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Transcript of 1 A Primer on Metadata Standards From Dublin Core to IEEE LOM Rory McGreal Julia Innes Toni Roberts...
1
A Primer on Metadata StandardsFrom Dublin Core to IEEE LOM
Rory McGrealJulia InnesToni RobertsTeleEducation NB
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How didHow didstandardstandardssdevelop?develop?
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I never met a meta metadata I ever really liked. (Dorman, 1999)
Like any early inception of any Like any early inception of any standard, just understanding standard, just understanding the landscape is difficult. the landscape is difficult. (Luh, 1999)(Luh, 1999)
What is METADATAWhat is METADATA??
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What is METADATAWhat is METADATA??
datadata about about datadata
Example: Example: January 31, January 31, 20012001
31 janvier 31 janvier 20012001
2001-01-312001-01-3101-31-200001-31-20003101200031012000
Metadata standards are agreed-on Metadata standards are agreed-on criteria for describing data to support criteria for describing data to support interoperabilityinteroperability
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What is METADATAWhat is METADATA??
Author: Author: B
anathy,B.H.
Year: 1973
Title: Developing a Systems View of
Education: The Systems-Model Approach
Publisher: Lear Siegleer, Inc./Fearon
Publishers
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What is METADATAWhat is METADATA??
Objective:Objective:
SubjectiveSubjective
Factual information – e. g. author, subject, cost, codeFactual information – e. g. author, subject, cost, code
Attributes: opinions e. g. evaluation of a moduleAttributes: opinions e. g. evaluation of a module varied & variable informationvaried & variable information
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Learning objectsLearning objects
any entities, digital or non-any entities, digital or non-digital, which can be used or digital, which can be used or referenced in technology-referenced in technology-supported learningsupported learning. . Modular
Modular
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Learning objectsLearning objects
ScormScorm
AdaptAdaptableableAffordAffordableableAssessAssessableableAccessAccessibleibleDiscoverDiscoverableableDurDurableableInterchangeInterchangeableableInteroperInteroperableableManageManageableableRe-usRe-usableableReliReliableable Adapted from Parmentier, 1999Adapted from Parmentier, 1999
ScormScorm
ScormScorm
ScormScorm
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Learning objectsLearning objects
LessonLesson
ModulModulee
ComponeComponentnt
CourseCourse
ProgrammProgrammee
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Why learning objects?Why learning objects?
From custom-made to
Mass production to
Mass-customization
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Why learning objects?Why learning objects?
One size fits all Tailored Generic Focused Just-in-case Just-in-time
FROM TO
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Why learning objects?Why learning objects?• COST: 1000s of colleges have common course topics
• large numbers of courses are going online
• World does not need 1000s of similar learning topics
• World needs only about a dozen
• Expensive to develop so sharing is essential
(From Downes, 2000)
Design courses as a
collection of learning
objects NOT HTML
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Who inputs METADATAWho inputs METADATA?? Two Camps:Two Camps:
• Internal referencedInternal referenced - Users - Users input their own metadatainput their own metadata• External referencedExternal referenced – – Professionals input metadataProfessionals input metadata
• number of electronic objects is growing rapidlynumber of electronic objects is growing rapidly• metadata required is too much for third-party metadata required is too much for third-party indexersindexers
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METADATA characteristicsMETADATA characteristics
1.1. a data dictionary of commonly defined a data dictionary of commonly defined elements;elements;
2.2. a method for manipulating and a method for manipulating and communicating elements communicating elements electronically;electronically;
3.3. rules for identifying and extracting rules for identifying and extracting content;content;
4.4. an official standards body;an official standards body;5.5. tools for creating, transmitting, and tools for creating, transmitting, and
storing.storing.Ahronheim (1998) Ahronheim (1998)
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METADATA conditionsMETADATA conditions
• Mandatory fields (small Mandatory fields (small subset)subset)
