…

But the most important effect of the frontier has been in the promotion of democracy here and in Europe…American democracy is fundamentally the outcome of the experiences of the American people in dealing with the West. Western democracy…tended to [produce] a society of which the distinctive fact was the freedom of the individual to rise…The pioneer farmer…could place his family on a flatboat, strike into the wilderness, cut out his clearing, and with little or no [money] go on to the achievement of industrial independence”

I. I. A Clash of Cultures A Clash of Cultures (Pages (Pages 362-365)362-365)

In the early 1800s, few people lived in Texas, In the early 1800s, few people lived in Texas, which was part of Mexico's northern frontier. But which was part of Mexico's northern frontier. But the Spanish, who controlled Texas, wanted to the Spanish, who controlled Texas, wanted to promote settlement there. As a result, they offeredpromote settlement there. As a result, they offered huge tractshuge tracts of land to people, called of land to people, called empresariosempresarios, , who offered to bring families to Texas and settle who offered to bring families to Texas and settle them there.them there.

The first Texas land grant went to The first Texas land grant went to Moses AustinMoses Austin in in 1821. He agreed to bring a number of settlers to 1821. He agreed to bring a number of settlers to Texas, but died before he could organize the project.Texas, but died before he could organize the project.

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Run Time: [08:41] Run Time: [08:41] President James Polk, a believer in Manifest Destiny, threatened to annex the state of Texas (then an independent state that President James Polk, a believer in Manifest Destiny, threatened to annex the state of Texas (then an independent state that had revolted against Mexico) and offered to buy the northern Mexican territories. Find out how Mexican President Carrera had revolted against Mexico) and offered to buy the northern Mexican territories. Find out how Mexican President Carrera

tried unsuccessfully to avoid fighting the U.S. and lost his position in a military coup.tried unsuccessfully to avoid fighting the U.S. and lost his position in a military coup.

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Run Time: [09:35] Run Time: [09:35] Americans in the 1840s believed it was their God-given right to populate the continent, a sentiment that led to war with Americans in the 1840s believed it was their God-given right to populate the continent, a sentiment that led to war with Mexico. Learn how both American and Mexican governments viewed Texas and California. See how racism played into Mexico. Learn how both American and Mexican governments viewed Texas and California. See how racism played into

events after the war.events after the war.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=143552

I. CONTINUEDI. CONTINUED After Moses died, his son After Moses died, his son Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin paintingpainting recruited recruited

300 settlers to live on land along the 300 settlers to live on land along the BrazosBrazos and and ColoradoColorado mapsmaps Rivers in Texas. Rivers in Texas.

Mexico wanted to encourage settlers from many places, not Mexico wanted to encourage settlers from many places, not just the United States, to settle in Texas. By 1830 there just the United States, to settle in Texas. By 1830 there were more Americans than Mexicans in Texas. were more Americans than Mexicans in Texas.

Texans were angered by the ban on American immigration Texans were angered by the ban on American immigration and the taxes on trade. Stephen F. Austin went to Mexico and the taxes on trade. Stephen F. Austin went to Mexico City to ask Mexico's president, City to ask Mexico's president, Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna, , daguerreotypedaguerreotype to remove the to remove the settlement ban and make Texas a separate state. He agreed settlement ban and make Texas a separate state. He agreed to the first demand but not the second..to the first demand but not the second..

Why, after first encouraging American settlement in Texas, did the Mexican government decide to stop Americans from settling in the area?

The combination of the large number of Americans flooding into Texas and the knowledge that the United States wanted to acquire Texas made the Mexican government fear that it would lose control of Texas if American immigration was not cut off.

