Experimental Study on Cold Lap Formation in Tandem Gas Metal Arc Welding
1-3 Cold Welding, Etc.ppt
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Transcript of 1-3 Cold Welding, Etc.ppt
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Let’s Look at the ProcessesCOLD WELDING
PRESSURE GAS WELDINGROLL BONDING
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Cold Welding, Etc.
Lesson ObjectivesWhen you finish this lesson you will understand:• Cold Welding Definition, Characteristics, Process & Applications• Pressure Gas Welding Process & Applications• Forge Welding Process & Applications• Roll Bonding Process & Applications
Learning Activities1. View Slides; 2. Read Notes, 3. Listen to lecture4. Do on-line
workbook
Keywords: Cold Welding, Pressure, Deformation, Multiple Upset, Pressure Gas Welding, Open/Closed Joint, Forge Welding, Flux, Nascent Surface, Roll Bonding, Cladding
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SolidState
Welding
Electrical
Chemical
Mechanical
Pressure
Pressure &Deformation
Cold Weld
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• Cold welding is a solid-state process in which pressure is used at room temperature to produce coalescence of metals with substantial deformation at the weld. Both butt and lap joints can be cold welded.
Definition of Cold Welding
Die
Flash
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A: Lap both sides indented E: Draw Weld B: Lap One side indented F: Wire Lap (before and after)C: Edge both side indented G: Mash Cap Joint D: Butt in Tube H: Butt (before and after)
AWS Welding Handbook
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• At least one of the metals must be ductile without excessive work-hardening.
• Total absence of applied heating.
• Dissimilar metals can be joined.
• Surface preparation is important.
Characteristics of Cold Welding
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• The parts to be welded are first cleaned.
• A short section of the part is sheared.
• The parts are clamped in a die with some initial extension.
• A forging force is applied to complete welding.
Dies
Workpiece Workpiece
Before welding
After welding
Cold Welding Process Description
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• Cold welded butt joints are used in the manufacturing of aluminum, copper, gold, silver, and platinum wire.
• Most commonly, successive reels of wire are joined for continuous drawing to a smaller diameter.
• Aluminum alloys used in cold welding include: 1100, 2319, 3003, all 5000 series, 6061 and 6201.
Applications of Cold Welding
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Equipment
Cold Welding Equipment• A manually operated
cold welding machine (courtesy AWS handbook).
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States of Upset During ButtCold Welding
Single Upset Cold Weld inType 1100 Aluminum Wire
Courtesy AWS handbook
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Stages in Multiple Upset Cold WeldingAWS Welding Handbook
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AWS Welding Handbook
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Multiple Upset Cold Weld
AWS Welding Handbook
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Transverse Flow Lines in aCold Welded Butt Joint
Courtesy AWS handbook
Can Effect Joint Efficiency
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AWS Welding Handbook
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Other Cold Welding Applications
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Cold Welded Electrical Component
Cold Welding in the Manufactureof Industrial Packaging
Application
Courtesy AWS handbook
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Saijo, K et al, “method and Apparatus for Cold Rolling Clad Sheet”, US Patent 4,896,813 Jan 30, 1990
Cold – Vacuum Cladding (glow discharge surface prep)
EtchingChamber
High FrequencyGlow DischargeSurface Etch
CleanSurfaceTo RollingMill
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PRESSURE GAS WELDINGHeat Can Help
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SolidState
Welding
Electrical
Chemical
Mechanical
FlameContact
Pressure &Deformation
PressureGas Weld
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Definition:• An oxy-fuel gas welding process that produces
coalescence simultaneously over the entire area of the faying surfaces by heating with gas flames obtained from the combustion of a fuel gas and oxygen, and by the application of pressure and deformation, without the use of filler metal.
Pressure Gas Welding
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• Open joint pressure welding.
• Closed joint pressure welding.
Pressure Gas Welding Processes
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• The faces to be joined are heated individually to the welding temperature.
• After heating, the two faces are brought into contact.
