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4 Types of Writing4 Types of Writing

Expository

Persuasive

Descriptive

Narrative

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What is an expository essay? It …What is an expository essay? It …

…Gives facts.…Explains.…Gives steps in a process.…Presents ideas in logical

order or correct sequence.

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What are the key words that show it What are the key words that show it is an expository prompt?is an expository prompt?

1. Most people enjoy some type of music. Think about your favorite type of music and explain why you like that particular type of music.

2. Sometimes even the best drivers can get lost at times. Explain how you would direct a lost man to get back to the interstate highway from your neighborhood.

Tell how to make a hamburger.

YOU WILL FIND THESE WORDS IN THE PROMPT

EXPLAIN or TELL HOW.

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What is a descriptive essay?What is a descriptive essay?

Sensory images are used to describe what the writer sees, hears, smells, touches, and tastes.

It paints a clear description of people, places, objects, or events.

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What are the key words that show it is a What are the key words that show it is a descriptive prompt?descriptive prompt?

1. Describe your bedroom. Imagine telling someone who has never visited you.

2. There are many tourist spots to visit in Birmingham. Describe your favorite place to take visitors. You may want to tell what you will see, hear, smell and how you feel when you are there.

Tell us what you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel on Christmas morning.

YOU MUST DESCRIBE OR

TELL WHAT A PERSON CAN SEE, HEAR, SMELL, TASTE OR FEEL.

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What is a persuasive essay?What is a persuasive essay?

You are asked to prove something.

Give reasons why. Present arguments

against your reasons. Show them to be false.

Take a stand Ask or call for an

action.

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What are the key words that show it’s a What are the key words that show it’s a persuasive prompt?persuasive prompt?1. Persuade a close friend to donate blood as part of a

blood drive that your school is sponsoring for the Red Cross.

2. Some of your kid brothers friends have taken up smoking and want him to start too. Write a convincing letter to your kid brother to not take up this habit.

3. Write a letter to the editor of the newspaper telling why citizens in Birmingham should support a tax increase benefiting the local public schools.

YOU WILL NOTICE THE WORDS PERSUADE, CONVINCE OR TELL WHY SOMEONE SHOULD DO SOMETHING.

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What is a narrative?A narrative…

• Tells a story.

• Has chronological order and sequence of

events.

• Has action.

• Has conflicts or problems.

• Has dialogue.

• Has characters.

• Has a definite beginning, middle and end.

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What are the key words that show What are the key words that show that these are narrative prompts?that these are narrative prompts? You and your friend find a big box that is labeled “Do

Not Open.” Your friend wants to open the box. Write a story about what happens next.

Tell about a time when you made a serious mistake.

Two little girls found a wallet on the sidewalk. Tell what happened next.

NOTE THE WORDS: WRITE A STORY or

TELL ABOUT A TIME, or

TELL WHAT HAPPENED NEXT.

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Ready to write? First determine what type Ready to write? First determine what type prompt you have. You should read your prompt you have. You should read your

prompt at leastprompt at least “three” “three” times. times.

Expository--explain, tell how Descriptive--describe Persuasive---persuade or convince Narrative-- tell about a time

when, tell a story

Use your scratch paper to brain storm and then make an outline, or web, for a five paragraph essay.

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Think – Brainstorm-PACOThink – Brainstorm-PACOP-What is your purpose?A- Who is your audience?C- Content --What are

your ideas for details, facts, or reasons?

O- Organization --Think how you want to

structure your paper. Jot down these ideas.

NOWNOW START YOUR OUTLINE, OR WEB!

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exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

K E Y ID E A

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

KEY IDEADescriptive(details)

Persuasive (reasons)Expository (facts/steps)

ConclusionS um m arize the pointsyou m ade in the essay

go back to the introduction

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

K E Y ID E A

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

KEY IDEADescriptive(details)

Persuasive (reasons)Expository (facts/steps)

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

K E Y ID E A

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

KEY IDEADescriptive(details)

Persuasive (reasons)Expository (facts/steps)

Introduce your top icG ive 3 details, reasons, facts or steps in a process

You w ill ta lk about in your paper.

