090820 Nose Prep Posp Case Choices

8/14/2019 090820 Nose Prep Posp Case Choices

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Reitaku Universit

Reitaku Universit

Choices of cases or prepositions/postpositions

for several locative meanings:

a typological studyCase in and across languages, 27-29, AUG. 2009

Masahiko Nose

Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan


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Simple grammar of Tok Pisin

Preposition: long To: Mi go long Tokyo.

From: Mi kam long Tokyo.

In, On, At: Mi stap long Finland.

With: Mi paitim long stik.

For, Because, etc.

Many functions are summarized in one form.

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Rich case system in Hungarian (9 locative cases)

Locative functions in Hungarian

Inessive: aut-ban (in a car)

Superessive: aut-n (on a car)

Adessive: aut-nl (by a car)

Sublative: aut-ra (onto a car) Delative: aut-rl (from a car on)

Illative: aut-ba (into a car)

Elative: aut-bl (from car in) Allative: aut-hez (toward a car)

Ablative: aut-tl (from a car by)

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Preposition Long in Tok Pisin


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Some questions of this study

Some languages do not have a case-marking

Other languages have many cases: why?

Languages have grammatical / lexical forms

expressing locative functions: Choices of

prepositions, postpositions, cases, and Others: clitics, suffix, adverbials, body parts,

locational nouns, geographical nouns, verbs

including motions/directions (cf. Nose 2009, Roberts 1987)

Is there a boundary between cases and other

forms in locative functions?



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Outline of this study and a typological sampling

Research objectives: choices of forms for

locative functions (cf. Kahr 1975, Kurzon 2008)

Sampling: 20 languages (cf. Iggesen 2005 WALS 49)

10 languages with No case-marking

10 languages with More than 10 cases

Checking 5 locative functions

Results illustrate that:

Prepositions, postpositions, and other options

Cases for locative functions

Conclusion



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Conclusion: conceptual map of the choices

Hausa WariSpanish

Tok Pisin

Nguna Swahili Chinese

BasqueChukchiEpena PedeeGooniyandiPitjantjatjara

HunzibJapanese

Lakhota AmeleHixkariyana

Nez Perce FinnishHungarian


Preposition

Postposition

Adverbial, locational

noun, clitic, etc.

Case

Verb including motions


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Research objectives

Do languages use grammatical forms (cases) to

express locative functions? (cf. Svorou 1993)

In fact, which forms languages choose?

cases, prepositions/postpositions, and others

Examining locative functions, cross-linguistically Five locative functions:

FROM, TO, ON, OVER, THROUGH

The sample 20 languages10 languages with no case-marking

10 languages with more than 10 cases




Sampling: Languages of rich case system and no

case marking

Genealogically(Genetically) balanced:

IE, Uralic, and others

Geographically balanced:

Not only Eurasia and Africa, but also Pacific and America

Availability of reference grammars

20 languages

Svorou (1993): 26 lgs Kurzon (2008):26 lgs

Kahr (1975): 50+ lgs

WALS 49: Iggesen 2005 8/24



Sample 20 languages

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Generated by WALS Language Viewer



10 languages with no case-marking

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Amele, Chinese, Hausa, Hixkaryana, Lakhota,Nguna, Spanish, Swahili, Tok Pisin, Wari



10 languages with more than 10 cases

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Basque, Chukchi, Epena Pedee, Finnish,Gooniyandi, Hungarian, Hunzib,

Japanese, Nez Perce, Pitjantjatjara



Locative expressions: Selecting 5 functions

1. FROM: origin (Ablative)

2. TO: destination, (not dative) (Allative)

3. ON: on top of, surface (Superessive, Locative)

4. OVER: rather adverbial (cf. above, across)

5. THROUGH: rather adverbial (cf. path, way)

cf. Tyler & Evans (2003)

Possible Types

Preposition, Postposition, Case, and other forms

(some are grammatical, others are lexical)

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Functional descriptions of each language:

Language name (number of cases, word order)

From

To

On

Over

Through 13/24



1: Amele (0 case, SOV, Trans-New Guinea)

