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Advanced IOSIP Routing and Switching

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Agenda

NetFlowSwitching

Cisco ExpressForwarding

TagSwitching

Intra-domainRouting

IP NextGeneration

Mobile RoutingServices

Intra-domainRouting

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Network Switching Requirements

• Key customer concernsScalable, flexible, integrated solutions

The right switching technologies at the right places in the network

High PerformanceHigh PerformanceFull FeatureFull Feature

ISP BackboneEnterprise WAN

Integrated Integrated Cisco IOSCisco IOS

Network ServicesNetwork ServicesCampus LANCampus LAN

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Cisco IOS Switching Services

NetFlowNetFlowSwitchingSwitching Tag SwitchingTag SwitchingCisco ExpressCisco Express

ForwardingForwarding

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Cisco IOS Campus/Enterprise—NetFlow SwitchingNetFlow Switching

• Each packet handled individually

• Each service applied sequentially by multiple tasks for each packet

• No “state” information

• Packets handled as identified network flows

• Services applied by single task on per flow basis

• Flow “state” information maintained

ConventionalSwitching

NetFlowSwitching

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NetFlow Switching Operation

• Only first packet is processed by multiple tasks• NetFlow entry defined—with specific service requirements• Single switching task applies network services

and simultaneously collects traffic statistics

FlowSpecifications

RouteRouteTableTable

SwitchingSwitchingTaskTask

NetFlowNetFlowSwitchingSwitching

TaskTask

NetFlowNetFlowStatisticsStatistics

NetFlow DataNetFlow DataExportExport

QueuingQueuingTaskTask

AccessAccessListList

SecuritySecurityTaskTask

AccountingAccountingDataData

QueuingQueuingPriorityPriority

AccountingAccountingTaskTask

FirstPacket

SubsequentPackets

NetFlowNetFlowCacheCache

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• Enables greater, high performance application of network services

E.g. encryption, precedence based quality of service

• Simultaneous capture of management and accounting data

“Who’s talking, for how long and what about”

• Well suited for campus/enterprise <—> ISP boundary• Also Cisco Catalyst® switch support for NetFlow LAN

Switching

Cisco IOS NetFlow Switching Benefits

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NetFlow Switching—Manageability/Accounting

NetFlow StatisticsIP NetFlow Switching Cache, 29999 Active, 2769 Inactive, 58411388 addedStatistics Cleared 141949 Seconds Ago

ProtocolProtocol TotalTotal Flows Flows

Flows/Flows/Sec.Sec.

Packets/Packets/FlowFlow

Bytes/Bytes/PktPkt

Packets/Packets/Sec.Sec.

Active Sec/Active Sec/FlowFlow

Idle Sec/Idle Sec/FlowFlow

TCP—TCP— TelnetTelnet 267,034267,034 1.81.8 233233 7575 439.3439.3 182.6182.6 36.536.5FTPFTP 1,030,8371,030,837 7.27.2 1010 7878 76.676.6 22.622.6 43.743.7FTPDFTPD 554,967554,967 3.93.9 164164 345345 641.3641.3 52.752.7 15.715.7WWWWWW 32,107,85832,107,858 226.2226.2 1515 247247 3610.63610.6 13.513.5 28.128.1SMTPSMTP 3,526,2313,526,231 24.824.8 1313 159159 323.1323.1 10.210.2 23.623.6XX 9,6009,600 0.00.0 121121 129129 8.28.2 148.2148.2 55.155.1BGPBGP 111,096111,096 0.70.7 1414 7777 11.511.5 229.2229.2 61.161.1OtherOther 5,729,1725,729,172 40.340.3 7070 220220 2858.12858.1 71.071.0 41.341.3

UDP—UDP—TFTPTFTP 2,3982,398 0.00.0 33 6262 0.00.0 13.413.4 69.569.5DNSDNS 12,875,07712,875,077 90.790.7 22 110110 195.4195.4 5.45.4 43.643.6OtherOther 1,489,0721,489,072 10.410.4 3030 293293 321.8321.8 28.528.5 68.768.7

