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Structure of ProkaryotesStructure of Prokaryotes

Hugh B. FackrellHugh B. Fackrell

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ProkaryotesProkaryotes

Computer Filename: Computer Filename: Struct1.pptStruct1.ppt

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Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline

Cell shapesCell shapes Eubacteria vs ArcheobacteriaEubacteria vs Archeobacteria Cell EnvelopeCell Envelope SporesSpores FlagellaFlagella

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Background Terms & Background Terms & ConceptsConcepts

Proteins Proteins Membranes (membr.ppt)Membranes (membr.ppt) Formation of lipid bilayers Formation of lipid bilayers

(membr.ppt)(membr.ppt) ProkaryotesProkaryotes Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes Evolution of eukaryotes Evolution of eukaryotes

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Major Groups of Major Groups of OrganismsOrganisms

PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals FungiFungi ProtistaProtista ProkaryotesProkaryotes VirusesViruses

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ProkaryotesProkaryotes

CharacteristicsCharacteristics– No nucleus or nuclear membraneNo nucleus or nuclear membrane– Microscopic Microscopic – Food organic or inorganicFood organic or inorganic– Some photosyntheticSome photosynthetic

BacteriaBacteria CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria EubacteriaEubacteria

Archaea (archaebacteria)Archaea (archaebacteria)

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Prokaryotes vs EukaryotesProkaryotes vs Eukaryotes

ProkaryotesProkaryotes No nuclear No nuclear

membranemembrane DNA in ONE DNA in ONE

molecule free in molecule free in cytoplasmcytoplasm

No membrane No membrane bound organellesbound organelles

No cytoskeletonNo cytoskeleton

EukaryotesEukaryotes Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane DNA organized in DNA organized in

several molecules several molecules (chromosomes)(chromosomes)

Many different Many different membrane bound membrane bound organellesorganelles

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

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Circular Bacterial DNACircular Bacterial DNA

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Prokaryotes (details)Prokaryotes (details)

Size:Size:1-10 1-10 Flagella:Flagella: simple, 2 proteins simple, 2 proteins Capsule: Capsule: extracellular polymerextracellular polymer Cell wall: Cell wall: usual, complexusual, complex Plasma membrane:Plasma membrane: no carbohydrates or no carbohydrates or

sterolssterols Ribosomes:Ribosomes: small(70S) small(70S) Cell division:Cell division: binary fission binary fission

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Eukaryotes (details)Eukaryotes (details) Size:Size:10-100 10-100 Flagella:Flagella: Complex, many microtublules Complex, many microtublules Capsule:Capsule: none none Cell wall:Cell wall: if present chemically simple if present chemically simple Plasma membrane:Plasma membrane:Sterols & carbohydratesSterols & carbohydrates Ribosomes:Ribosomes: large (80S) in cytoplasm large (80S) in cytoplasm

– small(70S) in organellessmall(70S) in organelles Cell division: Cell division: mitosismitosis

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Cell SizesCell Sizes

Cell Smallest Average Cell Smallest Average LargestLargest

BacterialBacterial 0.10.1 1-2 1-2 0.9 mm 0.9 mm Animal 1 5- 20 10 mAnimal 1 5- 20 10 m Plant 1 50 ?Plant 1 50 ?

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Microbial ColossusMicrobial Colossus 0.5 mm0.5 mm visibile to naked eyevisibile to naked eye Symbiant in gut of Symbiant in gut of

surgeonfishsurgeonfish Epulopiscium Epulopiscium

fishelsonifishelsoni

How does solve How does solve diffusion problems?diffusion problems?

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Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes

Coccus “Berry”Coccus “Berry” Rod: (bacillus) “Rod or staff”Rod: (bacillus) “Rod or staff” Vibrio: comma one turn of a helixVibrio: comma one turn of a helix Spiral: rigid, open coilSpiral: rigid, open coil Spirochete: flexible tight coilSpirochete: flexible tight coil Square:Square:

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CoccusCoccus

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Division in Single PlaneDivision in Single Plane

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Bacterial Fossils 3.7 BYBacterial Fossils 3.7 BY

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RodRod

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Gold deposited by Gold deposited by BacteriaBacteria

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VibrioVibrio

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Magnetic BacteriumMagnetic Bacterium

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SpiralSpiral

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SpirocheteSpirochete

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DNA of nucleoid

Bacterial flagellum

Mesosome

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Ribosomes

(a)

Diagram of ProkaryoteDiagram of Prokaryote

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Bacterial chainsBacterial chains

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Filamentous bacteriaFilamentous bacteria

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Gram Positive CellsGram Positive Cells

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Gram Negative CellsGram Negative Cells

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Bacterial Cell WallsBacterial Cell Walls

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Bacterial Wall [detail]Bacterial Wall [detail]

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Gm Negative Cell WallGm Negative Cell Wall

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Isolated Murein LayerIsolated Murein Layer

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After Peptidase hydrolysisAfter Peptidase hydrolysis

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Cleavage Site of LysozymeCleavage Site of Lysozyme

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Archaea: Cell MembranesArchaea: Cell Membranes

lack fatty acidslack fatty acids contain etherscontain ethers

– gylcerol diethers , bilayersgylcerol diethers , bilayers– Tetraethers form monolayersTetraethers form monolayers– Fixed number of carbons in hydrocarbonsFixed number of carbons in hydrocarbons– flexibility via pentacylic ringsflexibility via pentacylic rings

Large amounts of nonpolar lipidsLarge amounts of nonpolar lipids– isoprenoids eg squaleneisoprenoids eg squalene

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Archaea: Cell Walls Archaea: Cell Walls

NO muramic acidNO muramic acid NO D amino acidsNO D amino acids pseudopeptidoglycan pseudopeptidoglycan

((MethanobacteriumMethanobacterium))– N acetyltalosaminuronic acidN acetyltalosaminuronic acid

glycoprotein (glycoprotein (HalobacteriumHalobacterium))– highly negative charge balances positive highly negative charge balances positive

charges of sodiumcharges of sodium ProteinProtein

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Archaea: GeneticsArchaea: Genetics

Half size of bacterial genomesHalf size of bacterial genomes– 1900 KB vs 4700 KB (E coli)1900 KB vs 4700 KB (E coli)

Bacterial SimilaritiesBacterial Similarities– Polygenic mRNA Polygenic mRNA – Shine-Dalgarno sequences for Shine-Dalgarno sequences for

ribosome bindingribosome binding Eucarya SimilaritiesEucarya Similarities

– RNA polymerase IIRNA polymerase II

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Bacterial EndopsoreBacterial Endopsore

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QuestionsQuestions

Diagram the structure of mureinDiagram the structure of murein Construct a table comparing Construct a table comparing

Eubacteria and the ArcheoEubacteria and the Archeo

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Bacterial FlagellumBacterial Flagellum

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SummarySummary

Simple cellsSimple cells Single circular chromosomeSingle circular chromosome 1-2 microns in size1-2 microns in size few internal compartments or few internal compartments or

organellesorganelles Complex Cell Wall commonComplex Cell Wall common Cell wall uniqueCell wall unique