First Paragraph

Second Paragraph Third Fourth

Fifth Paragraph

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exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

K E Y ID E A

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

KEY IDEAD(details)

P (reasons)E (facts/steps)

ConclusionS um m arize the pointsyou m ade in the essay

go back to the introduction

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

K E Y ID E A

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

KEY IDEAD(details)

P (reasons)E (facts/steps)

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

K E Y ID E A

exam p les

e lab ora tion

exp lan a tion

KEY IDEAD(details)

P (reasons)E (facts/steps)

Introduce your topicGive 3 details, reasons, facts or steps in a process

You w ill ta lk about in your paper.

FIRST PAPAGRAPH

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Let’s prepare to write an essay!Let’s prepare to write an essay!

Here’s the prompt.There are many good and bad things about being in the seventh grade. Explain what these things are.

What kind of prompt do we have?

Did you say expository? You’re right!

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Use your scratch paperUse your scratch paperJot down a few transitions. What are transitions? Words or phrases that connect ideas or

introduce the topic. Such as one, if, although, however,

finally, in conclusion, first, second, next, additionally,consequently

Make an outline or web. Develop a 1-3-1 plan. One Paragraph for intro-

Three paragraphs for the body – One paragraph for the conclusion.

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AdditionallyAdditionallyOneOneFirstFirstSecond Second Next Another- Next Another- ififAlthough FinallyAlthough FinallyIn conclusionIn conclusionIndeedIndeedConsequentlyConsequently

Stars are Stars are key ideas or controlling key ideas or controlling statements. statements. ExplanationsExplanationsExamples,Examples,Evidence are listed Evidence are listed below.below.

spend ing tim e with friends

choose food

no line

m ore freedom

M s. Trunchbu llAnd M s. H oney

chang ing classesand teachers

good/ fun things

sitting in m ath longerm akes m e sick

stress-stom ach hurts

m ore tests and harder

com pare to sta le food

not like e lem entary schoo l

Sat test

bad things

not ge t to s it with friends

pull up g rades

too m uch

H O M E W O R K

F un to p lay & com pete

c lothes sw eat

P E

m ight be boring

m iss schoo l

fie ld trips

things that are goodand bad

W hat's G ood & B ad A bout 7 th grProvide a hook- Ask a question

ta lk about the good, bad and th ings both good and bad

Conclusion: Sum up what you’ve said. Refer back to your introduction.

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This is an important step! This is an important step! Don’t try to write your paper Don’t try to write your paper without doing an outline first.without doing an outline first.

Why?! Why?!

•YouYou will be graded on will be graded on organization. organization.

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Introductions for expository, Introductions for expository, descriptive and persuasive descriptive and persuasive

essays should….essays should…. Grab the reader’s attention.

Or -- Let the reader know what you’re going to talk about.

Or--Show a plan for what you’re going to be talking about in the three body paragraphs.

Or --State what the audience will learn in this essay.

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Sample IntroductionSample IntroductionAlthough I have taken many

wonderful vacations, my trip with my two best friends to New York City is one I’ll always remember. This was a fantastic trip because of the sights we saw, the people we met, the plays we enjoyed, and the laughs we shared.

What’s the plan?

What’s the topic? Each part of the plan will be developed into paragraphs.

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After you make your web or outline, After you make your web or outline, start writing your introduction.start writing your introduction.Leave space at the top for two more Leave space at the top for two more lines. lines. ( It won’t count against you.)( It won’t count against you.)You You might come back later to insert a little might come back later to insert a little background information in the background information in the introduction. Remember to grab introduction. Remember to grab interest and show the plan of your interest and show the plan of your paper in the introduction.paper in the introduction.

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IntroductioIntroductionn

Have you ever thought about what are the good and the bad things in seventh grade? There are good things like changing classes and more freedom. Some of the bad things are you have to stay in school longer, you have SAT tests, and tests get harder. Stay with me as I explain the good and bad things about being in the seventh grade.

How does the writer grab your attention?

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Let’s start on the body. Go Let’s start on the body. Go back to your web or outline for back to your web or outline for the second paragraph.the second paragraph.