3434

Run Time: [26:41] Run Time: [26:41] As Americans moved west, tensions arose between settlers and Mexico over ownership of the Texas territory. Investigate the Mexican As Americans moved west, tensions arose between settlers and Mexico over ownership of the Texas territory. Investigate the Mexican

War and the discovery of gold in California in 1848. Learn how the gold rush changed lives of different groups of peopleWar and the discovery of gold in California in 1848. Learn how the gold rush changed lives of different groups of people

3535

3636

Run Time: [54:00] Run Time: [54:00] In the early 1830s, Texas was about to explode. Under Mexican rule, the region was home to more than 20,000 U.S. settlers In the early 1830s, Texas was about to explode. Under Mexican rule, the region was home to more than 20,000 U.S. settlers agitated by what they saw as restrictive Mexican policies. Learn how Mexican officials, concerned with illegal trading and agitated by what they saw as restrictive Mexican policies. Learn how Mexican officials, concerned with illegal trading and

immigration, were prepared to fight to maintain controlimmigration, were prepared to fight to maintain control

3737

II. The Struggle for Independence II. The Struggle for Independence (Pages (Pages 365-365-

367)367)

The first fight of the Texan Revolution occurred in October 1835 at the town of The first fight of the Texan Revolution occurred in October 1835 at the town of GonzalesGonzales.. After this skirmish, Texans asked for volunteers to help them fight After this skirmish, Texans asked for volunteers to help them fight Mexico. In December the Texans scored their first important victory as they Mexico. In December the Texans scored their first important victory as they liberated San Antonio from a larger Mexican force.liberated San Antonio from a larger Mexican force.

Santa Anna, furious at the loss of San Antonio, marched north to retake the Santa Anna, furious at the loss of San Antonio, marched north to retake the settlement and found only a small force barricaded inside a nearby mission called settlement and found only a small force barricaded inside a nearby mission called the the Alamo.Alamo. Photos Photos One defender at the Alamo was the Tennessee One defender at the Alamo was the Tennessee backwoodsman Davy Crocket. Of the defenders Santa Anna would backwoodsman Davy Crocket. Of the defenders Santa Anna would say “The Texans fought more like devils than like men? say “The Texans fought more like devils than like men? Included Included among the number was also Jim Bowie inventor(?) of the Bowie knife among the number was also Jim Bowie inventor(?) of the Bowie knife and Wm. Travis.and Wm. Travis.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=236033 The Alamo 46 min.http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=236033 The Alamo 46 min. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=140276 Texas 12 minuteshttp://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=140276 Texas 12 minutes

The siege of the Alamo bought the Texas rebels time. While Santa Anna was The siege of the Alamo bought the Texas rebels time. While Santa Anna was preoccupied with the band of rebels at the Alamo, American settlers andpreoccupied with the band of rebels at the Alamo, American settlers and Tejanos Tejanos declared the independent Republic of Texas and declared the independent Republic of Texas and named named Sam HoustonSam Houston chief of the chief of the Texas forces. Houston had been raised among the Cherokee.Texas forces. Houston had been raised among the Cherokee.

At the At the Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto, , mapmap the forces of the forces of HoustonHouston and Santa Anna clashed. and Santa Anna clashed.

"I am General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, and a prisoner-of-war at your disposition." Houston looked at him, and by a motion of his hand directed him to a tool-chest, where he could sit down. He did so, leaning

forward, and pressing his sides with his hands.. " And," continued he, " general, you can afford to be generous; you are born to no common destiny —you have conquered the Napoleon of the West." "

Extra Credit ReadingExtra Credit ReadingAUSTIN (CBSDFW.COM) - Before and during the Battle of the Alamo, Texans displayed flags saying “Come and Take It,” issuing a dare to Mexican troops. But now, if Texas wants to retrieve one notable Alamo flag, we may have to “Go and Get It”.

For the past 80 years the only remaining banner known to have flown during the legendary battle has been on display in Mexico. The 4′ by 3′ silk flag is emblazoned with the words “FIRST COMPANY OF TEXAN VOLUNTEERS FROM NEW ORLEANS”.

The latest effort to get it back to the Lone Star State is being led by State Representative John Zerwas. The Richmond Republican has filed a bill to encourage Governor Perry to work on the flag’s return, even if it’s on a temporary basis.

Past efforts have come up short, but Zerwas says he’s hopeful a deal can be worked out.

March 15,2011 History Tid-bit

III. The Lone Star RepublicIII. The Lone Star Republic (Pages (Pages 367-368)367-368)

In September 1836, Texans elected In September 1836, Texans elected Sam Houston the first Sam Houston the first president of their new republic.president of their new republic.

