1 2 3

Because of Because of how Because of howthe person's the person makes the person attributes you feel makes you feel (your mood) (your self-esteem)

Examples of Liking Others Because They Enhance Our Self-Esteem

1.Evidence for reciprocity of liking – “you like me, I like you.”

Examples of Liking Others Because They Enhance Our Self-Esteem

1.Evidence for reciprocity of liking – “you like me, I like you.”

2.Early research in interpersonal attraction on similarity of attitudes and liking.

Relationships and Psychological and Physical Well-Being

The anatomy of relationships

And the rules and skills needed to manage them successfully

Michael Argyle and Monika Henderson

(1984)

Goodwin (1987)

This study examined the relation between being in a relationship and physical well-being by comparing currently married or currently unmarried patients who had cancer.

The information was contained in the hospital records of over 27,000 patients

Results

1.Stage of cancer at diagnosis:

earlier for married sample

Results

1.Stage of cancer at diagnosis:

earlier for married sample

2.Treatment:

more likely for married sample

Results

1.Stage of cancer at diagnosis:

earlier for married sample

2.Treatment:

more likely for married sample

3.Survival:

longer for married sample

Social Support as a Buffer between Life Stressors and Psychological and Physical Distress

Social Support ! ! Stressors --------------------------- Psychological and physical distress

This is an illustration of social support as a moderating variable.

Types of Social Support

1.Emotional

2. Appraisal

3. Informational

4. Instrumental

Antonovsky(1987)

Unraveling the mystery of health

Central Concept: Sense of Coherence Components:

1. Comprehensibility: the surrounding world makes sense, is predictable.

Antonovsky(1987)

Unraveling the mystery of health

Central Concept: Sense of Coherence Components:

1. Comprehensibility: the surrounding world makes sense, is predictable.

2.Manageability: ability or perception that one can cope, meet challenges.

Antonovsky(1987)

Unraveling the mystery of health

Central Concept: Sense of Coherence Components:

1. Comprehensibility: the surrounding world makes sense, is predictable.

2.Manageability: ability or perception that one can cope, meet challenges.

•Meaningfulness: life is worthy of commitment and engagement.

1. Studies have found a negative relation between sense of coherence and psychological and physical distress, that is, the greater the sense of coherence, the lower the distress levels.

2. In addition, consistent with the moderating role of social support, sense of coherence has been found to

moderate the influence of stressors on psychological and physical distress.

Sense of coherence ! !Stressors ---------------------- Psychological and physical distress

This is an illustration of sense of coherence as a moderating variable.

The Role of Attributions Regarding Positive and Negative Behaviour of Your Partner in Happy and Unhappy Relationships

Happy in Your Relationship ! Expect Positive Behaviour

Positive Behaviour Negative Behaviour (consistent) (inconsistent) ! ! Causal Attributions Causal Attributions Internal External Stable Unstable Global Specific

Responsibility Responsibility Attributions Attributions Intentional Unintentional Unselfish Unselfish Praise No blame

Unhappy in Your Relationship ! Expect Negative Behaviour Positive Behaviour Negative Behaviour (inconsistent) (consistent) ! ! Causal Attributions Causal Attributions External Internal Unstable Stable Specific Global

Responsibility Responsibility Attributions Attributions Unintentional Intentional Selfish Selfish No praise Blame

Longitudinal study

Participants were married females

Time 1 (12 month interval) Time 2

Variables Variables

Level of positive Level of positive attribution attribution activity activity Satisfaction Satisfactionin marriage in marriage

Time 1 (12 month interval) Time 2

Variables Variables

Level of positive Level of positive attribution attribution activity activity Satisfaction Satisfactionin marriage in marriage

1. What was relation between attribution activity, Time 1 and satisfaction, Time 2?

2. What was the relation between satisfaction, Time 1 and attribution activity, Time 2?

Results

1. What was relation between attribution activity, Time 1 and satisfaction, Time 2?

positive association

2. What was the relation between satisfaction, Time 1 and attribution activity, Time 2?

no association

Results

1. What was relation between attribution activity, Time 1 and satisfaction, Time 2?

positive association

2. What was the relation between satisfaction, Time 1 and attribution activity, Time 2?

no association

These results suggest what:

a) Attribution activity drives satisfaction ?

b) Or satisfaction drives attribution activity?

The possible role of companionate activities in psychological and physical well-being (in contrast to social support)

Rook (1987)

Data available from 1050 respondents to a prior survey concerning

The possible role of companionate activities in psychological and physical well-being (in contrast to social support)

The variables were:

1. Psychological ill-being (e.g., ratings on emotions such as anxious, sad)

2. Major life stressors

3. Minor life stressors (daily hassles)

4.Social support: instrumental, emotional, informational, and appraisal

5.Companionate activities: frequency of occurrence and number of different people

(e.g., going out to diner with someone ,meeting someone in a park).

The possible role of companionate activities in psychological and physical well-being (in contrast to social support)

Multiple regression analyses predicting psychological ill-being.

Predictors variables were: major or minor stressors, social support, and companionate activities (frequency or number).

Analysis with major life stressors 1.Major life stressors positively associated with psychological ill-being

2.Companionate activities negatively associated with psychological ill-being

3.Social support unrelated to psychological ill-being in terms of main effect,

4.But, interaction, such that, at high levels of major life stressors, social support now negatively related to psychological ill-being

Analysis with minor life stressors 1. Minor life stressors positively associated with psychological ill-being

2. minor life stressors interacted with companionate activities such that :

companionate activities were more highly negatively related to psychological ill-being when minor life stressors were higher.

Adult Attachment Style

Secure: I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I do not often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.

Adult Attachment Style

Secure: I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I do not often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.

Avoidant: I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.

Adult Attachment Style

Secure: I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I do not often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.

Avoidant: I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.

Anxious/ambivalent: I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner does not really love me or will not want to stay with me. I want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people away.

Attachment Styles

!

Jealousy

!

Violence in Intimate Relationships