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Поколения компьютеров Первое

Поколение Второе Поколение

Третье Поколение

Четвёртое Поколение

Технология

Электронные лампы

Транзисторы Интегральные схемы (несколько транзисторов)

МикрочипыMicrochips (миллионы транзисторов)

Размер Целое здание

Пол-комнаты

Несколько столов

Крошечный

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IBM PC - 1981

• IBM-Intel-Microsoft совместная работа

• Первый широко-продаваемый ПК

• 8088 Микрочип - 29,000 транзисторов– 4.77 Mhz процессор

• 256 K RAM (Random Access Memory)

• Один или два флоппи-дисков

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Apple Macintosh

• 1984• Процессор Motorola

68000• Первый ПК с GUI и

мышью

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Прогресс Компьютеров UNIVAC

(1951-1970) (1968 vers.)

Mits Altair (1975)

IBM PC (1981)

Macintosh (1984)

Pentium IV

Микросхемы

Интегральная схема

2 Intel 8080 Микрочип

Intel 8088 Микрочип - 29,000 Transistors

Motorola 68000

Intel P-IV Microchip - 7.5 million transistors

RAM Memory

512 K 265 Bytes 256 KB 256 MB

Частота 1.3 MHz 2 KHz 4.77 MHz 3200 MHz = 3.2 GHz

Память 100 MB Hard Drive

8” Floppy Drive

Floppy Drive

Floppy Drives

Hard Drive, Floppy, CD-Rom

Размер Комната Портфель + монитор

Портфель + монитор

Две коробки с обувью

Небольшая сумка

Цена $1.600.000 $750 $1595 ~$4000 $1000 - $2000

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Встроенные компьютеры - Сейчас

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Будущее?

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Спасибо за внимание!

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Milestones in Computer Architecture (1)

Some milestones in the development of the modern digital

computer.

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Milestones in Computer Architecture (2)

Some milestones in the development of the modern digital

computer.

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Computer Generations• Zeroth Generation

Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945)

• First GenerationVacuum Tubes (1945 – 1955)

• Second GenerationTransistors (1955 – 1965)

• Third GenerationIntegrated Circuits (1965 – 1980)

• Fourth GenerationVery Large Scale Integration (1980 – ?)

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Von Neumann Machine

The original Von Neumann machine.

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Intel Computer Family (1)

The Intel CPU family. Clock speeds are measured in MHz (megahertz)

where 1 MHZ is 1 million cycles/sec.

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Early Competitors

• Commodore• TRS-80• Osborne

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IBM PC• IBM enters small

computer market 1981• Uses open architecture• Purchases operating

system from Microsoft

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Early Computer History• Pascalene 1624

– The first accurate mechanical calculator

– Created by Blaise Pascal– Used to add, subtract,

multiply, and divide

• Jacquard Loom 1820– Created by Joseph Jacquard– A machine that automated the

weaving of complex patterns– Used holes punched in cards to

automate the process

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Early Computer History

• Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890– Created by Herman Hollerith– Used punch cards to tabulate

census data– Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine

Company, which later became IBM

• Analytical Engine 1834– Created by Charles Babbage

• The father of computing– The first automatic calculator– Includes components similar to those found

in today's computers

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Early Computer History

• Z1 1936– Created by Konrad Zuse– The Z1 is a mechanical

calculator– It included a control unit

and memory functions• Atanasoff-Berry

Computer 1939– Created by John

Atanasoff and Clifford Berry

– The first electrically powered digital computer

– Used vacuum tubes to store data

– The first computer to use the binary system Atansoff-Berry ComputerAtansoff-Berry Computer

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Early Computer History

• Harvard Mark I 1944– Created by Howard Aiken and

Grace Hopper– A computer used by the US Navy

for ballistics calculations– Hopper’s contribution to

computing was• Invention of the compiler• Coined the term “computer bug”

• Turing Machine 1939– Created by Alan Turing– A hypothetical model that

defined a mechanical procedure or algorithm

– Concept of an infinite tape that could read, write, and erase was precursor to today’s RAM

11stst use of “computer bug” use of “computer bug”

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Early Computer History

• ENIAC 1944– Created by John W.

Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

– The first successful high-speed electronic digital computer

• UNIVAC 1951– The first commercially

successful electronic digital computer

– Used magnetic tape

ENIAC

UNIVAC

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Early Computer History• Transistors 1945

– Invented at Bell Laboratories– Replaces vacuum tubes

• Integrated circuits 1958– Invented by Jack Kilby of

Texas Instruments– A small chip containing

thousands of transistors– Enabled computers to

become smaller and lighter

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Early Computer History

• Microprocessor chip 1971– Created by Intel Corporation– A small chip containing millions of transistors– It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)

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Computer Generations

• First-generation computers (1946–1958)– UNIVAC– Use vacuum tubes to store data

• Second-generation computers (1959–1964)– Use transistors to store data

• Third-generation computers (1965–1970)– Use integrated circuits

• Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today)– Use a microprocessor chip

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Computer History

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Computer History, cont.

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Computer History, cont.

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Miniaturizing the Computer

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The Microprocessor

• Intel (“Integrated Electronics) c. 1969– Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, Andrew Grove leave

Fairchild Semiconductor– Busicom’sdesire for high-performance calculator

chips (12)

• Ted Hoff’s idea to instead design a single-chip, general purpose logic device– Intel 4004 microprocessor– The rest is …

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Microcomputer Architecture

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Components of a Microcontroller

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Abacus

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Early Calculators

• 1614 John Napier, Napier’s Rods - multiply, divide, square roots

• 1623 Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating Clock reconstructed in 1960

• 1625 slide rule invented• 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the

Pascaline, the first “digital calulator”

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Napier’s Bones

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Schickard’s Calculator

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Slide Rule

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The Pascaline

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Early Caluclators

• 1822 Charles Babbage Mechanical computing machine. Too complicated to build until 1853

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Babbage’s “Difference Engine”

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Vacuum Tube

• 1906• Lee Forest invented the

“Electronic Valve”• This made digital electronic

computers possible

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Early Vacuum Tube

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First Generation computers

• 1939 - 1959• Use vacuum tubes and wire

circuits• 1939 ABC computer completed,

clock speed of 60 Hz, uses punch cards for secondary memory

• 1946 ENIAC 18,000 valves, used 25 KW of power, 100,000 calculations/second

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ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer

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ENIAC

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ENIAC

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Transistors

• 1947• Bell laboratories invent the

transistor• Smaller, cheaper, more reliable,

less heat

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First Transistor

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Second Generation Computers

• 1959 - 1964 • Based on transistors and printed

circuits• Much smaller and less power

consumption

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Integrated Circuit

• 1958• Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas

Instruments• Integrates the functions of many

transistors into one physical component

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First Integrated Circuit

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Third Generation Computers

• 1964 - 1972• Based on integrated circuits,

smaller than 2nd Generation

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Microprocessors

• 1971• Intel released first microprocessor,

the 4004• Equivalent to 2,300 transistors, 4

bit data path, ran at 108 KHz• Microprocessors are complex

integrated circuits, capable of many different functions

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Intel 4004 Processor

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Intel 8088 circuitry

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Fourth Generation Computers

• 1972 - • Based on microprocessors• Utilize LSI (Large Scale

Integration), and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)

• Smaller, faster, and more complex than 3rd Generation

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Fifth Generation Computers

• ????• Will be much smaller and faster

than 4th Generation• Greatly increased data storage

capability• Will most likely have light, easily

transportable display capabilities• May be built into clothing

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Fifth Generation Computers

• Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.