Houston sent a delegation to Washington to ask President Houston sent a delegation to Washington to ask President Andrew Jackson to annex Texas. But Jackson refused. Andrew Jackson to annex Texas. But Jackson refused.

Texas was forced to remain independent during a very difficult time. Texas was forced to remain independent during a very difficult time. The republic was deeply in debt. Also, the The republic was deeply in debt. Also, the government of Mexico government of Mexico refused to accept Santa Anna's recognition of Texas's refused to accept Santa Anna's recognition of Texas's independenceindependence. . As As a result, sporadic fighting between Mexican a result, sporadic fighting between Mexican and Texan forces continuedand Texan forces continued..

Texas remained independent throughout the administrations of Texas remained independent throughout the administrations of Martin Van Buren and John TylerMartin Van Buren and John Tyler. But when . But when James PolkJames Polk, a , a strong believer in strong believer in Manifest Destiny,Manifest Destiny, became president in 1844, the became president in 1844, the situation changed. Polk wanted Texas. With Polk's support, situation changed. Polk wanted Texas. With Polk's support, Congress passed a resolution to annex Texas. Congress passed a resolution to annex Texas. On December 29, On December 29, 1845, Texas became a state.1845, Texas became a state.

Chapter. 12, Chapter. 12, Section 3Section 3 Did You Know? Did You Know? Today California is the country's Today California is the country's

third largest statethird largest state in area in area, , after after Alaska and TexasAlaska and Texas. By . By 1970 it had become the state with 1970 it had become the state with the the largest populationlargest population. . In In addition it has the largest addition it has the largest populations of populations of Spanish Spanish speakers, speakers, Native AmericansNative Americans, , ChineseChinese, , Filipinos,Filipinos, Japanese,Japanese, Koreans,Koreans, and and Vietnamese.Vietnamese.

And of course…the largest And of course…the largest collection ofcollection of the most the most “unusual people”“unusual people” in the in the world!world!

Arnold Schwarzenegger

The New Mexico Territory The New Mexico Territory (Pages 369-370)(Pages 369-370)

In the early 1800s, New Mexico was the name of a vast In the early 1800s, New Mexico was the name of a vast region between California and Texas. region between California and Texas. The Spanish The Spanish started exploration of the area in the late 1500s and started exploration of the area in the late 1500s and made it part of the Spanish colony of Mexico.made it part of the Spanish colony of Mexico.

When Mexico won its When Mexico won its independence in 1821independence in 1821, New , New Mexico became part of an independent Mexico.Mexico became part of an independent Mexico.

Mexico welcomed American traders. Mexico welcomed American traders. William Becknell William Becknell was the first trader to reach Santa Fe, his route becomes was the first trader to reach Santa Fe, his route becomes known as the Santa Fe Trail.known as the Santa Fe Trail. The main settlement in the The main settlement in the New Mexico region. He discovered that he could sell his New Mexico region. He discovered that he could sell his merchandise in New Mexico for many times what he merchandise in New Mexico for many times what he would have received for it would have received for it back in St. Louis. back in St. Louis.

As the idea of As the idea of Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny took hold, took hold,

many Americans thought the United States should acquire Newmany Americans thought the United States should acquire New Mexico. Mexico.

II. II. California's Spanish CultureCalifornia's Spanish Culture (Pages 370-371)(Pages 370-371)

Spanish explorers and Spanish explorers and missionaries were the first missionaries were the first European settlers in CaliforniaEuropean settlers in California

Starting in the Starting in the 1760s,1760s, the Spanish the Spanish set up a set up a chain of missionschain of missions, , settlements run by priests, near settlements run by priests, near the California coast the California coast between San between San Diego and Sonoma. Diego and Sonoma.

When When Mexico became Mexico became independent in 1821independent in 1821, , California California became a state of Mexicobecame a state of Mexico. Mexican settlers bought huge Mexican settlers bought huge areas and build large properties areas and build large properties

called called ranchos.ranchos.

