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Starter:

Which were before and which were after the Industrial Revolution?

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The Agricultural The Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

1750-19001750-1900

L/O: To be able to describe, explain L/O: To be able to describe, explain and evaluate the changes made to and evaluate the changes made to

farming from 1750-1900farming from 1750-1900

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THE AGRICULTURAL THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

Agriculture means..Agriculture means.. Farming.Farming. Revolution can mean…Revolution can mean… Change, fast or slow Change, fast or slow Over hundred and fifty yearsOver hundred and fifty years It was a slow processIt was a slow process

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The Agricultural RevolutionThe Agricultural Revolution

Britain needed more Britain needed more foodfood

Farms were still run on Farms were still run on the medieval strip the medieval strip systemsystem

new ideas and new ideas and machinery were being machinery were being developeddeveloped

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Disadvantages of the old system?Disadvantages of the old system?

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Disadvantages of the old systemDisadvantages of the old systemField left fallowPeople have to walk

over your strips to reach theirs

No proper drainage

Animals can trample crops and spread disease

Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques

Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field

No hedges or fences

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So what?So what?

So this is an inefficient system and only produces enough food to feed you and your family, there is very little extra.

Towns are growing, the people in towns need feeding so extra food is needed.

No corn is being imported because of the war with France, so more corn is needed

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What is a Revolution and how can What is a Revolution and how can you have a farming revolution?you have a farming revolution?

But what has that got to

do with farming?A revolution is any fundamental change or reversal of conditions,

a great and sometimes violent change or innovation

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There used to be Open FieldsThere used to be Open Fields

All villagers worked All villagers worked togethertogether

All the land was shared All the land was shared outout

Everyone helped each Everyone helped each otherother

Everyone had land to Everyone had land to grow foodgrow food

For centuries enough For centuries enough food had been grownfood had been grown

ADVANTAGES

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But there were problems with the But there were problems with the openfield systemopenfield system

•Strips in different fields

•Fallow land

•Waste of time

•Waste of land

•Common land

DISADVANTAGES

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Why did the Open field system Why did the Open field system change?change?

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millions

1700 1720 1750 1801 1850

year

Population of England

What wasWhat was

Happening to Happening to population?population?

1515

What came next?What came next?

How are the fields How are the fields different?different?

Can more food be Can more food be grown? Why?grown? Why?

What’s missing?What’s missing? Who wanted Who wanted

change?change? Who did not want Who did not want

change?change?

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Enclosures Enclosures This meant enclosing the land.This meant enclosing the land. The open fields were divided up and everyone who The open fields were divided up and everyone who

could prove they owned some land would get a could prove they owned some land would get a share. Dividing the open land into small fields and share. Dividing the open land into small fields and putting hedges and fences around them. Everyone putting hedges and fences around them. Everyone had their own fields and could use them how they had their own fields and could use them how they wished.wished.

Open land and common land would also be enclosed Open land and common land would also be enclosed and divided up. and divided up.

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Nothing - if you could prove you owned the land, if you had the money for

fences and hedges and if you could afford to pay the commissioners to come

and map the land, not to mention the cost of an Act

of Parliament.

So what was wrong with the enclosures??

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So did people want to enclose their land?

Well, some did and some didn’t. If they did not agree it was hard luck. If the owners of four fifths of the land agreed they could force an Act of Parliament- there was a great increase in the number of these in the eighteenth century, from 30 a year to 60, then from 1801 to 1810 there were 906, nearly 3 million hectares were enclosed.

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Were there winners and losers?Were there winners and losers? Yes, the better off farmers and landowners

gained the most - the rich got richer and the poor got poorer.

People who had no written proof of ownership lost their land altogether.

Some couldn’t afford to pay for fences and had to sell their land.

These people either became laborers on other peoples land or headed for the towns to try and get a job.

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From ‘Walking Tour’ by Richard From ‘Walking Tour’ by Richard Warren 1799Warren 1799

Time was when these commons enabled a Time was when these commons enabled a poor man to support his family. Here he could poor man to support his family. Here he could put a cow and pony, feed his geese and pig.put a cow and pony, feed his geese and pig.

Encloses have deprived him of this Encloses have deprived him of this advantageadvantage

One farm laborer said: ‘All I know is that I had a cow and an Act of Parliament has taken it from me.’

There were riots in some villages.

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What new ideas were there?What new ideas were there?

