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CERNEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research

• Founded in 1954 by 12 countries – Norway one of them• Today: 20 member states, around 2500 staff – around 15

from Norway (too few), plus fellows and technical students• More than 8000 users from all over the world – around 100-

120 from Norway - reasonable• ~1000 MCHF / Year budget – Norway pay around 2%

2004: The 20 member states

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HEP in Norway

Red: Universities (offering everything up through Ph.D) – Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim

Blue: University Colleges currently involved at CERN (offering up through master), some also involved in the ATLAS/ALICE experiment – and all technical students

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CERN's mission: to build particle accelerators

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be the most powerful instrument ever built to investigate particles properties.

• Four gigantic underground caverns to host the huge detectors

• The highest energy of any accelerator in the world

• The most intense beams of colliding particles

• It will operate at a temperature colder than outer space

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Speakers age distribution of 103 (of the 104) talks

28 female and 76 male speakers

4th ATLAS Physics WorkshopAthens, May 2003

Speakers age distribution

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Norway at CERN

Geneva Airport LHC acceleratorLEP earlier

CERN main siteSPS accelerator

CERN 2nd site

Norway at CERN (the last 20 years):• At LEP the effort was focused on DELPHI and some fixed target

experiments (for heavy ion studies)• For LHC Norway participate in ATLAS and ALICE, taking on important

construction tasks in both (silicon detector systems, calorimeter modules, trigger and readout electronics and cryogenic tasks)

• Norwegian/Nordic effort to prepare computing facilities for data analysis

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The major technology activities at CERN last 8 years:

Construction of silicon modules for ATLAS (UiB, UiO) - Completed successfully

PHOS detector readout for ALICE (UiB, UiO) - Ongoing

High Level Trigger development for ALICE (UiB, UiO) - Ongoing

Construction of cryogenics tanks for ATLAS (NTNU, UiO, Industry) - Completed succesfully

RD50 (UiO, SINTEF) – R&D work for future detector systems - Ongoing

LHC detector construction

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Main goals: best possible science, more people to/involved at CERN, technologycontacts with projects and people. Organised in 3 approved projects:

(1) ATLAS and (2) ALICE: Physics analysis, detector operation, pattern recognition software – mostly the experimental particle physics and heavy ions groups at UiB and UiO – in ATLAS and ALICE. Include also staff

for Bergen and Gjøvik University Colleges. Theory programs for the theoretical physicist but limited funding Links to Norwegian part of Nordic GRID facility for data-analysis

(3) Instrumentation and technology:Program related to R&D for new detector and electronics making use of new combined UiO and SINTEF facilities, a Technology Student program funded until 2011, Industry Liaison and

Technology Transfer Officer, 1 FTE in CLIC development (and active at CERN).

In addition (outside CERN related funding) :Astroparticle physics related to Planck and Gravitational lensingStrengthen new and better involvement of the Norwegian low energy nuclear physics community at ISOLDE (radioactive beam) – funding not securedGRID program for computing

New programmes 2006-2011

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Technology and Particle Physics

Key technologies

– Magnet technology and super conductive systems

– Medical imaging and radiation treatment

– Information technologies (WEB, GRID) - Grid is an emerging infrastructure that provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe

– Surface science and materials

– etc Norwegian involvement in this:

– Technical students from Norway at CERN – today there are 10 Norwegians out of 120 in total

– Industry Liaison and Technology Transfer activities

– Norwegian Companies and Research Institutes

– Physicists and engineers from Universities

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Accelerator and experiments, big objects

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25 ns

very powerful detectors needed

Proton/Proton collisions

1011 protons per bunch

Event rate in detectors :

N 1,000,000,000 interactions/s

Interesting hard events are rare

Selection of 1 in

10,000,000,000,000

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Sequence

q, g

q,g

q, gq, g

q,g

q, gHiggs

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Sequence

Higgs

!!!!!! Close to 109 p-p coll/sec !!!!!Gives H in this channel: 100/year

, p, K,…

, p, K,…

, p, K,…

, p, K,…

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Registration

Energy

Tracks

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Higgs signature at the LHC

We expect only 1 Higgs in 1,000,000,000,000 events

The two proton beams at the LHC will collide head-on 100 million times per second

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CERN, Internet and the WWW

17 Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department

The LHC Data Challenge

The accelerator will be completed in 2008 and run for 10-15 years

Experiments will produce about15 Million Gigabytes of data each year (about 20 million CDs!)

LHC data analysis requires a computing power equivalent to ~100,000 of today's fastest PC processors

Requires many cooperating computer centres, as CERN can only provide ~20% of the capacity

18 Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department

Solution: the Grid

Use the Grid to unite computing resources of particle physics institutes around the world

The World Wide Web provides seamless access to information that is stored in many millions of different geographical locations

The Grid is an infrastructure that provides seamless access to computing power and data storage capacity distributed over the globe

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Diameter 25 mBarrel toroid length 26 mEnd-cap end-wall chamber span 46 mOverall weight 7000 Tons

The ATLAS Detector

ATLAS superimposed tothe 5 floors of building 40

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The ATLAS Collaboration

36 Countries165 Institutions2000 Scientific Authors

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Silicon detector system (partly built in Norway)

23 Frédéric Hemmer, CERN, IT Department

How does the Grid work?

It makes multiple computer centres look like a single system to the end-user

Advanced software, called middleware, automatically finds the data the scientist needs, and the computing power to analyse it.

Middleware balances the load on different resources.It also handles security, accounting, monitoring and much more.