1 1 SOFIA: Progress and Initial Science Flights Erick Young SOFIA Science Mission Operations Space...

1 1

SOFIA Progress and Initial Science Flights

Erick YoungSOFIA Science Mission Operations

Space Telescope Science CenterMarch 30 2011

2

Motivation for Airborne Astronomy

bull For much of the infrared the Earthrsquos atmosphere blocks all transmissionndash The problem is

water vapor

bull If we can get above this water vapor much more can be observed

3

Early Days of Airborne Astronomy

bull NASA Lear Jet as an observing platform was pioneered by University of Arizona astronomy Frank Low

bull Observations from the Lear Jet demonstrated that Jupiter had an internal source of heat

4

Kuiper Airborne Observatory

bull The Kuiper Airborne Observatory was a highly modified C141 aircraft with a 36-inch telescope

bull It flew from 1975 to 1995 and carried a wide array of instruments

5

Motivation for SOFIAbull Infrared transmission in the

stratosphere very good gt80 from 1 to 1000 m

bull Resolution and sensitivity is set by the size of the telescope

bull Instrumentation wide complement rapidly interchangeable state-of-the art

bull Mobility anywhere anytime

bull Long lifetime

bull Outstanding platform to train future Instrumentalists

bull SOFIA will have an important role in education and public outreach

6

Overview of SOFIAbull SOFIA is a 27 m (25 m effective aperture) telescope in a

modified B747SP aircraftndash Optical-mm performancendash Obscured IR (30-300 m) most important

bull SOFIA is a joint program between the US (80) and Germany (20)ndash We have been working closely with our German colleagues to

make SOFIA a unified observatory

bull Operating altitudendash 39000 to 45000 feet (12 to 14 km)ndash Above gt 99 of obscuring water vapor

bull First science flights took place at the end of 2010

bull Designed for 20 year lifetime

7

SOFIA ndash The Observatory

Open cavity (door not shown)

Telescope

Pressure bulkhead

Scientific instrument

Scientist stations telescope and instrument control etc

Educators work station

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Primary Mirror M1

M2

M3-1

M3-2

Focal Plane

Focal Plane Imager

Pressure bulkhead

Nasmyth tube

Spherical Hydraulic Bearing

SOFIA Optical Layout

Pressure Bulkhead

Spherical Bearing

Nasmyth Tube

9

The Telescope Assembly ndash A Major German Contribution

10

Main Deck Looking Aft at Instrument Interface

2-7 m Telescope

Major Physical Installations

11

SOFIA Operations

bull Science flights will originate from Palmdale Californiandash Aircraft operation by NASA Dryden Research Center from the

Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility (DAOF)

bull Science Center is located at NASA Ames Research Center

bull USRA is responsible for Science Operations on SOFIA

bull World Wide Deployments

bull SOFIA will ramp up to ~1000 science hours per year

bull SOFIA will support the development of new generations of instruments promising ever increasing capabilities

12

SOFIA in the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility

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First Generation Instrument Complement

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FIFI LS

6162009

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HIPOHigh Speed Photometer(on SOFIA)

FLITECAMNear IR Camera

(at Lick observatory)

FORCASTMid-IR Camera(on SOFIA)

GREATHeterodyne spectrometer

(on SOFIA)

Four Completed 1st Generation Instruments

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Instruments in development

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HAWCBolometer

Camera

EXES Mid- IR Spectrometer

FIFI LS Integral Field Spectrometer

17

Introduction to the Science Center

bull SOFIA Science Mission Operations (SMO) is the organization responsible for operating SOFIA as a scientifically productive observatory

bull The SMO is a collaboration between the US and Germany forming a single organization that has staff from both countriesndash From the US most of the staff come from the Universities

Space Research Association (USRA)ndash The German members are from the Deutsches SOFIA Institut

(DSI) at the Universitaumlt Stuttgart

18

SMO Activitiesbull Science Flight Planning

bull Operating the telescope

bull Operation of the scientific instruments

bull Maintenance of the observatory systems

bull Conducting the Observing Program

bull Providing Data to the Scientific Community

bull Outreach to Science Community

bull Science Research

bull Education and Public Outreach

19

SOFIA Development

bull Resumption of flight operations and 100 open door test in December 2009

bull Envelope expansion flights are complete Airplane cleared to 14 km Mach 085

bull First successful tracking of an astronomical object with the guider telescope May 2010

bull The first scientific instrument FORCAST has been delivered to Palmdale and was installed on the airplane on Friday May 2010

bull First Light Flight on June 25 2010

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SOFIA Development






21

SOFIA Development






Images taken with 10-inch guider camera mounted on SOFIA telescope Object is the star Beta Orionis 4 framessecond