• Optional fieldsOptional fields• ExtensibleExtensible• International interoperabilityInternational interoperability
Adapted from Griffin and Wason Adapted from Griffin and Wason
(1997)(1997)
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METADATA challengesMETADATA challengesToo much concern with Too much concern with FIELDS FIELDS NOTNOT enough with enough with TERMSTERMS • Fields need a common terminologyFields need a common terminology
• DDescribed by a content expert BUTescribed by a content expert BUT• TERMS must fit into a universe of knowledgeTERMS must fit into a universe of knowledgeAND AND • Not be only useful to content expertsNot be only useful to content experts
• Cross-searching requires compatible Cross-searching requires compatible vocabulariesvocabularies
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What is RDF?What is RDF?((RResource esource DDescription escription FFramework)ramework)
An infrastructure enabling the An infrastructure enabling the encoding, exchange, and reuse encoding, exchange, and reuse of structured metadata of structured metadata (Bearman et (Bearman et
al., 1999)al., 1999) RDF is syntax independent, and RDF is syntax independent, and can be expressed in both XML and can be expressed in both XML and HTML. HTML. -- World Wide Web -- World Wide Web
ConsortiumConsortium
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/
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What is RDF?What is RDF?((RResource esource DDescription escription FFramework)ramework)
• Uses a refined XML vocabularyUses a refined XML vocabulary• Consists of nodes with attached pairsConsists of nodes with attached pairs• Nesting is used Nesting is used
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/
RDF:RDF: Author: name: R. McGrealAuthor: name: R. McGreal email: email: [email protected]@telecampus.edu
phone: 506444-4230phone: 506444-4230
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What is XMLWhat is XML??(e(eXXtended tended MMarkup arkup LLanguage)anguage)
• Extends HTML without complexities of Extends HTML without complexities of SGMLSGML• XML is the underlying syntax for the XML is the underlying syntax for the transport of informationtransport of information for exchanging for exchanging structured datastructured data
SStandardtandardGGeneraleneralMMarkup arkup LLanguageanguage
HTMLHTML
XMLXMLSGMLSGML
http://www.w3.org/XML/http://www.w3.org/XML/
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What is XMLWhat is XML??
• any level of complexityany level of complexity• functions without the serverfunctions without the server• vendor independentvendor independent• user extensibleuser extensible• validation & human readabilityvalidation & human readability
Warning: possible Warning: possible Pandora's box Pandora's box of incompatible metatagsof incompatible metatags
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Why XMLWhy XML??
• standardized • uses schemas • machine-readable • two entities can use the same data
<ASSERTIONS> href=“http://www…”><ASSERTIONS> href=“http://www…”> <author><author> <RESOURCE><RESOURCE> <name>Rory McGreal</name><name>Rory McGreal</name> <email>[email protected]</email><email>[email protected]</email> <phone>5064444230</phone><phone>5064444230</phone> </RESOURCE></RESOURCE> <author><author></ASSERTIONS></ASSERTIONS>
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Metadata and RDF/XMLMetadata and RDF/XML
Metadata =Metadata =semantics & resourcessemantics & resources
RDF = structureRDF = structure
XML = syntaxXML = syntax
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METADATA standardsMETADATA standards
• Dublin CoreDublin Core• IMSIMS• ARIADNEARIADNE• IEEE LTSC LOMIEEE LTSC LOM• ADL SCORMADL SCORM• ISO 11179ISO 11179
CanCorCanCoree
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METADATA standards 2METADATA standards 2
• AICCAICC• ALIC (Japan)ALIC (Japan)• CENCEN• Cisco RLOCisco RLO• MARC 21 MARC 21 (MARBI & (MARBI & OAI)OAI)
• Msoft LRNMsoft LRN• Warwick Warwick FrameworkFramework• Z39.5Z39.5• EMLEML
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METADATA METADATA standards agreementstandards agreement
December 6, 2000December 6, 2000"Ready access to comprehensive repositories of "Ready access to comprehensive repositories of metadata is the metadata is the critical factorcritical factor at the inflection at the inflection point of the next generation of learning and point of the next generation of learning and knowledge creation. However, this will require that knowledge creation. However, this will require that metadata be highly metadata be highly interoperable and reusable interoperable and reusable worldwide.worldwide. This agreement marks a major step This agreement marks a major step toward realizing this vision."toward realizing this vision."
