1 a What is Philosophy
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Sculptor: Neil Dawson "Horizons"
What is philosophy?
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What is philosophy?
How are we going to answer this question?
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What is philosophy?
How are we going to answer this question?
1. Reading samples of philosophical texts
2. Contrasting philosophy with other areas
3. Doing philosophy
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380BC 1077 1274 1641 1955 1970 2008 Aristotle 384 BC
Hume 1776
Kant 1785
Clifford 1877 Dennett 1978
Some of the works we’ll read
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Level of difficulty of the readings
Rachels [long]
Descartes [short but difficult]
Clifford [a bit long]
Dennett [fun short story]
Churchland [a bit long]
Flew & Mitchell [short, but a bit difficult]
Nussbaum [long]
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This week
General goals and methods of philosophy
Why study philosophy?
Course requirements
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History of Western Philosophy
Ancient (6th BC – 5th AC)
Medieval (5th - 14th Century)
Modern (16th–today?)
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Things that have changed throughout the history of philosophy
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Things that have changed throughout the history of philosophy
Objects studied Methods used Relations among different disciplines Priority of some questions
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Philosophical tasks that will always be important
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Philosophical tasks that will always be important
Analyzing important concepts Examining basic assumptions Evaluating sources of beliefs Understanding questions about values Exploring connections among different
areas of research
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Conceptual analysis
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Conceptual analysis
Basic goal Clarify our concepts by defining them in
terms of simpler components
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Importance of Conceptual Analysis
Before debating We need to clarify the terms used in a
debate
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Importance of Conceptual Analysis
Decision-making Important decisions depend on how we
define our concepts Examples: Happiness, freedom, love,
justice, democracy, knowledge, evidence
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Questions for later
What are concepts? What is to analyze them? What tools can we use to analyze them?
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Examining our beliefs and sources
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Examining our beliefs and sources
Basic questions Do I have good arguments and enough
evidence for my basic beliefs? Is my belief system coherent?
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Questions for later
Why examine our beliefs? How far should we go?
How can we begin to examine our beliefs? What is knowledge, opinion, evidence?
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Questions about values
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Questions about values
Not the same thing: Describing Explaining Evaluating
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Questions about values
Example: What happened? How did it happen? Is what happened right?
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Example: What kind of education do students get in different countries? What kind of education is more efficient, valuable, etc?
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Terms related to values
Normative Related to values and evaluations
Normative statement An evaluation according to some standard
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Normative terms
Examples Ethical vs. unethical Rational vs. irrational Efficient vs. inefficient Artistically valuable vs. no artistic value
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Questions for later
Are all evaluations just a matter of opinion?
What makes ethical statements true or false?
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Connections among different areas
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Connections among different areas
Beyond a particular problem Implications of a result outside its
discipline
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Connections among different areas
Examples Technology and ethics Neuroscience and personal identity Biology and politics
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Consistency between belief-systems
Example Are the teachings of religion X compatible
with science? Are my political beliefs compatible with the
findings of psychology and sociology?
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Areas of philosophy today
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Theoretical philosophy
Epistemology: What is knowledge? How do we know?
Ontology: What kinds of things exist (e.g., minds, numbers, gods)?
Philosophy of mathematics, science, mind, language, etc.
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Practical philosophy
Ethics Political philosophy Philosophy of religion, art, law, technology,
etc.
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Recap
Philosophical tasksAnalyzing important conceptsExamining basic assumptions Evaluating sources of beliefsUnderstanding questions about valuesExploring connections among different areas of research