22

SOFIA Recent Highlights

bull Envelope expansion flights are complete Airplane cleared to 14 km altitude Mach 085


bull Delivery of GREAT instrument in October 2010

bull Announcement of Basic Science ResultsNovember 19 2010

bull Initial Science Flight November 29 2010

bull Release of Draft Announcement of Opportunity for 2nd Generation Instruments

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Jupiter Family Portrait

Jim DeBuizer SOFIA Science Center

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SOFIA Early Science

Short Science has 3 flights each with FORCAST and GREAT to allow the instrument teams to get on the sky at the earliest possible opportunity

FORCAST flew in Dec 2010GREAT flies in March 2011

Basic Science is a series of 15 flights (12 US amp 3 German) that will be open to the astronomical community

bull US time was openly competed via a call for proposals

bull German time will be distributed by the GREAT consortium and DLR

Begins Spring 2011

German Science Demonstration Time is three additional flights

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28 Page 28

FORCAST Short Science

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3-color images of BNKL region19um 31um 37 um

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The left image is with the natural pixel scale of FORCAST the right is a reconstruction under the assumption that the data is Nyquist sampled

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We have two data pairs with 737um and 1937um taken simultaneously with the dichroic so their relative source locations are well-registered 37um image was used to bootstrapthe offsets between 7 and 19um but are subject to some changes when new distortion algorithm is finished On the right only the 19 and 37um images are deconvolved

3-color images of Trapezium region7um 19um 37 um

Natural Resolution DMRM Deconvolution

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Comet Hartley 2bull Supporting NASAEPOXI

missionbull Filled in SED at wavelengths

otherwise inaccessiblebull Will address significance of

the discovery of large ice chunks in comparison to large dust grains

SOFIA image1rsquo field

EPOXI images

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W3 Main Star Forming Region

66 microns no PAH77 microns PAH

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37 microns197 microns

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Technical Results from First Science

bull Image Stability was very good Allowed near diffraction limited imaging at 37 microns FWHM images ~3 arcsec

bull Image stability was ~12 arcsec RMS

bull Infrared Sensitivity is what was expected

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SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


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Example FORCAST Science81-0013 Johnathan Tan

Peering to the Heart of Massive Star Birth

The program consists of FORCAST imaging of massive protostars at 11 19 24 31 and 37 microns

They will examine how the MIR SED varies along the outflow axes and they will compare these observations to detailed radiative transfer calculations of massive protostarsG3520-074 observed at 18 micron with TRECS

with 15 GHz contours overlaid Note dust emission is only detected on near side because of extinction

40

Example GREAT Science

81-0014 David Neufeld

Search for interstellar mercapto radicals (SH) with SOFIA

The plan is to observe the 1383 THz (ground-state) transition of SH toward six bright submillimeter continuum sources - Sgr B2 (M) W49N W51 G343+01 G2996-002 and G106-04 (W31C)

Complements previous studies of H2S and SH+ which indicate that the abundances of sulfur-bearing hydrides are much greater than the predictions of standard chemical models

S+ + H2 SH+ + H ndash 085 eV

S + H2 SH + H ndash 083 eV

SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41

The Formation of Stars and Planets

bull SOFIArsquos high spectral resolving power is key to understanding the disks and the material in the disks that form planets

41Modified from van Boekel 2007)

42

[CII] at 158 m is the most powerful spectroscopic thread for probing the ionizedneutral components of the ISM

[N II] at 205 m can provide sensitivedetailed maps of star formation rates in the Galaxy

HD at 112 m provides a way of directly locating the places where the matter is located

The Lifecycle of the Interstellar Medium

SOFIA Provides access to all these key tracers of the Interstellar Medium

43

Occultation astronomy with SOFIA

Pluto occultation lightcurve observed on the KAO (1988) probes the atmosphere

bullSOFIA can fly anywhere on the Earth allowing it to position itself under the shadow of an occulting object

bullOccultation studies with SOFIA will probe the sizes atmospheres and possible satellites of newly discovered planet-like objects in the outer Solar system

bullThe unique mobility of SOFIA opens up some hundred events per year for study compared to a handful for fixed observatories

SOFIA will determine the properties of Dwarf Planets in and beyond the Kuiper Belt

44

Upcoming Events of Note

bull Announcement of Opportunity for 2nd Generation Instrumentsndash The Draft Announcement of Opportunity was released last year

for public commentndash Comment period is now closed and NASA HQ is finalizing the