ICMPICMP 665,771665,771 4.64.6 1313 259259 62.862.8 75.775.7 66.866.8IGMPIGMP 5,1445,144 0.00.0 1818 278278 0.60.6 82.482.4 64.364.3IPINIPIPINIP 4,4504,450 0.00.0 933933 377377 29.229.2 166.7166.7 61.061.0IP—IP— OtherOther 2,6932,693 0.00.0 1111 136136 0.20.2 80.880.8 65.765.7TOTALTOTAL 58,381,40058,381,400 411.3411.3 2020 227227 8579.48579.4 0.00.0 0.00.0

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• Extensive statistics maintained on L3 device• Snapshot summary traffic characterization

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…RecordRecordRouter ExportsExpired Flows

FlowDetail

RecordRecord

NetFlow Partners• HP• Frontier• Oracle• Telco Research

NetsysNetsys

• Billing/accounting• Capacity planning• Monitoring/analysis• Traffic engineering

NetFlow Data Export

• Source and Destination• Address and Protocol• Input/Output Port• Byte/Packet Count• Start/End Timestamp• Source/Destination AS #

Rationale—Changing Internet Traffic/Topology Dynamics Required Optimized L3 Switching Paradigm for IP:

Traffic Driven Topology Driven

Enterprise/ISP Backbone—Cisco Express ForwardingCisco Express Forwarding

Cisco Express ForwardingCisco Express ForwardingNetFlow SwitchingNetFlow Switching

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• Stable traffic patterns• Performance fluctuations

(You’d better not flap!)•Demand caching

(E.g. Fast Switching, NetFlow IP Switching, MPOA)

•Dynamic environment•Predictable, scalable, performance•Full Topology Forwarding

(E.g. Cisco Express Forwarding,Tag Switching)

• Deployed at backbone periphery for networkservices:

Traffic AccountingQoS PolicySecurity

• Deployed at network core for:

PerformanceScalabilityQuality of Service

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• Performance Implements Cisco patented expedited IP address lookup

• ScalabilityFull Layer 3 topology distributed

• ResilienceConsistent switching performance even during major topology changes/network convergence

• Full functionality switchingE.g. quality of service, accounting, load balancing, etc.

Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)(CEF) Benefits

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• Consolidated switching path going forward:

CEF SwitchingProcess SwitchingFast SwitchingOptimum Switching

• Basis for L3 Quality of Service:

IP Packet Arrives

IP Packet Departs

L3 CommittedL3 Committed Access RateAccess Rate

Netflow Monitoring/Netflow Monitoring/Analysis/StatisticsAnalysis/Statistics

Cisco ExpressCisco Express ForwardingForwarding

Distributed WFQDistributed WFQ and/or wREDand/or wRED

(Token Bucket)(Token Bucket)

• Native forwarding mechanism for Cisco IOS based strategic platforms, e.g. GSR12000, C8500, 5800 etc.

CEF—Significance

C7500 Distributed ArchitectureC7500 Distributed Architecture

Route Switch ProcessorRoute Switch Processor

ForwardingForwardingInformationInformation

BaseBase

Versatile interfaceVersatile interfaceProcessorProcessor

Versatile interfaceVersatile interfaceProcessorProcessor

RoutingTable

Versatile interfaceVersatile interfaceProcessorProcessor

Dis

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Dis

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FIB

Adj

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Tabl

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Port Port AdapterAdapter

Port Port AdapterAdapter

Adj

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Tabl

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Dis

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Dis

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CyBusCyBus

Port Port AdapterAdapter

Adj

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Tabl

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FIB

FIB

C7500 Distributed ArchitectureC7500 Distributed Architecture

Route Switch ProcessorRoute Switch Processor

ForwardingForwardingCacheCache

CyBusCyBusVersatile interfaceVersatile interface

ProcessorProcessor

DistributedDistributedForwardingForwarding

CacheCache

Versatile interfaceVersatile interfaceProcessorProcessorDistributedDistributedForwardingForwarding

CacheCache

Versatile interfaceVersatile interfaceProcessorProcessorDistributedDistributedForwardingForwarding

CacheCache

RoutingTable

Investment

Protection

• IP address L2/MAC mapping• Populated by ARP• Maintains counters/statistics• Adjacencies defines as normal, • Null, receive, punt, incomplete, etc.

