11

Dynamic CDN application for GMPLS networks

Outline Three key points CDN and GMPLS networks

Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this

application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on

CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase

application

Malathi Veeraraghavan, Tao Li and Mark McGinleyUniversity of Virginiamvee@virginia.edu

Nov. 1, 2007

2

Key point 1

Current usage of PDH/SONET circuits and Ethernet virtual connections (E-Line):

router-to-router switch-to-switch (ATM or Ethernet) PBX-to-PBX

New market: Server-to-server circuits Cluster-to-cluster Or, single server-to-server

3

Key points

Conventional thinking: High-speed links needed for

Aggregated traffic

New thought: High-speed links needed for

Single (large) file transfer Dynamically increase the rate of the

bottleneck link to decrease file-transfer delay in lightly (or heavily) loaded environments

4

File transfer delay

File transfer delay is determined by bottleneck link rate, r = min(r1, r2, r3, r4, r5)

packet loss rate on end-to-end path, Ploss

round-trip time (RTT) On lightly loaded paths, RTT and Ploss do not

matter for large files Only bottleneck link rate, r, matters

r1 r5

r4

r3r2

5

TCP/IP file-transfer delays

In heavily loaded paths, e.g., if Ploss = 1% RTT = 50ms

effective transfer rate 1.8Mbps if r is more than this value, it does not determine

effective rate. Ploss and RTT are main factors. if increasing r causes Ploss to decrease, effective

rate can be improved. Metro area, e.g.

RTT = 1ms, Ploss = 1% effective transfer rate 75Mbps

6

Key point 3: Growth rate for PL

Projections for Private Line (PL) market by Insight reports

Total market (2007): $39,870million Total market (2012): $48,070million CAGR 07-12: 3.81%

Private line vs. dynamic circuit services Private line too expensive for server-to-

server No aggregation driver for high bandwidth

Hence need dynamic circuit services

7

Outline

Key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks

Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this

application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on

CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase

application

8

Content Delivery Network (CDN) concept

CDN emerged in 1998 Aimed at solving the “flash crowd” problem

Problem: Sudden surge of web traffic to a particular web site overwhelms the web server

Causes: major events, e.g., CNN on 9/11 “cold” sites can become “hot”, e.g., slashdot effect

slashdot is "News for nerds"if a company is featured on slashdot.org, that

company's web site becomes "hot" CDN servers maintain replicas and serve client

requests from closest CDN server8

9

CDN concept – cont’d

Type of traffic delivered through CDNs Early 1999: static web objects such as

documents and images Now (2007):

Static web objects as well as dynamic content Live and on-demand video streaming

Not just Youtube type of low-resolution video at around 300kbps

High Definition (HD) streaming at 5Mbps+ started to appear recently, e.g., www.thehdweb.com

Software downloads Gaming

9

10

CDN providers

Major CDN providers: Akamai, Limelight Others: MirrorImage and Inktomi CDN servers placed in PoPs

Akamai: 25,000+ servers; 1200 PoPs; 900+ Networks; 650+ Cities; 69 Counties; Daily traffic: 170+ billion hits, 100+ million

streams, 3000+ terabytes delivered LimeLight: 72 PoPs around the world

11

Video, a big driver!

Volume of traffic delivered by CDNs Youtube, carried by CDN provider LimeLight, alone

accounts for ~10% of Internet traffic or ~20% of all HTTP traffic according to an Ellacoya’s report published in June/07

Traffic data: HTTP (46%) overtook P2P (37%) Likely due to service providers limiting P2P

Other traffic: Newsgroups (9%); non-HTTP video streaming: 3%; Gaming: 2%; VoIP: 1%

Within HTTP traffic: traditional web page (text&image) 45%; Video streaming: 36%; audio streaming: 5%

Conclusion: A significant portion of traffic already carried by CDNs

11

12

CDN pricing

CDN’s pricing structure Typically based on a monthly commitment Commitment and corresponding $xx/GB/month (

www.cdnpricing.com , Aug. 2007) : 1Tera Byte (TB): High, $2.00/GB/month, Low $1.50/GB/month 10TB: High, $1.20/GB/month, Low $0.89/GB/month 100TB: High, $0.24/GB/month, Low, $0.15/GB/month Above 100TB: It's all over the map. Could be as low as $0.12

Implication: CDN expensive for small-to-moderate enterprises

12

13

CDN pricing – cont’d

But the trend shows dropping CDN costs Competition fierce Contract length

Used to be one year or half year; now month-by-month New player: Level3

Willing to provide CDN service at transit cost (cost of high speed Internet access)

According to Level3: CDN services have historically been offered at a 20 to 30 percent premium to transit. "We have a unique advantage in this market space, and we intend to take that advantage."

