1-1 PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd...
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Transcript of 1-1 PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd...
1-1PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
CHAPTER 1
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
1-2PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Discuss how we define “abnormal”
How do we know who has a psychological disorder and needs treatment?
Provide overview of biological and psychological perspectives on classification, causation, and treatment of mental disorders
Describe the prominent classification system for mental disorders
Preview future directions in the field of psychiatric classification
1-3PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
DEFINING ABNORMAL
Statistical rarity
Any deviation from the norm = abnormal
But lots of positive characteristics are rare,
e.g., very talented or highly intelligent people
Norm violation
Behavior is abnormal if it is socially unacceptable
Must be careful not to use this criterion to oppress
non-conformist behaviour
1-4PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
DEFINING ABNORMAL
Distress If a person is bothered by a certain behaviour, it may be
classified as abnormal In some situations, however, an individual may not be bothered
by a maladaptive behaviour
Dysfunction Behaviours that interfere with a person’s life are classified as
abnormal This criterion is limited because how functional an individual is
depends on societal expectations
1-5PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
DEFINING ABNORMAL
Independently, rarity, norm violation, distress and dysfunction are neither necessary nor sufficient to define abnormal behaviour
Cumulatively, they help to clarify what we think is “normal” vs. “abnormal”
Another approach to this issue is Wakefield’s (1992, 1999) harmful dysfunction analysis A disorder involves a factual component (dysfunction) and a
value component (harmful)
1-6PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Classification Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) was the first to classify types of
mental disorders based on systematic empirical observations
Before then, there was little agreement on what constituted mental illness Some believed “insanity” was a single disease, others classified
symptom clusters based on hypothesized causes (e.g., balance of the four humours: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm)
Kraeplin used a descriptive approach and offered diagnostic categories defined by common patterns of symptoms
1-7PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Causation In the late 19th century, a German neurologist discovered
that general paresis, a type of “insanity” characterised by bizarre behaviours, hallucinations, and delusions, was caused by a biological disease (syphilis)
Other researchers began identifying associations between certain syndromes, such as difficulty producing or understanding speech, and localised brain damage
These types of discoveries led to increasing acceptance of the idea that mental disturbances have a biological cause, such as infection, toxins, or structural brain abnormality
1-8PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Treatment Early biological treatments included electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT) and psychosurgery
Contemporary approaches focus on two causes of mental disorders: structural brain abnormalities and neurochemical imbalances
Since the discovery of effective medications in the 1950s, they are commonly used to treat mental disorders. Some argue that there are drawbacks to psychopharmacological approaches: Psychiatric medications may be overused - not a universal cure High risk of relapse and possible side effects
1-9PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Psychoanalytic Approach Developed by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th Century
Reasons for human behaviour are hidden in the unconscious and involve complex interactions between: the Id - driven by instincts the Ego - conscious, realistic, logical, aims to balance pressures
of Id with external world the Superego - internalised influences of parents and societal
moral standards, seeks perfection and control
Failure to manage conflict can lead to anxiety/neuroses, which may be treated by psychoanalysis
1-10PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Psychoanalytic Approach
History of activities and objects to which the libido (psychic energy of Id) attaches itself: Oral stage, 0 to 2 years Anal stage, 2 to 3 years Phallic stage, 3 to 6 years Latency Period, 6 to 12 years Genital stage, 12 and beyond
Criticisms of the psychoanalytic movement are that it is: untestable unfalsifiable unable to meet societal demands for accountability
1-11PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The Behavioural Approach
Emphasises examining observable causes of behaviour in
the immediate environment Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Avoidance learning
Treatment from the behavioural perspective includes: Functional analysis
Extinction
Aversion therapy
Token economies
1-12PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
The Cognitive Approach
Emphasises dysfunctional cognitive processes cause
emotional and behavioral disturbances
ABC model – Albert Ellis
Cognitive distortions – Aaron Beck
e.g., black and white thinking, over-generalising,
personalising
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
1-13PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The Cognitive Approach Recent research has also focused on the ways in which individuals
process information, including Selective attention Memory patterns, e.g., negative bias in depressed individuals
Cognitive therapy techniques include: Thought diaries Cognitive restructuring Behavioural experiments
Important features of the cognitive-behavioural perspective: Scientist-practitioner model Emphasis reliable and valid assessment, clear goals, and basing
treatments on empirical evidence
1-14PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Humanistic & Sociocultural Approaches Humanistic perspective emphasises:
Uniqueness of individuals
Potential for positive human growth
Freedom and responsibility to make choices
Carl Rogers – founder of client centred therapy and concept of
unconditional positive regard
Sociocultural perspective argues that abnormal behaviours are best understood in terms of the social environment of the individual e.g., eating disorders a result of Western culture’s emphasis on
thinness
1-15PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
DIAGNOSIS OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Advantages Improved communication Collaboration among mental health professionals
Disadvantages Reification of diagnostic categories – mental disorders are
hypothetical concepts, not independent of societal values Stigma – applying diagnoses may sometimes be harmful to
people
1-16PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DSM SYSTEM DSM-I published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric
Association, followed by DSM-II in 1968
DSM I and II did not have much influence on mental health Lacked reliability and validity
DSM-III was a radical departure Atheoretical, topographical approach
- precise descriptions rather than etiology Specificity – improved reliability and validity Multiaxial assessment
DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000) retained principal features but more research-based
1-17PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
CURRENT CONTROVERSIES FOR DSM-V (PROJECTED RELEASE 2010)
Categorical versus dimensional approach?
More etiologically-based diagnostic system?
Ascertaining the applicability of diagnostic criteria across cultures
Proposed rating system to indicate the extent and quality of empirical support for diagnostic criteria
1-18PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology 1e by Rieger - Copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
SUMMARY
Defining Abnormal The Biological Perspective
Classification Causation Treatment
The Psychological Perspective Psychoanalytic Approach Behavioural Approach Cognitive Approach Humanistic/Sociocultural Approach
Diagnosis of Mental Disorders Advantages and Disadvantages Development of the DSM system Current Controversies for DSM-V