First Packet “Process Switched”

Subsequent Packets“Fast Switched”

All Packets Forwarded via Switching Line Cards

Adjacency Table• Constructed by routing process• Foundation for Tag Information Base (TIB)

Distributed CEF—dCEF on the C7500

Forwarding Information Base

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• Combines and integrates:Layer 3 routing—scalability and flexibilityLayer 2 switching—high-performance and traffic management

• Leverages:Cisco’s industry-leading expertise and proven deployment

Cisco IOS Backbone ISP—Tag SwitchingTag Switching

+ =

Tag Switching—“The Big Picture”

• Without Tag SwitchingLayer 2 ATM or Frame Relay core with routersAll routers are neighbors hence single link failure = N(squared) peer failuresComplex “overlay” modelTraffic driven SVC signaling performance issues or PVCmapping overheadFuture scalability limitations

• With Tag SwitchingTag switching core (frame or cell) with tag routersTag switches are logical networking peersAll packets tagged—topology driven, not traffic drivenMinimizes signaling overheadHence a highly scaleable solution

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• Scalability! • Feature transparency

IP and ATM

• Inherent Quality of Service supportPremium tags, IP precedence mapping, wRED etc.

• Facilitates L3 VPNsUsing selective advertisement policy and VPN tag paths.

• Industry standardizationIETF MPLS working group

• Traffic engineering and load sharing• IP multicast support

Cisco IOS Tag Switching—Benefits

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Tag Switching Operation—Tag Distribution Protocol

1. TDP and Routing 1. TDP and Routing Protocols Establish Protocols Establish Routes and Tag Routes and Tag MappingsMappings

3. Tagged Packet Is 3. Tagged Packet Is Switched via Tag Switched via Tag Switches Based Switches Based on the Tagon the Tag

2. Tag Edge Router Receives 2. Tag Edge Router Receives Packet, Performs Layer 3 Value-Packet, Performs Layer 3 Value-Added Services, Adds Tag to Added Services, Adds Tag to Packet (Even for Short Flows)Packet (Even for Short Flows)

4. Tag Edge Router 4. Tag Edge Router at Egress Removes at Egress Removes Tag and Delivers Tag and Delivers PacketPacket

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PPP HeaderPPP Header TagTag Layer 3 HeaderLayer 3 Header+ +Insertion into PPP Header

Insertion into ATM Header

TagTag

GFCGFC VPIVPI VCIVCI PTIPTI CLPCLP HECHEC DATA

Insertion into IPv6 Flow Label Field VerVer PrioPrio Flow LabelFlow Label • • •• • •

Tag Switching—What It Looks Like

• Tag defines CoS, TTL, 2^20 Tag Space

TagTag

CoSCoS

CoSCoS

CoSCoS

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• CEFCEF Forwarding Table populated with Routing Topology information

• Each Route/Prefix mapped to a Tag Value• Switching decision then only “Label-

Swaps” via the Tag Information Base (TIB)

128.89

171.69

......

115577 128.89128.89

22

......4400

171.69171.69

LocalLocalTagTag

RemoteRemoteTagTag

AddressAddressPrefixPrefix

InterfaceInterface

0I/f 4I/f 1

Tag Switching—Backbone Example

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2 171.69.12.1171.69.12.1 DataData 5 171.69.12.1171.69.12.1 DataData

171.69.12.1171.69.12.1 DataData

Untagged Data

Tag InformationTag InformationBaseBase

......

XX2211 128.89128.89

XX

......1111

171.69171.69

LocalLocalTagTag

RemoteRemoteTagTag

AddressAddressPrefixPrefix

InterfaceInterface

....