CDNs to be absorbed by large ISPs eventually?

13

14

CDN’s major components

Origin server: Publish authoritative content Surrogate/replica servers

Hold replica; offload requests from origin server

Content distribution subsystem Push content to replica servers a priori Or, pull content to replica servers on-demand

Request routing subsystem Direct request to “nearby” surrogate server

Common techniques: DNS redirection and HTTP redirection

Accounting subsystem Monitoring status of service, server and network

Help request routing; Collect statistics for billing

14

15

How it works Clients fetch content from nearby server

Load on origin server reduced Download speed and reliability improved

15

Origin server at US

Replica server

Asia Europe

CDN

Replica server

Replica server

Replica server

Client A Client B Client C

16

Request routing: DNS redirection example

16

1. Get http://www.cbs.com2. Local DNS sends a query3. www.cbs.com CNAME

www.cbs.com.edgesuite.net4. Query edgesuite.net5. Eventually returns an IP for

a916.g.akamai.net: 72.246.31.8; TTL: 20s

6. Return replica’s IP to client7. Get content from the

selected server8. Replica server replies

Local DNS server

DNS server for cbs.com

Akamai DNS server hierarchy

1

2 3

45

7

8

Replica server

Client at UVA

72.246.31.86

C:\>Ping www.cbs.comPinging a916.g.akamai.net [72.246.31.8] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 72.246.31.8: bytes=32 time=5ms TTL=58

17

HTML page modification + HTTP redirection example

Courtesy: Tanenbaum's Fourth Edition slides from Prentice Hall

Tanenbaum claims Akamai uses this modelStep 5: does not have to be "after click," e.g., for images

18

Content Delivery Networks

(a) Original Web page. (b) Same page after transformation.

Courtesy: Tanenbaum's Fourth Edition slides from Prentice Hall

19

DNS redirection DNS redirection: the DNS server serving the origin

server needs to be modified to provide the IP address of an appropriate CDN server based on the client location Replica server should ideally have the first page to

minimize delay (should have been "pushed"a priori) For subsequent pages, replica server can "pull" page

from origin server For popular pages, "pull" approach works

one "pull" helps reduce delay for subsequent users For rarely accessed pages, no load-balancing nor client-

experienced delay benefits are gained when pages are pulled from origin server only when client requests arrive

20

HTTP redirection

HTTP supports a Location header, which can be included in the response with the URL of the CDN server to which the http request is redirected

With HTML page modification: CDN server typically stores image files that do not

change as often. These files are likely pushed a priori

21

Cost of using CDN

Bandwidth cost Variation of traffic distribution Size of content replicated over

surrogate servers Number of surrogate servers Reliability and stability of surrogate

servers

21

22

Outline check

Three key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks

Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this

application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on

CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase

application

23

"Dynamic CDN" concept

With pricing in the $1500-2000/month range, is it likely that there are small-to-moderate sized enterprises unable to afford CDN service?

Can the Google business mode of aggregating revenues from small advertisers be used to develop a "dynamic" CDN solution "pay only when people click on your ad" approach similarly, "pay for CDN service only when it is used"

24

Need for "Dynamic" CDN

When would enterprises need to dynamically "recruit" one or more CDN servers? Small- & moderate-sized enterprises

Sudden surge: Recruit CDN servers located at a few PoPs when a sudden surge of traffic is seen at their web servers (e.g., slashdot phenomenon)

Large-, moderate- and small-sized enterprises For large enterprises that may have a CDN

service contract: When a distant (remote) client starts a session

from a location where web pages or image files had not been pushed a priori

25

"Dynamic" CDN: Example 1

Connecting to hilton.com from a small village in Western Ireland Service was slow on a broadband access

link (slower than on my broadband link here in VA)

A quick (not thorough) analysis made me think it could be the long-distance server hits to a far-away (perhaps loaded) server that was causing this slow response

Hurts business when user leaves without purchase!