-- -- Wayne Hodgins, Chair of the IEEE Wayne Hodgins, Chair of the IEEE LTSCLTSC
LOM Working GroupLOM Working Group
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Dublin CoreDublin Core. . . the HTML of Web metadata . . . the HTML of Web metadata
(Bearman et al., 1999)(Bearman et al., 1999) . . . lingua franca for metadata, . . . at a . . . lingua franca for metadata, . . . at a
basic level basic level (Milstead & Feldman, (Milstead & Feldman, 1999)1999)
. . . the most broadly based consensus . . . the most broadly based consensus on resource description on the Web"on resource description on the Web" (Weibel, 1999)(Weibel, 1999)
http://purl.oclc.org/dc/http://purl.oclc.org/dc/
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Dublin CoreDublin Core
• coexists with other metadata setscoexists with other metadata sets • all elements are optionalall elements are optional • all elements are syntax-all elements are syntax-independentindependent
• tagged in HTML, raw XML, or tagged in HTML, raw XML, or RDF/XML RDF/XML
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Dublin Core FieldsDublin Core Fields
Title Creator SubjectDescription Publisher ContributorDate Type FormatIdentifier Source LanguageRelation Coverage Rights
All fields are All fields are optional, none are optional, none are mandatorymandatory
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IMSIMSEducause: IEducause: Instructional nstructional MManagement anagement SSystem??ystem??
1.1. catalyst for development of catalyst for development of instructional software instructional software
2.2. creation of an online management creation of an online management infrastructure for learning infrastructure for learning
3.3. facilitation of collaborative learning facilitation of collaborative learning activitiesactivities
4.4. certificationcertification
MANDATEMANDATE
Members:Members: Apple, Cisco,ETS, IBM, Apple, Cisco,ETS, IBM, Indust.Canada, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun, US Indust.Canada, Microsoft, Oracle, Sun, US Defense,etc.Defense,etc.
Partners: Partners: ARIADNE (Europe), NIST ARIADNE (Europe), NIST LOM,LOM,
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IMS Metadata SchemaIMS Metadata Schema
• incorporates & extends Dublin Coreincorporates & extends Dublin Core• mandatory fieldsmandatory fields• simple controlled vocabularysimple controlled vocabulary• sets dictionary values sets dictionary values • reference schemas reference schemas • domain-specific taxonomiesdomain-specific taxonomies• RDF/XML RDF/XML
NOT just a metadata schemaNOT just a metadata schema
http://imsproject.comhttp://imsproject.com
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ARIADNEARIADNEAAlliance of lliance of RRemote emote IInstructional nstructional AAuthoring uthoring and and DDistribution istribution NNetworks for etworks for EEuropeurope
• fosters the sharing and reuse of electronic fosters the sharing and reuse of electronic pedagogical material, by universities and pedagogical material, by universities and corporations.corporations.• a Europe-wide repository for pedagogical a Europe-wide repository for pedagogical documents (Knowledge Pool System)documents (Knowledge Pool System)• co-author of IMS Metadata structureco-author of IMS Metadata structure
http://ariadne.unil.ch/http://ariadne.unil.ch/
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IEEE LTSC LOM IEEE LTSC LOM P1484.12P1484.12
• To enable learners or instructors to search, evaluate, acquire, and use Learning Objects
• focus on the minimal set of properties focus on the minimal set of properties neededneeded
IInstitute for nstitute for EElectrical and lectrical and EElectronics lectronics EEngineersngineersLLearning earning TTechnologies echnologies SStandards tandards CCommitteeommitteeLLearning earning OObject bject MManagement anagement PProtocolrotocol
MANDATEMANDATE
http://ltsc.ieee.org/http://ltsc.ieee.org/index.htmlindex.html
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ADL SCORMADL SCORM
• a set of interrelated technical specifications a set of interrelated technical specifications built upon the work of the AICC, IMS and built upon the work of the AICC, IMS and IEEE to create one unified content modelIEEE to create one unified content model• It incorporates XMLIt incorporates XML• supported by US Dept. of Defense supported by US Dept. of Defense
http://www.adlnet.org/Scorm/http://www.adlnet.org/Scorm/
AAdvanced dvanced DDistributed istributed LLearning Network earning Network SSharable harable CCourseware ourseware OObject bject RReference eference MModelodel