171.69.12.1171.69.12.1 DataData

Untagged Data

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Cisco IOS Integrated Switching ServicesLayer 3 Backbones—Cisco Express

Forwarding and NetFlow

• Deployed at network core for:

Forwarding performanceScalability

Quality of Service

Intranet vLANRouting

Intranet NetFlow

LAN Switching

Cisco Express ForwardingCisco Express ForwardingNetFlow SwitchingNetFlow Switching

•Deployed at backboneperiphery for network services:

Traffic accountingQoS policySecurity

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Cisco IOS Integrated Switching ServicesHybrid Layer 2/Layer 3 Backbones—

Tag and NetFlow Switching

•Deployed onbackbone for:

Virtual PrivateNetworksScalability

Traffic Engineering

Intranet vLANRouting

Intranet NetFlow

LAN Switching

Tag SwitchingTag SwitchingNetFlow SwitchingNetFlow Switching

•Deployed atbackboneperiphery for network services:

Traffic accountingQoS policy

Security

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Intra-DomainIntra-DomainRoutingRouting

Inter-DomainInter-DomainRoutngRoutng

IP Next IP Next GenerationGeneration

Mobile Mobile RoutingRoutingServicesServices

Cisco IOS IP Routing Services

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• Service Provider backbone—typically Integrated IS-IS

• Enterprise networks—typically EIGRP or OSPF

• Cisco continues to enhance all three major IGPs allowing choice best suited to customer environment

Intra-Domain Routing

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Intra-Domain Routing—IS-IS

• Multi-area support• Mesh Group support (NBMA scaling)• Extended metrics

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Intra-Domain Routing—EIGRP

• Intelligent bandwidth control(NBMA Environments)

• Improved memory utilization• Packet pacing

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Intra-Domain Routing—OSPF

• RFC 2178 (OSPF version 2)

• Mesh Group support (NBMA scaling)

• Packet pacing • RFC1850 (SNMP support)

• Selective LSA flooding

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Network

Backbone 2

NAPEuropeNAP

Australia

JapanNAP

NAP

Inter-Domain Routing—BGP4

• Enterprise multihoming• Qos—policy propagation• mBGP

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iBGP Peers

Enterprise X

ISP A ISP B

eBGP Peers eBGP Peers

BGP4 Multihoming

• Current optionsSingle upstream ISP—BGP multipath support (Cisco IOS 11.2)Default routing/IGP selection

Partial routingTake full BGP routing(C3640 and up)

• Enterprise requirementsProvider flexibility

Independence from addressing constraints

Optimized topology

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iBGP Peers

Enterprise X

ISP A ISP B

eBGP Peers eBGP PeerseBGP/GREeBGP/GRE

Prefix APrefix B Prefix B

Prefix A

DefaultDefault

Multihoming with NAT

• Full redundancy with no addressingconstraints or routing changes

• NAT provides translation into ISPaddress blocks

• Use non-direct eBGP peering overGRE tunnels (prefer the direct eBGP path)

• Lose connection, then still tunnelto the appropriate Provider

• DNS dependencies, so read the White Paper! or checkout Nanog presentation:

http://www.academ.com/nanog/feb1998/nat/index.htmlhttp://www.academ.com/nanog/feb1998/nat/index.html

NAT NAT

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Dense-ModePIM

AS 100

AS 400AS 300

AS 200

Sparse-Mode PIM within Autonomous Systems

Policy

mBGP—BGP4 for Multicast

• Enables policy and scoping to be applied to multicast routes (E.g., route maps)

• Multiprotocol extensions for BGP enable it to carry unicast and multicast routes (RFC2283)

• Works in conjunction with IP Multicast protocols (E.g., PIM)

• Currently undergoing extensive ISP EFT (Cisco IOS 11.1CC)

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BGP4 QoS—Precedence Propagation

DestinationDestination

SourceSource

Packet Flow

ServiceServiceProviderProvider

ASAS

iBGP PeersIP Precedence forthis Routing Prefix

DataData

Type of Service FieldToSToSPrecedencePrecedence

HeaderHeaderIPIP

• Backbone Quality of Service

• Conveys IP precedence to be used in forwarding to specified destination prefix via BGP community tag