In 1833 the government of In 1833 the government of Mexico abolished the missions. Mexico abolished the missions.

II. CONTINUEDII. CONTINUED

By the early 1800s, By the early 1800s, AmericansAmericans had been had been arriving arriving in in California for many years on California for many years on trading or whaling shipstrading or whaling ships that stopped along the coast, or as travelers (such as that stopped along the coast, or as travelers (such as mountain men) who had come overland from the East. mountain men) who had come overland from the East. In In the 1840s American families began to settle in California.the 1840s American families began to settle in California.

As more and more people who had seen California sent As more and more people who had seen California sent glowing reports about its mild climate, natural resources, glowing reports about its mild climate, natural resources, and beauty to friends and families in the eastern United and beauty to friends and families in the eastern United States, an increasing number of Americans became States, an increasing number of Americans became interested in interested in settling California and adding it to the settling California and adding it to the United States.United States.

President PolkPresident Polk twice twice offered to buy Californiaoffered to buy California and and New New MexicoMexico from Mexico during The mid-1840s, but was turned from Mexico during The mid-1840s, but was turned down. When the US annexed Texas in 1845 it also annexed down. When the US annexed Texas in 1845 it also annexed a border dispute. Polk sends troops into the area.a border dispute. Polk sends troops into the area.

This 1849 daguerreotype of James Polk in the State Dining Room was the first photograph taken of a president and his cabinet.

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Daguerreotype PhotographyDaguerreotype Photography In 1826, Frenchman Joseph-Nicephore Niepce took a picture (heliograph, as In 1826, Frenchman Joseph-Nicephore Niepce took a picture (heliograph, as

he called it) of a barn. The image, the result of an eight-hour exposure, was he called it) of a barn. The image, the result of an eight-hour exposure, was the world's first photograph. Little more than ten years later, his associate the world's first photograph. Little more than ten years later, his associate Louis Jacques Mande DaguerreLouis Jacques Mande Daguerre devised a way to permanently reproduce an devised a way to permanently reproduce an image, and his picture—a daguerreotype—needed just twenty minutes' image, and his picture—a daguerreotype—needed just twenty minutes' exposure. exposure.

A practical process of photography was born. Louis Daguerre called his A practical process of photography was born. Louis Daguerre called his invention invention "daguerreotype.""daguerreotype." His method, which he disclosed to the public late His method, which he disclosed to the public late in the summer of 1839, consisted of in the summer of 1839, consisted of treating silver-plated copper sheets with treating silver-plated copper sheets with iodine to make them sensitive to light, then exposing them in a camera and iodine to make them sensitive to light, then exposing them in a camera and "developing" the images with warm mercury vapor."developing" the images with warm mercury vapor. The fumes from the The fumes from the mercury vapor combined with the silver to produce an image. The plate was mercury vapor combined with the silver to produce an image. The plate was washed with a saline solution to prevent further exposure.washed with a saline solution to prevent further exposure.

Daguerreotypes offered clarity and a sense of realismDaguerreotypes offered clarity and a sense of realism that no other painting that no other painting had been able to capture before. By mid 1850's, millions of daguerreotypes had been able to capture before. By mid 1850's, millions of daguerreotypes had been made to document almost every aspect of life and death. had been made to document almost every aspect of life and death. Photography was on its way to becoming quite commonplace; portrait Photography was on its way to becoming quite commonplace; portrait studios—and eventually, everyday picture-taking— would catch on in a studios—and eventually, everyday picture-taking— would catch on in a flash.flash.

All of the people who stare back at us from the old daguerreotypes, so direct and so dignified, are now dust. Dead and gone for generations. But somehow the brilliance, clarity, and depth of their surviving daguerreotypes, almost brings them back to life. This, is L. J. M. Daguerre's most successful illusion of all

Daguerreotype Portrait of Louis Daguerre (1787–1851)

The practice of illustrating news stories with photographs was made possible by printing and photography innovations that occurred between 1880 and 1897. While newsworthy events were photographed as early as the 1850s, printing presses could only publish from engravings until the 1880s. Early news photographs required that photos be re-interpreted by an engraver before they could be published.

