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Abnormal Behavior *

A psychological disorder, causing distress, disability, or dysfunction. Defined symptomatically by the DSM.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM IV-TR)• Common language and standard criteria for

classifying mental disorders• Organization – 5

dimensions (or axes) relating to different aspects of disorder or disability.

• By American Psychiatric Association

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety – irrational fear, dread, or agitation; physiological arousal

1.Phobias: unreasonable fear; avoidance Specific phobia – clearly defined object

or situation, e.g. dogs Social phobia – extreme shyness or

discomfort in social situations

2.Panic Disorder *: Sudden attacks of apprehension & terror leading to behavioral changes & physical symptoms (Shortness of Breath, Rapid Pulse, trembling, sweating, fear)

Diagnostic Criteria for Panic Disorder (with and without Agoraphobia) pg 440 DSM 4

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder1. Obsessions *: Repetitive, distressing or

frightening thoughts

2. Compulsions *: Repetitive behaviors in an attempt to calm the thoughts

OCD- pg 462 DSM

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder *Response to an extreme stressor, e.g. war,

natural disaster, life-threatening eventSymptoms include : anxiety, insomnia,

nightmares, intrusive thoughts, emotional problems

Substance abuse & family problems common

DSM pg 467

Somatoform Disorders *Real physical symptomsNot explained by medical condition.Stress-relatedMore females

Hypochondriasis*: excessive worry about having a physical illness

DSM 490

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Dissociative Identity Disorder 2 or more distinct personalities in the same

personMemory disruption regarding the “alter”Rare NOT the same as SchizophreniaUsed to be called multiple personality disorder

DSM pg 529

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Major depressive disorder *Low mood (despair) - withdrawal, loss of

interest & pleasure; eating & sleeping disturbance, lack of energy, guilt

More than 2 weeksImpaired functioningMay have psychotic featuresSuicidal thoughts or attempts

DSM 375

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Schizophrenia • Psychosis: loss of contact with reality

• Positive symptoms – hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate affect or behavior, loose associations, disorganized speech

• Negative symptoms – social withdrawal, deterioration of adaptive behavior, flat affect, poor problem solving abilities

DSM 312

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Types of Schizophrenia *Disorganized * Language and/or behavior

chaotic, illogical

Catatonic *Extreme disorder of movement or no movement, no speech, may be stiff or rigid

Paranoid * Hallucinations or delusions most prominent symptom; thoughts of persecution/grandeur

Undifferentiated * Mixed; symptoms from 2-3 other types

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Possible Causes of Schizophrenia *GeneticBrain– loss of neurons; enlarged ventriclesNeurotransmitters – e.g. excess dopaminePoverty, malnutrition, disease Prenatal damage – e.g. virusesStressSubstance Abuse may trigger Interactions between items above

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Bipolar DisorderAlternates between lows (depression) & highs (mania);

may be normal in between

Depression* Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure.

Mania * Exceptional energy, enthusiasm, agitation,

irritable, may be out of control (sex, drugs, gambling, spending)

DSM 388

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Risk Factors for Suicide *Risk if have a Diagnosable psychiatric

disorderMore females attempt suicide.More males succeedOlder men highest riskHistory of being abusedHigh risk behaviorMethod (guns succeed more than pills)Risk - Prior attempts, family history, exposure

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Personality Disorders *

Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C

Paranoid Antisocial Dependent

Schizoid Narcissistic Avoidant

Schizotypal Histrionic Obsessive-Compulsive

*Passive-Aggressive

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Deeply entrenched maladaptive personality qualities•not short term, long disabling disorder, difficult to treat •environmental contributors are stronger than genetic •upbringing, culture, schools, religions

Three “clusters”1.Odd, eccentric2.Dramatic/erratic3.Anxious/inhibited

Antisocial Personality Disorder *Pervasive pattern of violating the rights of

othersLie, cheat, steal, criminal

behaviorAlcohol, drug abuseEgocentric, impulsiveBiological and

environmental factors3x more males

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