• Allows ingress routers to prioritize incoming traffic

• Inter-ISP Service Level Agreements (SLAs)

• Enterprise VPNs

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IP Next Generation—IPv6

• Rationale behind IPv6• IPng features• Transition strategy• Routing• IPv4 functionality comparison• IPng standards status

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Rationale Behind IPv6

• Address depletion concernsCirca 1994—routing table increases, IP address availability

CIDR/Supernetting deployed, currently around 45,000 routescarried on the Internet backbone

Latest IETF estimates—sufficient addresses beyond 2010

• Opportunity to optimize on many years of deployment experience• Integrate real-time support, security,

autoconfiguration, etc• Protocol remains the same in principle

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• Expanded address space• Autoconfiguration• Class of service/multimedia support• Integrated security support• IPv4 <—> IPv6 transition strategy

IPng Features/Functionality

IP Version 6—So What’s Really Changed?

• Address spacequadrupled to 16 bytes

• Fixed length(Optional headers daisy-chained)

• No checksumming (Done by Link Layer)

• No hop-by-hop segmentation

(Path MTU discovery)

• Flow label/Class(Integrated QoS support)

• Concatenated Extension Headers

(Seven defined)

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IPv4 Header

IPv6 Header

IHLIHL Type of ServiceType of Service

OptionsOptions

Total LengthTotal Length

IdentificationIdentification FlagsFlags Fragment OffsetFragment Offset

ProtocolProtocol Header ChecksumHeader Checksum

PaddingPadding

VersionVersion

Time to LiveTime to Live

ClassClass Flow LabelFlow LabelPayload LengthPayload Length Next HeaderNext Header

VersionVersionHop LimitHop Limit

Source AddressSource Address

Destination AddressDestination Address

Source Address

Destination Address

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• StatelessHost autonomously configures its own address

Link local addressing

• StatefulDHCPng

• Addressing lifetimeFacilitates graceful renumbering addresses defined as valid, deprecated or invalid

IPv6 Autoconfiguration

(Single Subnet Scope, Formed fromReserved Prefix and Link Layer Address)

Subnet Prefix

Subnet Prefix + MAC AddressSubnet Prefix + MAC Address

Subnet Prefix + MAC AddressSubnet Prefix + MAC Address

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IPv6 Class of Service

• Flow-based, defines flow labelflow label and classclass fields (formerly priority)

• Designed for premium services/real-time multimedia

• Can be combined with source routing options

• Currently standards focus includes: RSVP with IPv6 IPv6 <—> ATM QoSRSVP with IPv6 IPv6 <—> ATM QoS

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• Hosts—Dual Stack(IPv6 API defined)

• Networks—Tunneling

• More efficient than building new IPv6 topology

DATA Transport Layer Header

DRIVERDRIVER

IPv4 IPv6IPv4 IPv6

APPLICATION

TCP/UDP

DATA Transport Layer Header

IPv6 Header

IPv6 Header IPv4 HeaderIPv4 Header

IPv6 Transition Strategy— Approaches

• Configured tunnels—manual point-to-point links• Automatic tunnels—via IPv4 compatible IPv6 addresses

• Cisco instrumental in building existing “6-Bone”• Network Address Translation Ipv <—> IPv6

key for migration

IPv6IPv6

DriverDriver

IPv6 IPv6 IPv6

IPv4IPv4 IPv4 BackboneIPv4 Backbone

DriverDriverIPv6IPv6IPv4IPv4

IPv6 Tunneling

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• Key to scalable routing—hierarchical addressing• Test address space allocation available (RFC 1897)

• Existing routing protocols require extensions for IPv6RIPv6—Same destination/mask/metric information as RIPv2OSPFv6—Link state records, packet formats changed to reflect 128 bitsEIGRPv6—Reflects Cisco’s future proofing commitment

Integrated IS-IS—20 byte NSAP support facilitates IPv6 address/routingMultiprotocol BGP4—Deployed throughout the 6-Bone

• Neighbor discovery—dynamic host <—> router Combination of ARP, ICMP redirect and IRDP