On March 4, 1880, The Daily Graphic (New York) published the first halftone (rather than engraved) reproduction of a news photograph. Further innovations followed. In 1887, flash powder was invented, enabling quicker exposures.

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Views on the WarViews on the War

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant “I do not think there ever was a more “I do not think there ever was a more wicked war than that waged by the United States in wicked war than that waged by the United States in Mexico. I thought so at the time, when I was a youngster, Mexico. I thought so at the time, when I was a youngster, only I had not moral courage enough to resign.”only I had not moral courage enough to resign.”

Rep. Abraham LincolnRep. Abraham Lincoln challenged Polk to challenged Polk to “name a spot “name a spot where Mexicans had shed American blood on American where Mexicans had shed American blood on American soil.”soil.”

Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman “What has miserable, inefficient Mexico “What has miserable, inefficient Mexico—with her superstition, her burlesque upon freedom, her —with her superstition, her burlesque upon freedom, her actual tyranny by the few over the many—what has she to actual tyranny by the few over the many—what has she to do with the great mission of peopling the new world with do with the great mission of peopling the new world with a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission!”a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission!”

Civil Disobedience (Resistance to Civil Government) th

first published in 1849. Henry David Thoreau

Frederick Douglass feared expansion west would carry slavery with it.

I HEARTILY ACCEPT the motto, — "That government is best which

governs least“If we, and our conscience, believe the

majority to be wrong, we must refuse to follow any government or legislation that

goes against who we are as human beings."

III. War with Mexico III. War with Mexico (Pages (Pages 371-374)371-374)

The annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845 The annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845 worsened relations between Mexico and the United States, worsened relations between Mexico and the United States, which had already been bad for years.which had already been bad for years.

The United States offered Mexico The United States offered Mexico $30 million$30 million for for California California and New Mexicoand New Mexico if Mexico would accept the if Mexico would accept the Rio Grande as Rio Grande as the boundary of Texasthe boundary of Texas. Mexico refused the offer and . Mexico refused the offer and announced its intention to retake Texas. announced its intention to retake Texas.

In response the United States sent troops under In response the United States sent troops under General General Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor across the disputed territory between the across the disputed territory between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. Nueces and the Rio Grande.

James K. PolkMessage on War with Mexico

May 11, 1846

To the Senate and House of Representatives:

The existing state of the relations between the United States and Mexico renders it proper that I should bring the subject to the consideration of Congress. . . .

The Mexican forces at Matamoras assumed a belligerent attitude, …

The cup of forbearance had been exhausted even before the recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte. But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war.

As war exists, and, notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, exists by the act of Mexico herself, we are called upon by every consideration of duty and patriotism to vindicate with decision the honor, the rights, and the interests of our country. . . .

In further vindication of our rights and defense of our territory, I invoke the prompt action of Congress to recognize the existence of the war, and to place at the disposition of the Executive the means of prosecuting the war with vigor, and thus hastening the restoration of peace. . . .

Abraham Lincoln,

"Spot Resolutions"

                                              

Speech Before the United States House of Representatives,

22 December 1847

 

Whereas the President of the United States, in his message of May 11, 1846, has declared that "the Mexican Government not only refused to receive him, [the envoy of the United States,] or listen to his propositions, but, after a long-continued series of menaces, has at last invaded our territoryour territory and shed the blood of and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our our fellow-citizens on our own soilown soil:" :" 

…And whereas this House is desirous to obtain a full knowledge of all the facts which go to establish whether the particular spot whether the particular spot on which the blood of our citizens was so shed was or was not at on which the blood of our citizens was so shed was or was not at that time that time our own soilour own soil::   Therefore, 

Resolved By the House of Representatives, That the President of the United States be respectfully requested to inform this House --  

1st. Whether the spot on which the blood of our citizens was shed, as in his messages declared, was or was not within the territory of Spain, at least after the treaty of 1819, until the Mexican revolution. 