26

"Dynamic" CDN: Example 2 Connecting to a major university (IIT) web site in India

from UVA Very slow service Could have been the access link at IIT Could have been some intermediate link But it also could have been server speed

Possible solution If a CDN mirror was recruited at UVA dynamically and a

few "popular" web pages from IIT's web site were downloaded during my think time, I would at least have seen faster service for subsequent hits on the same server

27

Globalization and "Long Tail"

Globalization: A web server could potentially be accessed

from a web client anywhere Makes it hard to push data a priori to the

"right" set of CDN mirrors. If pull-based, some prefetching of

subsequent pages should occur to improve user's perceived response time

28

"The Long Tail" by Chris Anderson (2006) ECAST: Digital jukebox

What % of the 10K albums available on the jukebox sold at least 1 track per quarter? Answer: 98%

Apple's iTunes Every one of the 1 million tracks (2004-2005) in iTunes sold at

least once Rhapsody: Online music store

Even the 100,000th track downloads/month was in the 1000s Netflix

95% of its 25K DVDs (2004-2005) rented at least once a quarter

Amazon 98% of top 100K books sold at least once a quarter

Conclusion: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More

29

Has this affected the 80-20 rule?

Yes! Rhapsody

25,000th - 100,000th ranked tracks downloaded on average 250 times/month for a total of 22 million downloads/month, resulting in 25% of business

100,000th - 800,000th tracks had total of 16M downloads/month for 15% of the business

Each track is downloaded few times, but there are so many of these non-popular songs that the aggregate is large

PRX, which sells PBX programming: bottom 80% of products provide 50% sales

30

Implication to CDN

"Dynamic" CDN: Long-tail aggregator of CDN service

Provide low-cost, pay-as-you-use CDN service to small- and moderate-sized enterprises and individuals

31

Push vs. pull in current CDN

Literature unclear on whether data is pushed to replica servers or pulled only when a client request comes through

Push: Disadvantage for small enterprises - Long tail

ignored Pull:

Value only for "hits" not niches If bulk of accesses are "niches" then just an extra

server involved - more delay and no load-balancing advantage for web server

Again, Long tail ignored

32

Dynamic CDN (DCDN) design

Two proposed methodsDNS redirection

requires "DNS contract"Example: IIT should give its

domain name to CDN server for management

HTML page modification + HTTP redirection

33

Dynamic CDN using DNS redirection = Pull + prefetching

Web ClientIIT’s Web

Server (Origin)

Replicaserver

DNS(IIT)1. through DNS hierarchy

2. IP address of replicareturned

3. Get page

DNS lookup should be iterative (not recursive) to avoid intermediate DNS servers caching data mapping www.iit.edu.in to VA replica's IP address

VA

4. Pull first page + prefetch

India

34

Dynamic CDN using DNS redirection

Drawbacks Need "DNS contract" Delay in serving first page while data is

being pulled to replica server Compared to “normal” CDN where data is likely

already on the replica (if pushed) After first page, client is well served

Need high-speed transfer between replica and backup servers to minimize delay where GMPLS comes in handy

35

Alternative Dynamic CDN (DCDN) design: no prior contract required Assumes a backup server to allow for web-page push

so that it does not interfere with pulls from origin server (useful for suddenly "hot" servers)

Web Client IIT’s WebServer (origin)

Replicaserver

BackupServer

DNS(IIT)

4. First page(html modified based on client address with selected replica server URL)

India

1. through DNS hierarchy

2. IP address of originreturned

3. Get URL

5. Triggerspush

6. Pushes all-or-popularpages

DNS

5a. forreplicaserver

6. subsequent GET

VA

36

Dynamic version of html page modification + http redirection

HTTP redirection First page’s text received directly from

origin server Origin server changes links in first page to

refer to replica server Links to images, other pages, refer to closest

replica server Need high-speed transfer between replica

servers and backup servers to minimize delay on first page’s embedded objects, and subsequent pages

3737

Which files to push?