Publicity

Seed drill

Crop rotation

New ploughs and hoes

Selective breeding

Selective BreedingSelective Breeding

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Selective Breeding?Selective Breeding?

Some farmers such as Robert Bakewell and the Culley

brothers concentrated on selective breeding. This meant only allowing the fittest and strongest

of their cattle, sheep, pigs and horses to mate. You can tell how successful they were:

In 1710 the average weight for cattle was 168 Kg by 1795 - it was 363 Kg

Seed Drill!Seed Drill!

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Jethro Tull - Jethro Tull - inventorinventor

The seed drill put seeds The seed drill put seeds in in rows.in in rows.

Before this seeds had Before this seeds had been ‘broadcast’. been ‘broadcast’.

This was much more This was much more efficient and gave efficient and gave higher yieldshigher yields

Other machines soon Other machines soon followed!followed!

In 1701 Jethro Tull introduced In 1701 Jethro Tull introduced the seed drill. the seed drill.

Seed was put in a hopper and Seed was put in a hopper and was dispensed at regular was dispensed at regular intervals down a funnel to the intervals down a funnel to the ground below to restground below to rest in a in a groove made by a coulter groove made by a coulter (knife). (knife).

The seed drill on the right uses The seed drill on the right uses small cups on a shaft to pick up small cups on a shaft to pick up the seed and drop it down the the seed and drop it down the five regularly spaced funnels. By five regularly spaced funnels. By this means the seed was this means the seed was uniformly spaced and in straight uniformly spaced and in straight lines. lines.

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A reaper – 1799 by Joseph BoyceA reaper – 1799 by Joseph Boyce

Also iron rather than wooden ploughs

were introduced by the end of the century – all of which could

do the jobs faster and the machines lasted longer and could be

mass produced rather than individually

made.

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RotationRotation

You could not carry on plating wheat year after year in the You could not carry on plating wheat year after year in the same place, otherwise the crop yields went down as the soil same place, otherwise the crop yields went down as the soil became exhausted. became exhausted.

So after the first 2 years of planting the land was left with no So after the first 2 years of planting the land was left with no crops for one yearcrops for one year (fallow land (fallow land.) .)

But now there were more people who needed feeding, But now there were more people who needed feeding, leaving 1/3 of the land not producing anything could not go leaving 1/3 of the land not producing anything could not go on. on.

So instead they planted vegetables instead.So instead they planted vegetables instead. Wheat ,turnips, oats, clover ( this added nitrogen to the soil)Wheat ,turnips, oats, clover ( this added nitrogen to the soil) In the fields were clover grew, they let cows graze.In the fields were clover grew, they let cows graze. They got better food than ordinary grass and the manure They got better food than ordinary grass and the manure

improved the soil.improved the soil.

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Publicity?!Publicity?!

Yeah, books were written on farming, there were model farms set up - George III set up one at Windsor.

The Board of Agriculture was set up and Arthur Young, the new secretary, went round the country recording the progress of the revolution and others could read his report to find out more.

Agricultural shows with competitions were held and people could exchange ideas and see the latest things in farming!

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The consequences of the Agricultural The consequences of the Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

During the early 1700's, a great change in farming called the Agricultural Revolution began in Great Britain.

The revolution resulted from a series of discoveries and inventions that made farming much more productive than ever before.

By the mid-1800's, the Agricultural Revolution had spread throughout much of Europe and North America.

One of the revolution's main effects was the rapid growth of towns and cities in Europe and the United States during the 1800's.

Because fewer people were needed to produce food, farm families by the thousands moved to the towns and cities.

?

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But it wasn’t all good newsBut it wasn’t all good news

In addition there were change in the way the land looked from

open fields to a sort of patchwork quilt.Changes in the shape of a village

as people could build on their own land

New machines meant less people were needed to work the land - so there was unemployment, enclosure meant people lost land - this meant losing their homes as they had nowhere to grow food and there was little work- so they moved to towns.

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Was it a revolution?Was it a revolution?

Well, there were some dramatic and rapid changes in some villages but

really the whole thing was quite gradual. After all farming had been changing slowly for a long time. Enclosures had been

happening even in Tudor times. So perhaps it was more evolution than

revolution.

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HomeworkHomework

You are a farmer in 1800.

Your land has been enclosed! Write a letter to your family to explain how you feel about this!

TOP answers consider both sides!