From N dec Postposition

To N na Postp. :Na (at, in, on,with, of )

On N na

Over N sec Postp.: sec (way)

Through N gemo Gemo: locational

noun (adverbial)

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17: Japanese (11 cases, SOV, East Asia)

From N kara Case (starting point)Kara: Ablative

To N e, made Case (e: direction)Made: Terminative

On N de, no ue de Case (de: locational), No ue de(ue: upper) : Periphrastic form

Over N wo koete Accusative wo + verbalKoete: across, past, over

Through N wo toutte Accusative wo + verbalToutte: passing, going by

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Research summary (selected 6 languages)

English FROM TO ON OVER THROUGH

Amele N dec N na N na N sec N gemo

Swahili Kutoka N Kwa N N-ni Kupitia Kupitia

Tok Pisin Long N Long N Long N Antaplong N

Brukim N

Hungarian N-blN-rl

N-tl

N-ba

N-ra

N-hez

N-on N-n tN-n keresztl

(case-marekd)

N-n t

N-n keresztl

(case-marked)

Japanese N karaAblative

N e

Direction

N de

Location

N wo koete

(v. gerund)

N wo toutte

(v. gerund)

Nez Perce AblativeN-pknix

Allative

N-ayn

Locative

N-pe

Locative

N-pe

Locative

N-pe

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1

2

3

4



Observations #1: no case-marking: 6 prep/ 3 postp

From To On Over Through

Preposition long Complex prep:antap long

Adverbial

preposition?

brukim

Tok Pisin

Preposition Complex preposition Spanish

Preposition Verb Adverbial Chinese

Preposition Inside verb Preposition Genitive

preposition

Preposition Hausa

Preposition Verbalpreposition

No data(no form?)

Preposition Inside verb? Nguna

Preposition Verbal

preposition

suffix verbal Verbal

preposition

Swahili

Postposition Suffix Hixkaryana

Postposition Adverbial Amele

Postposition Adverbial

preposition

Postposition Lakhota

Inside verb [motion] Locationalnoun

Inside verb

[past]Wari

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1

2

3

4



Observations #2: more than 10 cases

From To On Over Through

Case Nez Perce

Case Adverbial Case Pitjantjatjara

Case Adverbial Case Gooniyandi

Case Postposition withsuperessive

Postposition with

superessiveHungarian

Case Postpositionwith genitive

Postposition

with genitiveFinnish

Case No data Case Basque

Case No data(adverbial

above)

No data

(perlative case

along)

Chukchi

Case No data(adverial

above?)

No data (case

down? )Epena Pedee

Complex

cases

Case Postposition Postposition

with dative

Hunzib

Case Verbal

gerund

Verbal

gerund

Japanese

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1

2

3

4



Summarizing the results

Languages with No case-marking:

Preposition/Postposition

Over has some prepositions (TP, Sp, Hausa, Lakhota)

Through has postpositions, adverbial, verbal, etc.

Wari: completely different, verbs including motions

Languages with More than 10 cases:

Nez Perce uses cases (Abl, All, Loc) for 5 functions

Over and Through are not expressed by cases Postpositions, adverbial forms, verbal gerund, or no data

Some languages have case forms for Through

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Conclusion: two boundaries: [from-to-on] / [through] / [over]

1. Locative functions (FROM, TO, ON) are

basically realized in specific grammatical forms(prepositions, postpositions, or cases) in the

sample languages (except Wari)

2. Locative functions (OVER, THROUGH) arevariable, rather expressed by lexical or others

Through is realized in prepositions, postpositions,

or cases (Nez Perce, Hausa, Basque, AU) in some languages

Over is realized by other (less-grammaticalized)

forms (Verbal, Adverbial, locational noun, etc.)

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Conceptual map of the choices: typical 4 types

(1) Hausa(English) (4)Wari

Spanish

Tok Pisin



Hunzib

Japanese

Lakhota (3) AmeleHixkariyana

(2)Nez Perce FinnishHungarian


Preposition

Postposition

Adverbial, locational

noun, clitic, etc.