Roger St-Pierre Roger St-Pierre GrandfatherGrandfather
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CLEO CLEO LabLab• one-year research collaboration between one-year research collaboration between corporations corporations • ADL SCORMADL SCORM• focused, applied research on technical and focused, applied research on technical and pedagogical issuespedagogical issues
http://www.cleolab.org/http://www.cleolab.org/
Customized Learning Experiences Online
Cisco Systems, Click2Learn, IBM Mindspan Cisco Systems, Click2Learn, IBM Mindspan Solutions, Microsoft and NETgSolutions, Microsoft and NETg
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ISO/IEC JTC1 SC36ISO/IEC JTC1 SC36
International Standards International Standards Organization Organization Information Technology for Learning, Education, & Information Technology for Learning, Education, & TrainingTraining• standardization in IT for learningstandardization in IT for learning• support individuals, groups, or support individuals, groups, or organizationsorganizations• enable interoperability & reusability of enable interoperability & reusability of resources & toolsresources & tools
External Liaisons:External Liaisons: • IEEE/LTSC (Learning Technology Standards (Learning Technology Standards Committee) Committee) • CEN/ISSS/LTWS (Learning Technology Workshop) (Learning Technology Workshop)
http://jtc1sc36.org/#terms_of_referencehttp://jtc1sc36.org/#terms_of_reference
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AICCAICC
Provides guidelines for Provides guidelines for interoperability for systems to interoperability for systems to share data onlineshare data online
http://aicc.org/http://aicc.org/
AAviation viation IIndustry ndustry CCBT (Computer-Based Training) BT (Computer-Based Training) CCommitteeommittee
AICC Guidelines & Recommendations (AGR)
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ALICALICAdvanced Learning Advanced Learning Infrastructure Infrastructure Committee (Japan)Committee (Japan)
• works with other international works with other international standards bodies for metadatastandards bodies for metadata
• facilitates interoperabilityfacilitates interoperability
http://www.alic.gr.jp/http://www.alic.gr.jp/
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CEN/ISSSCEN/ISSS E U R O P E A N C O M M I T T E E F O R S T A N D A R D I Z A T I O NE U R O P E A N C O M M I T T E E F O R S T A N D A R D I Z A T I O N
Information Society Standardization SystemInformation Society Standardization System
• formal and informal standardization formal and informal standardization • full standards to best-practice agreements full standards to best-practice agreements • employs an open, transparent consensus mechanism employs an open, transparent consensus mechanism • direct industry participation & consumer interests direct industry participation & consumer interests • not pushing a particular solution or technologynot pushing a particular solution or technology• a wide constituency of interested parties a wide constituency of interested parties • flexible methods of working and flexible deliverablesflexible methods of working and flexible deliverables
http://www.cenorm.be/isss/http://www.cenorm.be/isss/
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Cisco Systems Cisco Systems RLO/RIORLO/RIO
Re-usable Learning Objects/Re-usable Learning Objects/ Re-usable Information Re-usable Information ObjectsObjects
• 7 (+ or – 2) chunked reusable information 7 (+ or – 2) chunked reusable information objectsobjects• forms a complete lessonforms a complete lesson• incorporates metadataincorporates metadata
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/solutions/learning/779/ibs/solutions/learning/whitepapers/whitepapers/
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Microsoft LRNMicrosoft LRN
• Implementation IMS content packaging specification v1.0
• more than a metadata implementation that incorporates IMS metadata
http://www.microsoft.com/elearn/support.asphttp://www.microsoft.com/elearn/support.asp
LLearning earning RResource Iesource INNterchangeterchange
LRN Toolkit v. 2.0
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OAIOAI
• develops and promotes interoperability develops and promotes interoperability standards that aim to facilitate the efficient standards that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of contentdissemination of content as a means of increasing as a means of increasing the availability of scholarly communicationthe availability of scholarly communication