Good Fun Things-Changing classes and teachers-Ms. Trunchbull & Ms. HoneyMore Freedom- no line-See friends at lunch

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First I will tell you about the good and fun things about First I will tell you about the good and fun things about being in the seventh grade.You get to change classes so if being in the seventh grade.You get to change classes so if one teacher is like Mrs. Trunchbull in Matilda, you are only one teacher is like Mrs. Trunchbull in Matilda, you are only with her for part of the day. If your teacher is like Ms. with her for part of the day. If your teacher is like Ms. Honey you will enjoy a fabulous time with her. Another Honey you will enjoy a fabulous time with her. Another thing I enjoy is more freedom. We don’t have to walk in thing I enjoy is more freedom. We don’t have to walk in straight lines as if we were soldiers marching off to war. straight lines as if we were soldiers marching off to war. Next, you can get your own food instead of having the Next, you can get your own food instead of having the lunch ladies get it for you. I like spending time with my lunch ladies get it for you. I like spending time with my friends so if there are not in one of my classes, I can see friends so if there are not in one of my classes, I can see them at lunch.them at lunch.

Transition words help!

Does he explain, give examples, use metaphors?

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Look back at your outline for Look back at your outline for the third paragraph the third paragraph Bad things

SAT Test-not like elementary school-compare to stale breadmore test and harder-stress stomach hurts-math makes me sick

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Next I’m writing about the bad things you go through in Next I’m writing about the bad things you go through in seventh grade. First of all you have to take the SAT test. seventh grade. First of all you have to take the SAT test. In elementary school you didn’t have to worry about this In elementary school you didn’t have to worry about this kind of thing. The SAT test is like eating stale food kind of thing. The SAT test is like eating stale food because it can hurt you and it can be boring. The tests because it can hurt you and it can be boring. The tests get harder as you go on. We have so many of them they get harder as you go on. We have so many of them they can cause a major stress and make you feel like your can cause a major stress and make you feel like your stomach was just pulled out. At my elementary school we stomach was just pulled out. At my elementary school we got out fifteen minutes earlier. Sitting in math class for got out fifteen minutes earlier. Sitting in math class for that extra minutes makes me feel terrible inside.that extra minutes makes me feel terrible inside.

Did you find the transitions? What are the key ideas? How does he explain his key ideas? What is the metaphor?

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Look back to your outline before Look back to your outline before writing the fourth paragraphwriting the fourth paragraph

things that are both good & badField Trips-miss school-might be boringPE-clothes sweat-fun to play and competeHomework-too much-pull up grades

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Finally my next category is going to be things that Finally my next category is going to be things that come good and bad. First field trips are extremely fun come good and bad. First field trips are extremely fun because you can talk and miss school. However it’s bad if because you can talk and miss school. However it’s bad if you go somewhere boring or can’t sit with your friend. you go somewhere boring or can’t sit with your friend. Everybody loves P.E. because we play real sports with Everybody loves P.E. because we play real sports with competitiveness. But sadly when we’re leaving PE, my competitiveness. But sadly when we’re leaving PE, my clothes get sweaty which doesn’t feel good. Everybody clothes get sweaty which doesn’t feel good. Everybody knows the pluses and minuses of Homework! We have so knows the pluses and minuses of Homework! We have so much homework it just takes the energy out of you, which much homework it just takes the energy out of you, which is bad. What is good about it is that the more homework is bad. What is good about it is that the more homework you have, the better chance you have to pull up your you have, the better chance you have to pull up your grade.grade.

Did you find the transitions? What are the key ideas? How does he explain his key ideas?

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Now we are ready for the fifth Now we are ready for the fifth paragraph – the conclusion which will paragraph – the conclusion which will summarize our main points or key summarize our main points or key ideas in the body.ideas in the body.Good and bad things

freedomchanging classesSAT testgoing to school longertestsGood and Bad

HomeworkPEFieldtrips

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In conclusion the seventh grade has good and bad things In conclusion the seventh grade has good and bad things involved. Such as more freedom, and changing classes. involved. Such as more freedom, and changing classes. Some other things are SAT test, going to school longer, and Some other things are SAT test, going to school longer, and quizzes and tests. Homework, P.E., and field trips fall into quizzes and tests. Homework, P.E., and field trips fall into both of those categories. both of those categories.

What are your transitions? Does the writer sum up what he written? Does he refer back to the introduction.