Look at page ranks An apache web server records all requests

in access log files Log entry example: 209.124.183.78 - -

[14/Oct/2007:12:05:21 -0400] "GET /test_100M HTTP/1.0" 200 104857600 "-" "Wget/1.10.2 (Red Hat modified)”

Tools available to collect statistics from log files e.g., AWstats reports top 10 URLs

3838

Example of software needed on a "recruitable" replica server

ibiblio.org web site states that all these software modules are required to run the ibibio.org web site (Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)

http://www.ibiblio.org/systems/infrastructure.html Apache, Squid, ProFTPD MySQL, PostgreSQL Mailman, Icecast, Tomcat PHP, Perl OpenSSL, mod_SSL LVS (Linux Virtual Server) keepalived Nagios, Cricket

39

Outline check

Three key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks

Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this

application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on

CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase

application

40

Insight report on Private line (2006-2012)

Insight research predicts By 2012, video traffic will be 16.6Tb/s while data will be

only 3Tb/s In 2007, video is 3.3Tb/s and data 3.0 Tb/s It notes that ASPs that provide CDN service optimized

for distribution of video content will need to lease private lines

It predicts video will have a "dramatic effect" on private line market.

Conclusion: expectation is that private lines will be needed between CDN servers from which video is streamed locally? if so, prime target for dynamic GMPLS circuits.

41

Core GMPLS networks CDN servers are typically located in metro NAPs/PoPs SONET networks extend between NAPs/PoPs With Sycamore SN16000's support for GbE and 10GbE,

CDN servers with GbE and 10GbE NICs can be directly connected to a core GMPLS network of SN16000s.

Dynamically set up 1-10Gbps circuit from CDN server to CDN server (or backup server)

Use dedicated circuit to transfer web-pages files between CDN servers whenever a new CDN server is recruited

Replicate as much of the web site as possible

42

April 19, 2023

Technology trends favor aggressive replication From "Potential Costs and Benefits of Long-term

Prefetching for CDNs" by Arun Venkataramani, Praveen Yalagandula, Ravi Kokku, Sadia Sharif, Mike Dahlin, Department of Computer Sciences, UT Austin, 21 June 2001:

Storage is cheap- Today: less than $200/100GB

Network prices are falling- Improving at > 100% per year

New technologies- Lower cost of prefetch traffic [Byers98, Crovella98]

User time is valuable

43

Use Internet2's core network s an example

Yellow nodes: Ciena CD-CI SONET switches

Blue nodes: Juniper T640 IP routersCourtesy: Rick Summerhill (2006)

44

Two parallel networks

IP network: Juniper T640 routers interconnected by OC192s

Dynamic Circuit Services (DCS) network: Ciena CD-CI nodes with GbE, 10GbE, SONET (OC192) cards

4545

Example of how Dynamic CDN can be deployed on Internet2 Deploy CDN servers at some Internet2 PoPs.

1Gbps

10Gbps

1Gbps into IP-routed network: server clients in local regions10Gbps into DCS network: push between replica servers

4646

Why Dynamic circuit service?

46

Can create a higher-rate circuit for temporary use between replica servers and backup (origin) servers than possible with

private line IP

Allows for larger prefetch and faster push

Prefetching can be of the first N "hottest" URLs based on recent click history

47

Delay is key in dynamic CDN

Remote client example (Long Tail) Quick copy of many pages from origin or

backup server to remote replica server for fast service

Slashdot effect example Quick copy to multiple replica servers

48

Combination of requirements

Requirements Large file transfer Fast file transfer

Higher the speed of the circuit, the better Expensive to get HIGH-SPEED private line

service between many replica server-origin/backup server pairs

Also IP service is expensive at high speeds

4949

Internet2 fee structure Started by seeing Internet2 fee structure

http://www.internet2.edu/network/fees.html 1GbE link into Internet2's IP-routed network: $250K

annual cost Two 1GbEs: one into IP-routed and second into DCS

netwok: $340K Corresponding numbers for 10GbE: $480K and $550K

Hence cannot afford to keep 10GbE link into IP-routed network turned up at all times

Recruiting it when needed with dynamic GMPLS circuit setup allows for delay improvement in downloading "whole" web site fast for improved user-perceived response time

5050

Attraction of GMPLS networks at high speeds

Because high-speed interface cards cost less in SONET switches than in IP routers

For high switching capacity nodes, which are mainly required in the core.