• Digital Library Federation and the and the Coalition for Networked Information
http://www.openarchives.org/http://www.openarchives.org/
Open Archives Initiative
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Warwick FrameworkWarwick Framework
• a higher-level context for the Dublin a higher-level context for the Dublin CoreCore• nests components (packages) in nests components (packages) in containerscontainers• facilitates interoperabilityfacilitates interoperability• permits selective access & permits selective access & manipulation of datamanipulation of data WARNING: It can create complexity WARNING: It can create complexity
that is not needed.that is not needed. (Lagoze, 1996)(Lagoze, 1996)
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july96/lagoze/07lagoze.htmlhttp://www.dlib.org/dlib/july96/lagoze/07lagoze.html
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Learning ObjectLearning ObjectRepositoriesRepositories
• GEMGEM• JA-SIGJA-SIG• MERLOTMERLOT
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EMLEMLEducational Modeling LanguageEducational Modeling Language
• Notational system codifying units of study Notational system codifying units of study (e.g. courses, components, programmes)(e.g. courses, components, programmes)
• Describes roles, relations, interactions & Describes roles, relations, interactions & activitiesactivities
• Expressed in XMLExpressed in XML
• Supports IMS, SCORM, – more Supports IMS, SCORM, – more comprehensivecomprehensive
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GEMGEM
• The Gateway, a an example repository or catalog• set of metadata standards and technical mechanisms• "one-stop, any-stop" access to uncatalogued educational materials• consortium of 200 + orgs. & individuals• a project of the U.S. Dept. of Education, ERIC http://www.geminfo.org/http://www.geminfo.org/
GGateway to ateway to EEducational ducational MMaterialsaterials
http://www.thegateway.org/
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JA-SIGJA-SIGJJava in ava in AAdministration dministration SSpecial pecial IInterest nterest GGrouproup
• like Merlot: like Merlot: a collection interactive online a collection interactive online learning materialslearning materials• an example of a learning object repositoryan example of a learning object repository• does not adhere to universal metadata does not adhere to universal metadata standards standards
http://www.mis2.udel.edu/ja-sig/http://www.mis2.udel.edu/ja-sig/
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MerlotMerlotMMultimedia ultimedia EEducational ducational RResource for esource for LLearning and earning and OOnline nline TTeachingeachingCalifornia State University system’s Distributed Learning and California State University system’s Distributed Learning and Teaching Initiative & Multimedia Repository InitiativeTeaching Initiative & Multimedia Repository Initiative• a collection of high quality interactive online a collection of high quality interactive online learning materials & peoplelearning materials & people• an example of a learning object repositoryan example of a learning object repository• does not adhere to universal metadata does not adhere to universal metadata standards standards
http://www.merlot.orghttp://www.merlot.org
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TeleCampusTeleCampus
http://telecampus.edu
• A metadata repository • Conforms to international metadata standards. • Houses only the metadata• Does NOT house actual lessons, modules, or courses • Links to the institutions that own the courses
Online Course DirectoryOnline Course Directory
• +45 000 online courses+45 000 online courses• + 30 countries, +12 languages+ 30 countries, +12 languages• +3 500 free courses+3 500 free courses
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Canadian Core Fields and Canadian Core Fields and VocabularyVocabulary
• a metadata protocola metadata protocol• an interpretation and simplification ofan interpretation and simplification of the 86 elements of the IMS Modelthe 86 elements of the IMS Model • FULL compatibility with IEEE LOMFULL compatibility with IEEE LOM
http://www.careo.org/cancorehttp://www.careo.org/cancore http://teleeducation.nb.ca/CanCorehttp://teleeducation.nb.ca/CanCore
CanCorCanCoree
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International Metadata International Metadata Standard for Learning Standard for Learning ObjectsObjectsIEEE LOM P1484.12IEEE LOM P1484.12
Expressed through RDF> Expressed through RDF> XML/SGMLXML/SGML
IMS/ARIADNE/SCORMIMS/ARIADNE/SCORM
Dublin CoreDublin Core
CanCorCanCoree vocabularyvocabulary