This paragraph was from an actual essay written by a student for the state writing assessment. His organization gave him a four.

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Whoops! What did we forget?Whoops! What did we forget?Did you think title? You are right!

How about – “The Good and Bad Things About Seventh Grade”

Nah… Boring. Interesting titles have an action word.

How about- “Good and Bad Things Happen in Seventh Grade” …better

How about “Seventh Grade, Good or Bad- You Be the Judge”

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Remember we said to leave a little Remember we said to leave a little space at the top. Let’s look at a space at the top. Let’s look at a classmate’s essay and see whyclassmate’s essay and see why……

In the near future I would like to become a forensic scientist and help solve crimes. The steps I would have to take to achieve my goals are finishing school, practice the procedure of my major, and be successful in everything I do.

What My Near Future Would Be Like

After rereading she came back to add a little background information. This is an important step Reread to IMPROVE.

I’ve always found the solving of crimes by DNA evidence to be interesting. A forensic scientist is doctor who examines data.

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Now Let’s Look At NarrativeNow Let’s Look At Narrative

Tell about a time Write a story

Chronological sequence of events

Dialogue Action Problems, conflicts Beginning, Middle,

EndDo you think there is a love story here?

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Use this Use this type of type of web for web for

a a NarrativeNarrative

S TO R Y TITL E

E ven t

E ven t

E N D IN G

E ven t

E ven t

In trod u c tion

CLIMAX

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Some typical story transition Some typical story transition wordswords One day

Suddenly During Until Yesterday Meanwhile Afterwards While

Typically transitions are about time. After, before, since, later

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How to get your story rollingHow to get your story rolling

Begin by describing a character.

LaDarius Smith, a star on our school basketball team, is very lucky.

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Get the story rolling with Get the story rolling with dialoguedialogue

“What’s that smell?”the seventh graders complained.

“Finish your experiment and we’ll head outside to get away from it,” said their teacher.What punctuation goes

with the words said? Did you say quotation marks? You’re right!

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Get the story rollingGet the story rolling

Provide a “where” with prepositional phrases:

Near the park Below the surface of

the water In Chicago Throughout the

crowded room Inside the lunchroom

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Here’s an excellent beginning by one of Here’s an excellent beginning by one of your classmates at Arrington.your classmates at Arrington.

It was an early Tuesday morning in Tokyo Japan. The sun started to rise over Juan Lee’s house. Boom! Juan Lee and his friend Jen went to see what was with all of the commotion. Then the door came crashing down. It turned out that Juan’s Aunt Lee kicked the door down.

How does he start his story? How does he grab interest?

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Can you tell which passage is Can you tell which passage is narrative and which is expository?narrative and which is expository?Marty and I jumped to our feet. “Ohhhh.” I heard Marty let out a frightened moan. I started to back away. I thought maybe I could scramble out the other side of the car. But the snarling, growling monsters came at us from both sides. “L-leave us alone.” I stammered.A monster covered in tangled brown fur opened

After Christopher Columbus’s voyages to the New World, many Spaniards came to this continent to explore. One Spanish explorer was Ponce De Leon. He traveled through present-day Florida to find the Fountain of Youth. A second explorer, Coronado searched for the Seven Cities of Gold. He and his men traveled

ExpositoryNarrative

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Put it all together and write!Put it all together and write!Does this give you an overall review of

what we’ve studied for writing? There are many things that fit together to

help us become excellent writers.

Text

Text

Text

TextText

Text

Text

TextText

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SummarySummary Identify your prompt Plan your work with an outline. Give your work a title with an action word. Grab interest in the beginning Build your paragraph with explanations,

examples, & evidence following the topic statement or key statement.

Use strong action words Use vivid adjectives Use metaphors Finished? Reread & reread to improve and

clarify.

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CreditsCreditsCreated by Chris Browning for Arrington Middle

School, Birmingham City Schools

Maureen Autum Step Up to Writing Program

Birmingham City Schools workshops presenters Jerrie Foster, Gail Brown, Theresa Thomas, Jacquelyn Washington, Janet McMiller

State of Alabama workshop presentations Rhonda Silmon –Teaching clear thinking before writing.

Lecture Demonstration with Rick Shelton & Write Where You Are!