Cost comparison Per OC192 port on SN16k: $37,500 Per POS OC192 port on 12416 GSR:

$225,000 10GbE card on 12416 GSR: $125K

51

Outline check

Three key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks

Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this

application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on

CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase

application

52

Open source CDN software: GLOBULE

Globule is a 3rd-party module for Apache Supports DNS and HTTP redirection so

requests are served by the closest replica server

Open-source allows us to augment Globule to support dynamic CDN

53 G. Pierre and M. Steen, “Globule: A Collaborative Content Delivery Network”, IEEE Comm

Mag., 44(8), pp. 127-133, Aug 2006

Globule Model

54

Changes to support dynamic CDN

Allow content to be pushed to subset of replicas based on anticipated demand and content-provider’s cost concerns Add “knob” to allow content provider balance

content pushing vs increased cost

Support pre-fetching for remote sessions Move some subset (most popular pages) of a site to

the replica server as soon as the first page is accessed

55

Outline check

Three key points Dynamic CDN and GMPLS networks

Overview of today's CDN service Proposed application: "Dynamic" CDN What advantage does GMPLS bring to this

application? Plan for implementation/experimentation on

CHEETAH network using Globule CDN Automatic private line rate increase

application

56

Build from current-day practice

What services are Sycamore optical switches used for today?

What new network services are being proposed?

What applications are enabled by these new services?

Who should offer the network services? Who should run the applications?

57

Sycamore equipment

Is it correct to say that Sycamore optical switching and network access products are used to provide private line services PDH, SONET private lines L2 Ethernet private lines

Network access products: Max circuit rate: OC3? DNX-88

Metro rings: Use SN9000?

58

Current private line (PL) technologies

Private line services PDH, SONET/SDH Ethernet (L2) services: E-Line (EVC), and E-LAN

L2 port or VLAN mapped to MPLS virtual circuit, SONET or WDM circuit

WDM Virtual private line? IPsec, MPLS VPNs?

59

Uses of private lines Private line: originally "tie" lines to connect PBXs in

enterprises Dedicated private line (local or LD):

Interconnects PBXs Interconnects LANs (Ethernet or ATM LANs) Interconnects IP networks (enterprise routers) Interconnects video-conferencing terminals For storage networks

Virtual private lines IPsec, VPN (with MPLS?)

Special Access: example: Verizon still needs access to the local facilities for its

former MCI customers that are now out of region.

60

Uses of private lines Newer applications

Internet access: ISP orders the local loop through ILEC and provides bill for both Internet service and PL access to business customer: hence these PLs are counted as wholesale

ISPs purchase PL to interconnect their PoPs (wholesale) Integrated Access:

Using IADs (Integrated Access Devices), services such as local, LD, toll-free, LAN/WAN, VPN, video-conferencing IP and Internet access are all integrated on to a single private line; different services are stripped out at carrier's PoP for delivery to appropriate transmission facility

Wireless backhaul (cell site platform aggregates T1s from cell towers at basestation) for transfer to central office

61

Market (2007)

Local vs. Long Distance Local private line: $27.1 Billion Long distance (LD) private line: $12.8 Billion

Wholesale vs. retail Wholesale Local: $14.9 Billion (ISP reselling to

business) Retail Local: $12.2 Billion Wholesale LD: $3.4 Billion Retail LD: $9.4 Billion

62

Carriers who offer PL services

Dominant players: AT&T and Verizon Estimated 74% of long-distance market Over 40% share of local market AT&T offers SONET and Ethernet-over-SONET

Other long-haul carriers: Qwest, Sprint, Level3 Regional: XO and Time Warner SONET offered by AT&T, Cox, Global crossing,

Level3, Qwest, Sprint, Time Warner, Verizon, (3500 SONET rings), XO

Optimum Lightpath (Cablevision): Metro Ethernet

63

Attraction of Ethernet PL over SONET PL?

Implication: primarily on the client, right? Core network providing the Ethernet PL

can still be SONET Ethernet cards are cheaper for routers

Cisco 12000 series router 1-port 10GigE card 1310nm SC: $125000 (list

price) 1-port OC192c card 1310nm SR: $225,000 1-port OC48 channelized (CHOC): $280,000

But to create an Ethernet E-Line (EVC) need MPLS or SONET or WDM, correct?

64

New services being proposed: dynamic circuit services (SONET, E-Line)

Steal traffic from private lines, OR IP

Leased lines IPDynamic circuit services

65

Two types of Dynamic Circuit Services (DCS)

Leased lines TCP/IPCoarse Grained Sharing (CGS)

Fine Grained Sharing (FGS)

• Coarse Grained Sharing• High-bandwidth circuits, AND • "Long" holding times• Need Book-Ahead (BA) support in the control-plane

(scheduling or advance reservations)

• Fine Grained Sharing • Moderate-BW circuits, and/or • Short holding time• Immediate-Request (IR) mode sufficient in the control-plane.

