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Animal Like Protists
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Apicompleza
Phylum Ciliophora
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Protists
• Over 38,000 species of protists! • Members of the original life forms on earth!
About 1.5 billion years ago! • Some protists are plant like, some are animal
like – Protozoa: animal like protists
• Many have symbiotic relationships: – Parasitism
• Scientists who study only protists: protozoologists
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Protozoa
• Protozoa – Unicellular, plasmic organization – BUT THAT DOES NOT MEAN THEY ARE
SIMPLE – Individuals or colonies
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Describe the characteristics of the species:
Actinospharium
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Difficult?
• What if you used taxonomy? – Domain: Eukarya – Kingdom: Protista – Phylum: Sarcomastifophora – Class: zoomastigophorea– Subphylum: Pseudopodia
• TAXONOMY GIVES US CLUES! • USE IT!
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Phylum Sarcomastigophors
• Largest protozoan phylum. • All protozoa in this phylum:
– Unicellular or colonial – Locomotion by flagella, pseudopodia, or
both – Autotrophic, saprozoic, heterotrophic – Single type of nucleus – Sexual or asexual reproduction
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Ever wonder about that green gunk?
• Its Euglena! • Class
Phytomastigophorea – Possess chlorophyll,
1 or 2 flagella
• Euglena in action
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Euglena
• Salt or fresh water • Can perform
photosynthesis or absorb nutrients – The stigma at the base
of the flagella allows the euglena to orient themselves towards a light source
• Reproduce using binary fission– Split into two new
organisms
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Euglena Structure
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Euglena: Ecological Role
• Photosynthesizer
• Acts as food for other protists and fish
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Din
ofla
gella
tes
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Dinoflagellates
• Gobular, Single celled organisms
• Some– platonic – others are benthic
• Some – symbiotic – others parasitic
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Dinoflagellate: Structure
• Two groves: two flagellums – Horizontal: cingulum
• Spinning flagellum
– Vertical: suclus• Whipping flagellum:
forward motion
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Dinoflagellates: food/digestion
• Many are mixotrophic • They have
Chloroplasts: – Photosynthesis
• But also absorb food – Osmotrophy – Eat other plankton:
copepods, diatoms, other dinoflagellates
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Dinoflagellates: reproduction
• Binary Fission: one division per day
• Can depend on conditions: – nutrients, light,
temperature
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Dinoflagellates: ecological Role
• Red Tides– Release toxins– Digestion of toxins
can cause: numbness, slurred speech, nausea, paralysis, death
– Paralytic shellfish poisoning
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For
amin
ifera
ns
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Foraminiferans
• Amoeboid protozoans – Branch like
psuedopods – Form elaborate net
like structures: Tests • Help catch prey
• Most are benthic – Use psuedopod to
crawl around
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Forams: digestion/energy
• Consume a lot of diatoms and dinoflagellates
• Some host green/red algae – Symbiotic
relationship • Forams get nutrients • Coral reefs get
calcium carbonate
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Forams: Structure
• Produce Elaborate Tests– Multichamber– Grow as the foram
grows
• Geometric– Resembles
microscopic snail shell
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Forams’ ecological role
• Hel form beaches and sediment – Chalk
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Phylum Apicomplexa
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Phylum Apicomplexa
• All Parasites! • Apical complex for
penetrating host cells • Single type of nucleus • No cilia and flagella,
except in certain reproductive states
• Life cycle includes asexual and sexual phases
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Phylum Apicomplexa
• Feed off nutrients from the host
• Cause serious diseases: Malaria – 5th largest cause of
death world wide – 2008: 708,000 and
1,300,00 people died
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Reproduction • 3 stages
– Schizogony: asexual fission in host cell
– Gametogony: begins sexual phase : produces zygote
– Sporogony: zygote divides by mitosis creating sporozoites. Sporozoites go on to infect other hosts
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Phylum Ciliophora
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Phylum Ciliophora
• Have cilia for locomotion
• Rigid pellicle and more or less fixed shape
• Distinct (cytostome) mouth structure
• Dimorphic nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus
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Cilia • Similar to flagella
– Much shorter – More of them – Move in coordinated
waves – Many ciliates can
reverse
• Some cilia are specialized – Sweep food into mouth
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Digestion and Food • Heterotrophic • Prey on other protists or small animals • Example: Suctorians
– Attach to a prey– Secrete mucus to paralyze prey – Cut opening in cell wall and suck out cytoplasm
1. Attack and secure
2. Maneuver and line up
3. Gulp !
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Reproduction
• Two Nuclei– Macronucleus: regulates daily metabolic
activities – Micronuclei: holds genetic information
• Asexual reproduction – Binary fission– Budding
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Reproduction
• Sexual reproduction – Conjunction: hook
together and exchange micronuclei
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Often have symbiotic relationships
• Digestion • Parasitic: Live in
digestive system of humans – Secretes enzyme that
causes ulcers
• Mutualistic: live in the digestive system and help digest food – Hoofed animals