Case




Conceptual map of the choices: possible pairs

Hausa WariSpanish

Tok Pisin



Hunzib

JapaneseLakhota Amele

Hixkariyana

Nez Perce

FinnishHungarian


Preposition

Postposition

Prep. and adverbial,

locational noun, etc.

Case


1

23

Cases and Postpositions

Cases and adverbial,locational noun, etc.



References (selected)

Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. The WorldAtlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP.

Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005a. Number of cases. In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 49 in WALS: 202-

205.Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005b. Case-Asymmetry: a world-wide study on lexeme-class-dependent

deviations in morphological case inventories. Munchen: Lincom Europa.

Kahr, Joan Casper. 1975. Adpositions and locationals: typology and diachronicc development.Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21-54. Stanford University.

Kurzon, Dennis & Silvia Adler(eds.). 2008.Adpositions: pragmatic, semantic and syntacticperspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. Ago and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon& Adler(eds.): 209-227.

Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: TheJacaranda Press/Web Books

Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. GengoKenkyuu 130: 109-123.

Rude, Noel E. 1985. Studies in Nez Perce Grammar and Discourse: promotion, genitives,antipassive, objects, ergative, Indians, northwest. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon.

Roberts, John R. 1987.Amele. London: Croom Helm.

Siegel, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of Pidgin & Creole languages. Oxford: OUP.

Svorou, Soteria. 1993. The grammar of space. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Tyler, Andrea. & Vyvyan Evans. 2003. The Semantics of English Prepositions. Cambridge: CUP.




Thank you for your attention

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Acknowledgments:Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (Start-up), Japan Society for the Promotionof Science

Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University

Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New GuineaNguna: Villagers of Nguna island, VanuatuChinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan)Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan)



Summarizing the results

No case-marking:

Preposition/Postposition Through has some prepositions

Over has adverbial, verbal, etc.

Wari: completely different, inside verb More than 10 cases:

Nez Perce uses cases for 5 functions

Over and Through do not have cases Adverbial, postpositions, Verbal gerund, or no data

Some languages have case forms for Through




Conclusion

Basic locative functions (FROM, TO, ON) aregrammaticalized in one form (pre/post-

position, or case)

Complex locative functions (OVER, THROUGH) Through has prepositions, postpositions, or

cases in some languages

Over is expressed by several forms

Verbal, Adverbial, locational noun, etc.




Formal streams among various locative functions


Case

Preposition

PostpositionAdverbial, clitic

Verbserialization



References (selected)

Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. The WorldAtlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP.

Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005a. Number of cases. In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 49 in WALS: 202-

205.Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005b. Case-Asymmetry: a world-wide study on lexeme-class-dependent

deviations in morphological case inventories. Munchen: Lincom Europa.

Kahr, Joan Casper. 1975. Adpositions and locationals: typology and diachronicc development.Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21-54. Stanford University.

Kurzon, Dennis & Silvia Adler(eds.). 2008.Adpositions: pragmatic, semantic and syntacticperspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. Ago and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon& Adler(eds.): 209-227.

Mihalic, Francis. 1986. The Jacaranda Dictionary and Grammar of Melanesian Pidgin. Milton: TheJacaranda Press/Web Books

Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. GengoKenkyuu 130: 109-123.

Rude, Noel E. 1985. Studies in Nez Perce Grammar and Discourse: promotion, genitives,antipassive, objects, ergative, Indians, northwest. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon.

Roberts, John R. 1987.Amele. London: Croom Helm.Siegel, Jeff. 2008. The emergence of Pidgin & Creole languages. Oxford: OUP.

Svorou, Soteria. 1993. The grammar of space. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Tyler, Andrea. & Vyvyan Evans. 2003. The Semantics of English Prepositions. Cambridge: CUP.