Dynamic circuit services

6666

New DCS network services & applications

DCS-network scope

Bandwidth-sharing modes

Dynamic circuit services in the core network ONLY

Dynamic circuit services are intraregional

Dynamic circuitservices involveregional and corenetworks

Coarse Grained Sharing

• ISP router-to-router Long-Distance (LD) PL

• Business interconnect PL

• Disaster-recovery (DR)

• Server-replication

• Business interconnect PL

• Video-conferencing

• Distance-learning• DR

• eScience applications

Fine Grained Sharing

• CDN web services• IPTV/video distribution (CDN)

• Business interconnect and Internet access-link PL

• Data file movement

• Business interconnect PL

• Data file movement

Row/column headings: define service typesEntries in the body cells: applications

67

"Blue" vs "black" applications in table

Applications Listed in Blue

Listed in Black

Endpoints Router-to-router

Server-to-server

Target market for "encroachment"

Leased line services

IP services

Volume and price Low volume;High per-unit price

High volumeLow per-unit price

68

Router-to-router circuits

Services (Verizon): Provide network administrator web portal access to

explicitly request an increase in leased-line rate e.g., if GbE interface used, but rate capped with VLAN

rate-limiting, allow for rate limit to be increased (signaling if leased line realized through SN16000s).

Software that reads SNMP MIBs to monitor usage on leased line, and automatically issue signaling request for bandwidth increase Not likely; enterprise admins size their leased lines

well.

Both ideas: aggregate traffic based increase/decrease requests

69

Per-file transfer based rate increases of PL

Even if link is lightly loaded, a single file transfer delay can be reduced by increasing the bandwidth of the bottleneck (lowest-rate) link. e.g., an enterprise has an OC3 WAN access link. Even

if this link is lightly loaded, this becomes the max. rate that any single file transfer can enjoy.

By dynamically increasing this rate for a few seconds, user can enjoy a higher transfer rate.

Applicable to both types of private lines: Business interconnect PL: Local or LD Internet access PL: Local (wholesale - need to retool to

retail if BW can be increased for single file transfers)

70

Business interconnect Private Line

Local or LD Storage applications require large file transfers. Increase PL capacity just for a single transfer

Same idea of using GMPLS to increase PL rates just for a single large file transfer Even though delay need not as critical, no reason not to

decrease it. HR time savings important in business For some applications (DR, server replication),

use scheduled increase: CGS For others (data movement), any one employee

in business may start a data application that triggers an increase: FGS

71

Storage

Storage applications: Disaster recovery (DR): backup of critical

data Server replication: e.g., of web servers (to

allow for quick switchover in case of failures)

72

Internet access PL vs. business interconnect PL

What % of leased line revenues comes from ISP access links and what part from business interconnect?

Wholesale local Internet access: $14.9B Retail local, LD (Wholesale + Retail)

Business interconnect = $25B

73

Business interconnect PL (local)

Internet access PL(300 Mbps)PL

carriermetroSONET ring

1GigE

Enterprise user's software signals a request to temporarilyincrease its PL bandwidth to the full 1GigE for a single file transfer

Enterprise

Enterpriserouter

Enterpriserouter

Enterprise

74

Internet access (metro-area)

ISP's IP router

Internet access PL(300 Mbps)

One building

PLcarriermetroSONET ring

1GigE

Enterprise user signals a request to temporarilyincrease its Internet access PL to the full 1GigE

Enterprise

75

Application: Automatic PL bandwidth modification

Business interconnect PL Routers within businesses' control Easier to implement

Internet access PL Need tools to determine if WAN access link

is the bottleneck link on an end-to-end path, and then increase rate.

76

Automatic private line rate increase application design

User's data movement or DR applications are shell-script wrapped with signaling software

End-host signaling software contacts a server, which sends UNI messages to SN9000 or SN16000 for call setup to increase PL rate.

If successful, it issues commands to routers at the edge of the circuit to remove any rate limits

When user application is done, signaling software issues release

We have two GSRs, which can be connected into CHEETAH network for testing.

77

Summary Opportunity to increase potential market for GMPLS-

enabled SN16000 switches We have the CHEETAH SN16000 based GMPLS testbed

on which we can test applications and gain experience with R&E users

Choose application(s) carefully with due consideration of business aspects

Looking for support: Student HR support to implement these applications for

GMPLS networks, and to build usage base Cheetah testbed annual maintenance charges