III. CONTINUEDIII. CONTINUED Some Americans opposed war with MexicoSome Americans opposed war with Mexico. Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln, a member of , a member of

Congress, thought Taylor's troops had been attacked in Mexican territory, Congress, thought Taylor's troops had been attacked in Mexican territory, meaning meaning there were no grounds for retaliation or warthere were no grounds for retaliation or war. . Fredrick Fredrick Douglas called it “disgraceful” and “cruel”.Douglas called it “disgraceful” and “cruel”.

Polk had a three-part plan to win the war with Mexico.Polk had a three-part plan to win the war with Mexico. (1) (1) FirstFirst,, drive drive Mexican troops out of the disputed territory in Texas north of the Nueces Mexican troops out of the disputed territory in Texas north of the Nueces River and secure the Texas border. (2) River and secure the Texas border. (2) Second,Second, seize New Mexico and seize New Mexico and CaliforniaCalifornia. (3). (3)ThirdThird, capture Mexico's capital, Mexico City., capture Mexico's capital, Mexico City.

General Zachary TaylorGeneral Zachary Taylor accomplished the first goal by the first accomplished the first goal by the first part of 1847.part of 1847.

American forces under General American forces under General Stephen Watts KearneyStephen Watts Kearney captured captured Santa Santa Fe, the capital of New MexicoFe, the capital of New Mexico, without a fight on August 18, 1846. , without a fight on August 18, 1846. Kearny Kearny then led his troops overland toward California. then led his troops overland toward California. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317467 5:52 minuteshttp://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317467 5:52 minutes

In In June 1846June 1846 a small group of Americans aided by a small group of Americans aided by John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont and and Kit CarsonKit Carson seized the town of Sonoma, north of San Francisco, and seized the town of Sonoma, north of San Francisco, and proclaimed the proclaimed the independent Republic of Californiaindependent Republic of California. It was also called the . It was also called the Bear Flag RepublicBear Flag Republic after the illustration of a bear on its flag. after the illustration of a bear on its flag.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=227051http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=227051 Mexican American War 1:30 Min. Mexican American War 1:30 Min.

Early 1846 Colonel Hitchcock, commander of the 3rd Infantry regiment and one of Taylor’s aides, writes in his diary:"...the United States are the aggressors....We have not one particle of right to be here....It looks as if the government sent a small force on purpose to bring on a war, so as to have a pretext for taking California and as much of this country as it chooses....My heart is not in this business." 

“That was a good outfit. I remember storming the ramparts of Chapultepec with old George Pickett, Reynolds, my old friend Ulysses Sam Grant. There was some good men in that army.”

Dialogue from the movie Gettysburg -- James Longstreet to General Lee

Longstreet grew up in Georgia and attended West Point, graduating 54th in a class of 62 in 1842. He was a close friend of Ulysses S. Grant, and served as best man in Grant's 1848 wedding to Julia Dent, Longstreet's fourth cousin. Longstreet fought in the Mexican War and was wounded at the Battle of Chapultepec. He served in the army until he resigned at the beginning of the Civil War, when he was named brigadier general in the Confederate Army.

Mexico was the proving ground for many military commanders who will lead both the North and South during the Civil War.

III. CONT.III. CONT.

In July 1846 an American naval squadron captured the ports of Monterey and San In July 1846 an American naval squadron captured the ports of Monterey and San Francisco. The commander of the squadron, Commodore Francisco. The commander of the squadron, Commodore John SloatJohn Sloat, declared , declared California a part of the United States. Sloat then went on to capture San Diego and California a part of the United States. Sloat then went on to capture San Diego and Los Angeles. By January 1847 California was fully under the control of the United Los Angeles. By January 1847 California was fully under the control of the United States.States.

In September 1847 American forces under the command of In September 1847 American forces under the command of General Winfield ScottGeneral Winfield Scott captured Mexico City, completing the last part of President Polk's plan to win the war captured Mexico City, completing the last part of President Polk's plan to win the war with Mexico. with Mexico. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317471 http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317471 General Winfield Scott took his troops to Mexico City, where General Winfield Scott took his troops to Mexico City, where they eventually gained control.they eventually gained control. 13:30 minutes. 13:30 minutes.