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Thank you for your attention


Acknowledgments:Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists(Start-up), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University

Amele, Tok Pisin: Villagers of Sein, Papua New GuineaNguna: Villagers of Nguna island, VanuatuChinese: Chen Yanyun (Tohoku University, Japan)Swahili: Mariko Fujimoto (University of Kyoto, Japan)


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Locative expressions: Selecting 5 functions

1. FROM: Ablative2. TO: Allative

3. ON: Superessive

4. OVER: Subessive? (above)

5. THROUGH: Perlative?? (along)

090810 Nose 30/25

L ( b f d d )


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Language name (number of cases, word order)

From

To

On

Over

Through


1 A l (0 SOV)


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1: Amele (0, SOV)

From N dec

To N na

On N na

Over N sec

Through N gemo


2 Chi (0 SVO)


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2: Chinese (0, SVO)

From Cong NTo Dao N

On Zai N

Over Verb

Through Adv. Guo



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4 Hi k i (0 OVS)


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4: Hixkariyana (0, OVS)

From N haye Postp (relator)

To N hona

On N ho (at, on)

Over N ohoye

Through N-rye, N horye Rye (suffix)


5 L kh t (0 SOV)


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5: Lakhota (0, SOV)

From N ong postp

To N ekta

On N akan

Over itakasangpa Adverbial preposition

Through N opta


6 N (0 SVO)


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6: Nguna (0, SVO)

From Pae N prep

To Paki N Verbal preposition (go-to)

On No data No form?

Over Tapau N

Through Paki-liina (come-through) Verbal preposition?


7 S i h (0 SVO)


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7: Spanish (0, SVO)

From Desde N

To A N

On Sobre N

Over Encima de N

Through A traves de N


8 Swahili (0 SVO)


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8: Swahili (0, SVO)

From Kutoka N Verbal infinitive

To Kwa N Verbal preposition?

On N-ni Suffix

Over Kupitia? (verb) Context-dependent

Through Kupitia (verb) Verbal preposition


9: Tok Pisin (0 SVO)


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9: Tok Pisin (0, SVO)

From Long N

To Long N

On Long N

Over Antap long N

Through Brukim N


10: Wari (0 VOS)


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10: Wari (0, VOS)

From Verb (motion from)

To Verb (motion to)

On To be at (motion at rest)

Over Na-in tama-xut Locational noun

Through Verb (motion past)


11: Basque (15 SOV)


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11: Basque (15, SOV)

From Ablative

To Allative

On locative At in on

Over No data

Through ablative Place through


12: Chukchi (13 no dominant order)


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12: Chukchi (13, no dominant order)

From Ablative

To Allative

On Locative

Over No data Above ? Ger goca

Through No data Perlative (along)


13: Epena Pedee (15 SOV)


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13: Epena Pedee (15, SOV)

From N-pa Movement from case

To N-a Movement to case

On N-de General locative

Over No data Iti (above)

Through No data Movement down??


14: Finnish (15 SVO)


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14: Finnish (15, SVO)

From N-sta, N-lta

To N-hun, N-lle

On N-lla

Over N-n ylla:, pa:a: ylla: Postp

Through N-n kautta postp


15: Gooniyandi (13 no dominant order)


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15: Gooniyandi (13, no dominant order)

From Ablative 1

To Allative 1

On locative At on into in near

Over ? Spatial adverbial Lanngaddi (above, on top

of)

Through Perlative Through, along, beside,

around, pat, via


16: Hunzib (11 SOV)


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16: Hunzib (11, SOV)

From Dative-elative, adessive-

elative, superessive-elative,sub-elative, cont-ela, com-

ela, all-ela

Complex cases

To Allative

On Supereesive

Over N Xodo (above) postp

Through N Giso, riso Postp with dative


17: Japanese (11 SOV)


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17: Japanese (11, SOV)

From N kara

To N e, made

On N de, no ue de

Over N wo koete

Through N wo toutte


18: Hungarian (18 no dominant order)


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18: Hungarian (18, no dominant order)

From N-bol

To N-ba, N-ig

On N-on

Over N at/ keresztul postp

Through N at/ keresztul postp


19: Nez Perce (13 no dominant order)


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19: Nez Perce (13, no dominant order)

From Ablative

To Allative

On locative In into, on at, through, over

Over Locative

Through locative


20: Pitjantjatjara (13 SOV?)