• Upsetting force is applied to complete welding.
Workpiece Workpiece
Workpieces are heated separately
Upsetting pressure is applied
Final weld
Upsettingforce
Principle of Operation
Pressure Gas Welding Principles of Operation: Open Joint Method
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• Faces to be welded are butted together under initial pressure.
• Metal at the joint is heated to welding temperature with a gas flame.
• Finally, the metal is upset sufficiently to produce a weld.
Upsettingforce
Upsettingforce
Heating torchFlame
Workpiece Workpiece
Before welding
After welding
Principles of Operation
Pressure Gas Welding Principles of Operation: Closed Joint Method
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AWS Welding Handbook
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AWS Welding Handbook
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AWS Welding Handbook
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AWS Welding Handbook
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AWS Welding Handbook
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Pressure Gas WeldLittle Visible Centerline
Good Mechanical Properties
AWS Welding Handbook
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• Pressure gas welding has been successfully applied to plain carbon, low carbon, and high alloy steels, and to several non-ferrous metals, including nickel-copper and copper-silicon alloys.
Applications
Applications of Pressure Gas Welding
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Forge WeldingThe Blacksmith’s Art
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SolidState
Welding
Electrical
Chemical
Mechanical
RadiationPressure &
DeformationForgeWeld
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Forge Welding
Forge welding is a solid-state welding process that produces a weld by heating the work pieces to welding temperature and applying blows sufficient to cause permanent deformation at the faying surface. Forge welding was the earliest welding process and the only one in common use until the 19th century.
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AWS Welding Handbook
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Fluxes
Often fluxes are needed to prevent oxide formation on the parts to be welded. Two commonly used fluxes for steels are silica sand and borax (sodium tetraborate).
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ROLL BONDING
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Nascent Surface
• Defined as the new surface formed during compressive plastic deformation (upset).
• Can be free of oxides and contamination.
• Increased nascent surface area usually results in increased weld strength.
Area increase under compressive plastic deformation (upset)
Original
Deformed
Interface
NascentSurface
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Roll Bonding• A solid state welding process in
which bonding is made between two sheets of metal by passing them through a rolling mill.
• Surface preparation is of utmost importance.
• Welding is promoted with increasing temperature, increasing pressure, increasing roll diameter, and decreasing rolling speed.
• 60 to 70% deformation is required for maximum weld strength.
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a
Nascent surfaceOriginal weld interface
X
Yb
Weldinterface
Rolling
Plane Strain Roll Bonding
(Deformation in thickness and length only.)
• % reduction in thickness
• % nascent (new) surface
x a
xax
100% 1 100%
b y
b
y
b100% 1 100%
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Plane Strain Roll Bonding
• Assuming constant volume, xy = ab or a/x = y/b
• % reduction in thickness is equal to % nascent surface, assuming no change in width.
• For 100% nascent surface 100% reduction in thickness is needed.
1 100% 1 100%
ax
yb
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Surface Deformation• Bulk compressive deformation or
upsetting is measured as the percentage reduction in sheet thickness.
• A threshold deformation exists below which no weld is made.
• Above this threshold the joint strength is close to that predicted by assuming the welded area is the nascent surface area.
• Increasing the temperature reduces the value of threshold deformation.
Deformation%St
ren
gth
Thresholddeformation
Predicted strengthStrength of welded joint.
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Steel - Aluminum Cladding
Cleaning
Rollinga. Coldb. 600-750 F
Post-Heating ~ 1000F
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Aluminum
Steel
FeAl3, Fe2Al5
(Brittle)Si > 0.25% in SteelTends to Reduce Brittle Iron-Alumindes Thus Higher Post Roll Temperatures can be employedSteel
Steel
Aluminum
Steel
Steel
Aluminum
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Titanium
Aluminum
Aluminum - Titanium
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AluminumStainless Steel
Stainless Steel Clad Aluminum & Copper
CopperStainless Steel
Hot Rolled