IPv6 Routing

5 bits

Provider IDProvider ID Subscriber IDSubscriber ID Subnetwork IDSubnetwork ID Interface IDInterface ID

16 bits 24 bits 16 bits 48 bits

Registry IDRegistry ID

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• Host address autoconfiguration—DHCP• Address depletion—Network

Address Translation• Real-time flow support—RSVP• IP Security—IPSec

IPv4—Functionality Comparison

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• Several key components now standards/proposed standards:

Basic specification Address formats

RIPv6/OSPFv6 ICMP/IGMP

• Issues remaining open: Addressing registries DNS Class of Service

• General IPv6 informationwww.cisco.com/IPv6

• Current Cisco IOS IPv6 implementation—global• EFT/Beta deployment, shipping release end of 1998

IPv6 Standards/Information

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InternetDial

LANs andvLANs

Hotel

Home

Conferences

Meeting Rooms

ISP Accessthrough the Internet

Cellular or Mobile

Commuting

Mobile Routing—Within and Beyond the Enterprise

Enterprise Mobility

• Enable general mobility: access needed to resources throughout the enterprise network

• Employ a virtual office on campus

• Migrating a campus from a Layer 2 infrastructure to a Layer 3 routed/switched architecture

• Real adds, moves and changes• Flexibility to a network

architecture

Campus NetCampus Net

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• Migrating a campus from a Layer 2 infrastructure to Layer 3 Routing/Switching

• Configure appropriate IP addresses or DHCP on your hosts in stages

• Use LAMLAM as a key stepping stone• Enable DHCP on your hosts

in stages “managed migration”

Campus NetCampus Net

Enterprise LAN

Migration of the Enterprise Network to Layer 3

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Forwarding Table:131.108.45.3/32 -> e1131.108.45.3/32 -> e1131.108.45.0/24 -> 131.108.60.2131.108.76.0/24 -> e1

131.108.45.0131.108.76.0

131.108.45.3

131.108.45.3

131.108.60.0

Router-1

Router-2

Functionality of Local Area Mobility

• Router-2 notices that a host has appeared on its Ethernet 1• It installs an ARP entry for this host• Adds this host route to its routing table and forwards it in routing updates

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Related Routing Concerns with Local Area Mobility• This solution is only for mobility within an enterprise• A classless routing protocol must be used, such as

EIGRP or OSPF• Redistribution into the IGP is needed for total solution• Remember that each mobile device adds a routing

entry to the tables, normal summarization benefits are lost

• Aggregation of external routes can be achieved, witheffort and configuration, if necessary

• Great managed migration strategy towards DHCP, subnet at a time

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• Enables remote wireless access

• Tunneling technology and “Care of”“Care of” address maintains connectivity

• No Mobile Node addressing changes

Internet ServiceProvider Enterprise

CDMA/GSMLink

CDMA/GSMLink

Home Agent

Foreign Agent

Mobile Node

Mobile Node

GRE or IP in IPGRE or IP in IP

Mobility beyond the Enterprise— Mobile IP

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Cisco IOS Mobility Solutions—Mobile IP

• Mobile IP applications Dispatch operation, time sensitive information,Internet “push/pull” technology spectrum

• Wireless data market—5 to 9 million subscribers (Forrester)

• Industry standards—RFCs 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006• Leverages Cisco IOS platform scalability,

authentication, encryption, compression, etc.

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Conclusion

“Key Cisco IOS advances in IP Routing and Switching

technology continue to provide the platform

for true end-to-end network services.”

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Questions?

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For Your Copious Free Reading Time…

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/netflow/nflow_wp.htmhttp://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/netflow/nflow_wp.htmhttp://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/Releases/cef_wp.htmhttp://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/Releases/cef_wp.htmwww.cisco.com/tagwww.cisco.com/taghttp://www.academ.com/nanog/feb1998/nat/index.htmlhttp://www.academ.com/nanog/feb1998/nat/index.htmlwww.cisco.com/IPv6www.cisco.com/IPv6http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/lam/index.shtmlhttp://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/lam/index.shtml

References

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