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20: Pitjantjatjara (13, SOV?)

From Ablative

To Allative

On Locative-instrumental

Over munkara General adverb of place

(over, on the other side of,

beond, futther on)

Through -wanu Transverse case



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Basque (Hualde & de Urbina 2003) 15

Absolutive 0

Ergative k

Dative (r)I

Genitive ren

Benefactive nentzat

Comitative Rekin

Instrumental Z

Partitive Rik

Prolative Tzat

Locative N

Ablative Tik

Allative Ra

Directional -rantz

Terminative -raino

Relational ko 52090827 Nose Helsinki


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Chukchi (Dunn 1999) 13

Absolutive -t

Ergative-instrumental -e

Equative -u

Allative -Ytae

Ablative -jpaePerlative -jekwe

Orientative -Yjit

Inessive -caeku

Sublative -jikwae

Comitative Ye-, -e

Associative Ya-, -ma

Privative e-, -ke

Locative -k

53090827 Nose Helsinki


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Epena Pedee (Harms 1994) 15

Ergative -a

Absolutive Zero

Dative -maa

Cause -pot

Possessive -de

Accompaniment -ome

External goal -ithee

Location 1 -de

Location 2 -ma

Movement to -aa, -ee

Movement from -pa

Movement down -du

Origin -pema

Similarity -kha

Dissimilarity -ra 54090827 Nose Helsinki


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Finnish (Karlsson 1999) 15

Nominative

Genitive

Accusative

Inessive

Elative

Illative

Adessive

Allative

Ablative

Essive

Partitive

Translative

Instructive

Abessive

Comitative 55090827 Nose Helsinki


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Gooniyandi (McGregor 1990) 13

Absolutive zero

Ergative -ngga

Dative -yoo ~-woo

Locative -ya

Ablative 1 -nhingi

Ablative 2 -yangga

Allative 1 -yidda

Allative 2 -yayi

Allative 3 -yayoo

Allative 4 -yawoo

Perlative -binyi

Comitative -ngaddi

Deprivative -winyja 56090827 Nose Helsinki


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Hungarian (Kiss 2002, Keresztes 1995) 18

Nominative

Accusative

Dative

Elative

Inessive

Illative

Delative

Superessive

Sublative

Ablative

Adessive

Allative

Terminative

Essive-formal

Instrumental

Translative

Causal-finalAssociative 57090827 Nose Helsinki


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Hunzib (Berg 1995) 11

Nominative Zero

Ergative -l

Genitive -s

Instrumental -d

Dative -v

Adessive -g

Superessive -x

Subessive -***

Contactive -***

Comitative -gur

Allative -daer

Dative-elative

Ad-elative

Super-elative

Sub-elative

Contactive-elative

Comitative-elative

Allative-elative



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Nez Perce (Rude 1985: 83) [13]

Unmarked [subj][intrans]

Ergative/ Genitive -nim [agentive][possession]

Direct object -ne [acc][indirect object]

Benefactive -ayn [for][beneficiary]

Associative -iin [with][human]Allative -px [to][place][goal]

Ablative -pkinix [from][place]

Locative -pe [in, on, at , to]

Instrumental -ki [with][instrument]

Resultative -wecet [because of][for]

Temporal -met [whereupon][then]

Senior vocative -e [kinship]

Junior vocative -e [kinship]



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Pitjantjatjara (Bowe 1990) 13

Ergative -ngku

Absolutive Zero

Nominative -na

Accusative -ni

Purposive-genitive -ku, -mpaLocative-instrumental -ngka, -la

Allative -kuta > -kutu???

Ablative -nguru

Tranverse -wanu

Aversive -tawara

Causal -kitja

Privative -tjiratja

Having -tjara



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Japanese (Koizumi 2007) 11

topic wanominative ga

accusative wo

locative ni

source karaallative e

instrumental de

comitative to

comparative yori

terminative made

genitive no

090820 Nose Prep Posp Case Choices

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