The The Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war with Mexico. It was signed in ended the war with Mexico. It was signed in February 1848. In the treaty, February 1848. In the treaty, Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and fixed the Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and fixed the Texas border at the Rio Grande. In what is called the Mexican Cession, Texas border at the Rio Grande. In what is called the Mexican Cession, Mexico also gave California and New Mexico to the United States in return Mexico also gave California and New Mexico to the United States in return for $15 million.for $15 million.

In 1853 the United States paid Mexico an additional In 1853 the United States paid Mexico an additional $10 million$10 million for a for a strip of land strip of land along the southern edge of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, called the along the southern edge of present-day Arizona and New Mexico, called the Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase.. With the Gadsden Purchase, the adjoining 48 states of the With the Gadsden Purchase, the adjoining 48 states of the mainland reached its present size.mainland reached its present size.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317472 Where would be borders be? 11:56 min.http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317472 Where would be borders be? 11:56 min.

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Nicholas Trist,American

Negotiator

Source: Melville D. Landon, Eli Perkins: Thirty Years of Whit (New York: Cassell, 1891), p. 32.

“ Well, Captain,” inquired the President, “will [the new possessions] pay for the blood and treasure spent in the war?”“Well , General,” replied Sherman, “it cost us one hundred millions of dollars and ten thousand men to carry on the war with Mexico.” “Yes, fully that,” returned a satisfied Taylor, “but we got Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California.”“Well General,…

Chapter 12, Chapter 12, Section 4Section 4

Did You Know? Did You Know? The lake for which The lake for which

Salt Lake City, Utah, is Salt Lake City, Utah, is named actually contains named actually contains salt. In fact there are 4.5 salt. In fact there are 4.5 to 4.9 billion tons of salt to 4.9 billion tons of salt in the water.in the water. The water The water not only tastes salty, but not only tastes salty, but is thick enough for the is thick enough for the average person to be average person to be able to float very easily.able to float very easily.

South part of Great Salt Lake, Utah

5555

““I have seen the elephant!”I have seen the elephant!”

S. Shufelt was one of those gold-seekers. All that we know about Mr. Shufelt is contained in a letter he wrote from the gold fields to his cousin in March 1850. We don't know if he struck it rich or whether he ever returned to his wife and home - we don't even know his first name. On May 11, 1849 he boarded the steamer Panama in New York City along with about 200 fellow fortune hunters risking all on a gamble in California. Behind him he left a wife and child in Windham, NY near the Catskills.

Mr. Shufelt reveals his motivation when he tells his cousin that: "I have left those that I love as my own life behind and risked everything and endured many hardships to get here. I want to make enough to live easier and do some good with, before I return." These same thoughts no doubt inspired the majority of those who made the trek to the gold fields - they were not intending to stay, but planned to make some money and return to their origins.

Mr. Shufelt's letter was discovered at an auction in 1924 and is now part of the collection of the Library of Congress.

December 5, 1848

In a message to Congress, President Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in California. His message was based on reports from Gen. Mason, the Governor of California. The President wrote,

“The accounts of abundance of gold are of such an extraordinary character as would scarcely command belief were they not corroborated by the authentic reports of officers in the public service.”

$1893.00

$961.00

$1406.00

$2582.00

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I.I. California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush (Pages (Pages 375-377)375-377)

The discovery of gold along California's American River in early The discovery of gold along California's American River in early 1848 set off a 1848 set off a gold gold rushrush that brought thousands of people into that brought thousands of people into California from all over the world. California from all over the world. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=235805http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=235805 The Rush for Gold 48 min. The Rush for Gold 48 min.

Boomtowns sprang up almost overnight in northern California as Boomtowns sprang up almost overnight in northern California as the result of the gold rush. the result of the gold rush.

Very Very few of the minersfew of the miners achieved lasting wealth, and most people achieved lasting wealth, and most people found little or no gold. found little or no gold. Concerned citizens formed Concerned citizens formed vigilance committees to protect themselves. vigilance committees to protect themselves. Vigilantes took the law into their own hands.Vigilantes took the law into their own hands.