AOndash Expect release later this year with anticipated funding in 2012

bull Call for Observing Proposals ndash Probable release in October 2011ndash Instruments expected

bull FORCAST ndash including GRISMS

bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011

bull April 2011 GREAT Early Science Flightsbull May 2011 FORCAST Basic Science Flightsbull June 2011 Observatory Engineering Flightsbull July 2011 GREAT Basic Sciencebull Aug 2011 Upgrades to Airplane Systemsbull Sept 2011 Deployment to Cologne Air Showbull Oct 2011 Call for Proposals

46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

2

Motivation for Airborne Astronomy

bull For much of the infrared the Earthrsquos atmosphere blocks all transmissionndash The problem is

water vapor

bull If we can get above this water vapor much more can be observed

3




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bull Long lifetime



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SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

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bull GREAT

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bull FLITECAM

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A Busy 2011


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bull Long lifetime



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SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

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A Busy 2011


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httpwwwsofiausraedu

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bull Long lifetime



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Telescope

Pressure bulkhead




8

Primary Mirror M1

M2

M3-1

M3-2

Focal Plane

Focal Plane Imager

Pressure bulkhead

Nasmyth tube



Pressure Bulkhead

Spherical Bearing

Nasmyth Tube

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2-7 m Telescope


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SOFIA Operations








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FIFI LS

6162009

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(on SOFIA)


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Begins Spring 2011


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SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

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A Busy 2011


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httpwwwsofiausraedu

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bull Long lifetime



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7



Telescope

Pressure bulkhead




8

Primary Mirror M1

M2

M3-1

M3-2

Focal Plane

Focal Plane Imager

Pressure bulkhead

Nasmyth tube



Pressure Bulkhead

Spherical Bearing

Nasmyth Tube

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2-7 m Telescope


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SOFIA Operations








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FIFI LS

6162009

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(on SOFIA)


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SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

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A Busy 2011


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httpwwwsofiausraedu

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Telescope

Pressure bulkhead




8

Primary Mirror M1

M2

M3-1

M3-2

Focal Plane

Focal Plane Imager

Pressure bulkhead

Nasmyth tube



Pressure Bulkhead

Spherical Bearing

Nasmyth Tube

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2-7 m Telescope


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SOFIA Operations








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FIFI LS

6162009

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(on SOFIA)


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SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

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A Busy 2011


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httpwwwsofiausraedu

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Telescope

Pressure bulkhead




8

Primary Mirror M1

M2

M3-1

M3-2

Focal Plane

Focal Plane Imager

Pressure bulkhead

Nasmyth tube



Pressure Bulkhead

Spherical Bearing

Nasmyth Tube

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2-7 m Telescope


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SOFIA Operations








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FIFI LS

6162009

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(on SOFIA)


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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

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A Busy 2011


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httpwwwsofiausraedu

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Primary Mirror M1

M2

M3-1

M3-2

Focal Plane

Focal Plane Imager

Pressure bulkhead

Nasmyth tube



Pressure Bulkhead

Spherical Bearing

Nasmyth Tube

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2-7 m Telescope


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SOFIA Operations








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FIFI LS

6162009

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(on SOFIA)


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bull GREAT

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A Busy 2011


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2-7 m Telescope


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SOFIA Operations








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N

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EPOXI images

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SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


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SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

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A Busy 2011


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httpwwwsofiausraedu

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SOFIA Development






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Begins Spring 2011


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SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






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SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


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httpwwwsofiausraedu

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SOFIA Development







22








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26

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


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28 Page 28


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N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

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SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

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A Busy 2011


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26

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


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28 Page 28


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E

N

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E

N

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EPOXI images

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SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




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bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

23



24








25








26

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


27








28 Page 28


29








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E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




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43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

24








25








26

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


27








28 Page 28


29








30








31








32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

25








26

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


27








28 Page 28


29








30








31








32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

26

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


27








28 Page 28


29








30








31








32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

27








28 Page 28


29








30








31








32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

28


29








30








31








32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

29








30








31








32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

30








31








32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

31








32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

32


32


E

N

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

3333




E

N

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

34






EPOXI images

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

35



36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

36

36



37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

37





38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

38

SOFIA Early Science






Begins Spring 2011


39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

39






40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

40








SH+ + H2 1048578H2S++ H ndash 065 eV

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

41




42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

42






43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

43







44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

44







bull GREAT

bull HIPO

bull FLITECAM

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

45

A Busy 2011


46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

46

httpwwwsofiausraedu

1 1 SOFIA: Progress and Initial Science Flights Erick Young SOFIA Science Mission Operations Space...

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Transcript of 1 1 SOFIA: Progress and Initial Science Flights Erick Young SOFIA Science Mission Operations Space...