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Metadata and Metadata and RDF RDF implementationimplementation
RDF = structureRDF = structure
XML or AICCXML or AICC
Metadata =Metadata =semantics & resourcessemantics & resources
Cancore = delimited fields & vocabulary
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POOLPOOL
• A customizable, A customizable, intelligent, learning intelligent, learning content management content management systemsystem•A learning object A learning object repository repository
Portal for Objects Oriented to LearningPortal for Objects Oriented to Learning
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POOLPOOL
MetadataMetadataDirectoryDirectory
RepositoryRepository
RepositoryRepository
RepositoryRepositoryRepositoryRepository
RepositoryRepository
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POOLPOOL
RepositoryRepository
ConceptConcept
LearningLearningObjectObject
LessonLesson
ConceptsConcepts
CourseCourse
ProgrammeProgramme
MetadataMetadata
MetadataMetadata
MetadatMetadataa
MetadataMetadata
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System Administration and SupportSystem Administration and Support
Instructor/AuthorContent ProviderResearcherContent editorStudent
Link to WAN
WEB Delivery
Content Hosting and ManagementContent Hosting and Management
Raw ContentUnsanctioned
ApprovedLearning Objects
Best Of BreedContent Pool
National DLCourse Pool
Learning Tools Pooland Forum
MIDDLEWAREObject Search Engines,Custom views, by user typeIntelligent Agent,Content Adaptation Model,Rights Management, Work FlowEducational Content, Classification Schema
Learning SolutionsIdea Factory
Learning Tools Pooland Forum
POOLPOOL
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POOL Metadata ProjectPOOL Metadata Project
Specifications for applying IMS to POOL learning Specifications for applying IMS to POOL learning objects including:objects including:
•A base schema & schemas for describing video, A base schema & schemas for describing video, audio, and still images at different levels of audio, and still images at different levels of granularitygranularity
•Application of schema to the TeleCampus online Application of schema to the TeleCampus online course databasecourse database
NNew Brunswick Distance Education Network Inc.ew Brunswick Distance Education Network Inc.University of New Brunswick Electronic Text CentreUniversity of New Brunswick Electronic Text Centre
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ApplicationsApplications
http://www.knowledgemechanics.com
http://www.integreator.com/
http://www.mentergy.com/products/authoring_design/designer/
IntegreatorIntegreator Designer’sDesigner’sEdgeEdge
KnowledgeKnowledgeMechanicsMechanics
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MARC MARC 2121
• librarylibrary standards for the representation and standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form information in machine-readable form
• three elements: the record three elements: the record structurestructure, the , the content designationcontent designation, and the data , and the data contentcontent of of the recordthe record
http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/
MAMAchine-chine-RReadable eadable CCataloging ataloging record record
Machine-Readable Machine-Readable Bibliographic Bibliographic Information Committee Information Committee (MARBI)(MARBI)
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Z39.5Z39.500
• an information retrieval protocol that supports an information retrieval protocol that supports communication among different information communication among different information systemssystems• works with MARC recordsworks with MARC records• used by librariansused by librarians
http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/
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What is RSS?What is RSS?
• a generalised format for a generalised format for online resources online resources •expresses all vocabularies expresses all vocabularies with one model and syntax with one model and syntax • schema can work in XMLschema can work in XML
Warning: RDF does not solve Warning: RDF does not solve interoperability problems with legacy interoperability problems with legacy metadata AND a variety of RDF metadata AND a variety of RDF description schemas are possibledescription schemas are possible
RRDF DF SSite ite SSummaryummary
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rss-dev/files/namespace.htmlhttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/rss-dev/files/namespace.html