The gold rush lasted just a few years but had lasting effects on The gold rush lasted just a few years but had lasting effects on California.California.

Rapid growth in California brought the need for more effective Rapid growth in California brought the need for more effective government. Californians wrote a state constitution in 1849 and government. Californians wrote a state constitution in 1849 and applied for statehood in applied for statehood in March 1850. The problem of California March 1850. The problem of California statehood would be dealt with in the statehood would be dealt with in the Compromise of 1850.Compromise of 1850.

Charles Cora and James Casey are lynched by the Committee of Vigilance, San Francisco, 1856.

II. A Religious Refuge in Utah II. A Religious Refuge in Utah (Pages 377-378)(Pages 377-378)

The Mormons, members of the Church of Jesus The Mormons, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, were the first non-Native Christ of Latter-day Saints, were the first non-Native American setters of the Utah area.American setters of the Utah area.

Joseph SmithJoseph Smith photophoto founded the Church in 1830 in founded the Church in 1830 in New York State. He formed a New York State. He formed a religious communityreligious community, , which was unpopular with its neighbors.which was unpopular with its neighbors.

The Mormons were forced to move several times, The Mormons were forced to move several times, from New York to Ohio, to Missouri, and then to from New York to Ohio, to Missouri, and then to Illinois.Illinois.

…after I had retired to my bed for the night, I betook myself to prayer and supplication to Almighty God for forgiveness of all my sins and follies, and also for a manifestation to me, that I might know of my state and standing before him. . . September 1823 and Spring 1830

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II. Cont.II. Cont. In In 1844 1844 a mob in Illinois killed Smitha mob in Illinois killed Smith. . Brigham YoungBrigham Young took over took over

as head of the church, and moved the Mormon community to the as head of the church, and moved the Mormon community to the area near Great Salt Lake in what was then the New Mexico area near Great Salt Lake in what was then the New Mexico territory of Mexico.territory of Mexico.

About 12,000 Mormons began About 12,000 Mormons began the journeythe journey mapmap in 1846. In the in 1846. In the midst of the harsh desert of Utah, they midst of the harsh desert of Utah, they founded a community founded a community called called Deseret,Deseret, later changed to later changed to Salt Lake City. Salt Lake City. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=227177http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=227177 46 min. 46 min.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=235893 The Mormon Rebellion 42 min.http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=235893 The Mormon Rebellion 42 min. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=140272http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=140272

Run Time: [07:48] Run Time: [07:48] The followers of Joseph Smith, members of the Church of Latter Day Saints, migrated to Illinois in the 1830s. After Smith was killed by an anti-The followers of Joseph Smith, members of the Church of Latter Day Saints, migrated to Illinois in the 1830s. After Smith was killed by an anti-

Mormon mob, the new leader, Brigham Young, led the group further west to what is now Utah, where they founded Salt Lake City.Mormon mob, the new leader, Brigham Young, led the group further west to what is now Utah, where they founded Salt Lake City.

The United States acquired the Salt Lake area in 1848 with the The United States acquired the Salt Lake area in 1848 with the Mexican Cession. Mexican Cession. Two years later, Congress established the Two years later, Congress established the Utah Territory. While most areas in the West wanted to be a part Utah Territory. While most areas in the West wanted to be a part of the United States, the Mormons preferred their independence of the United States, the Mormons preferred their independence and often had conflicts with federal authority. and often had conflicts with federal authority. Utah did not Utah did not become a state until 1896.become a state until 1896.

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Essay QuestionsEssay QuestionsPick one of the questions below to answer on the chapter test.Pick one of the questions below to answer on the chapter test.

Who was Dr. Marcus Whitman and why Who was Dr. Marcus Whitman and why was he killed?was he killed?

How did President James K. Polk get How did President James K. Polk get Americans to go to war with Mexico?Americans to go to war with Mexico?

What was life like for pioneers on the What was life like for pioneers on the Oregon Trail?Oregon Trail?

Who were the forty-niners, and how did Who were the forty-niners, and how did they get to California?they get to California?