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Transcript of 090525 Broschuere Eces
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International Energy Agency
Energy Conservationthrough Energy StorageProgramme
Version May 2009
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Energy conservation the benefts o energy storage
W aste heat rom industrial pro-cesses, steam rom solar ther-mal power plants or electricity rom
photovoltaic panels are examples or
energy sources, which can not be used
more extensively without energy stor-
ages. A huge potential o energy sources
substituting ossil uels can only be
exploited by energy storage systems,
utilizing renewables like solar thermal,
PV and wind energy. Thermal and
electrical energy storage systems en-
able greater and more ecient use
o these fuctuating energy sources
by matching the energy supply with
the demand. This can fnally lead to
a substantial energy conservation and
reduction o CO2
emissions.
The growing peak demand o to-
days energy consumption, essentially
caused by electrical air conditioning,
leads more oten to black-outs all over
the world. Such a problem the shit-
ing o a peak demand or only a ew
hours or minutes can be solved by
cold storage technologies. In this con-
text energy storages can be the best
solution not only rom the technical
point o view, but also or economi-
cal reasons.
Energy Storage another time and place
W e need energy electricalor thermal but in mostcases not where or when it is avail-
able. Enjoying the sound o music
while you are jogging, you can not
stand beside the socket: electrical
energy storages batteries make
you mobile. The energy you need
is stored or a short while and over
the distance you like to run. Having
a cold beer on a summers evening
was possible even beore coolingmachines were invented. At that
time people cut ice rom the lakesin winter, transported the ice to the
brewery and stored it in deep cel-
lars. The cold was stored rom the
winter to the summer: An example
or long term thermal energy stor-
age and the utilization o renewable
energies. In cold climates surplus so-
lar heat rom summer can be used
in winter or heating o buildings by
seasonal storage.
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Cold Storage
Heat Storage
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70 C
20 C
Energy storage technologies a big variety
Energy Storage R & D
Many governments have com-
mitted to reduce CO2 emis-sions into the atmosphere. They have
decided to strengthen their national
eorts and the international co-opera-
tion or research and development
(R&D) in the International Energy
Agency (IEA) and to increase thedeployment o energy conservation
technologies and utilization o renew-
able energy sources. So ar in most
industrialized countries, renewable
energy sources contribute only
marginally to satisy energy de-
mand. Energy storage technologies
can help to solve problems caused
by the intermittent energy supply
o these sources.
There is a huge potential or
the application o energy stor-
age systems. The act that energy
storage systems are not as widely
used as they could, is due to sev-
eral reasons, in particular because
most new storage systems are not
yet economically competitive with
ossil uels and their long term reli-
ability and perormance is not yet
proven. There are still some regu-
latory and market barriers which
have to be overcome. Thereore,
urther attempts are being made toresolve these issues.
The IEA Implementing Agreement
on Energy Conservation through En-
ergy Storage (see box below) provides
the platorm or international co-op-
eration (www.iea.org) in R&D, D.
Ater 2 decades o R&D the emphasis
o the co-operative RD&D eorts has
shited towards to implementation
and optimal integration o new
storage technologies or an efcient
use o energy and renewable energy
sources. In the uture more application
oriented topics like thermal energy
storage or cooling and industrial
processes or mobile thermal storage
systems or the utilization o waste
heat will be investigated. The issue
o implementation and deployment
o new energy storage technologies
has become a higher priority as the
R&D phase is concluding.
T he energy to be stored can be either electricalor thermal. Both energies require completely di-erent storage technologies. However in the actual
application both technologies can meet: The peak
demand o electricity or example is in most cases
caused by air conditioning, which is a thermal task.
The cooling demand can be covered by a cold store(ice or chilled water) which is charged at o peak
hours by electric chillers.
Energy storages can be described by their storage
capacity (stored energy per mass or volume), power
(energy output per
time), storage period
(how long the ener-
gy should be stored)
and size. All these
parameters can vary
over a huge scale:
From a latent heat
storage to prevent
laptops rom getting
too hot (stored energy in the range o a ew Wh)
to the heat and cold thermal underground storage
system underneath the German Reichstag in Berlin
(stored energy in the range o some 2 GWh).
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T hermal energy can be stored indierent ways given by the ther-modynamics o the storage process.
I a storage medium is heated up or
cooled down the storage is called
sensible. Well known storage tech-
nologies are hot or chilled water tanks.The phase change o the medium (e.
g. ice-water) requires large amounts
o energy without any temperature
change, thereore it is called latent
heat. These latent thermal storages
can provide higher storage capaci-
ties compared to sensible heat stores
at a constant discharging tempera-
ture. One example is ice storage or
cooling. Energy can also be stored
in reversible chemical reactions. The
storage can achieve even higher ca-
pacities and is able to deliver thermal
energy at dierent discharging tempera-
tures dependent on the thermo-chemi-
cal reaction. An extensively studied
reaction or thermal energy storage is
the adsorption o water vapour on mi-
croporous materials e. g. Zeolites and
Silicagel The microporous adsorbens
have a huge inner surace and can
adsorb large amounts o water.
Thermal Energy Storage
The ollowing organizations and entities have signed
the IEA Energy Storage Implementing Agreement:Belgium, Ministry o Economical Aairs
Canada, Public Works and Government Services
Canada
Finland, Technology Development Centre TEKES
France, Ministre de lEconomie, des Finances et de
lIndustrie
Germany, Forschungszentrum Jlich GmbH
Japan, Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technology
Center o Japan
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Korea, Ministry o Commerce, Industry and Energy
Norway, Geological Survey o NorwaySweden, Swedish Research Council or
Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial
Planning, FORMAS
Turkey, ukurova University, Adana
United States o America, Department o Energy
IF Technology (The Netherlands), Sponsor*
Institute o Heat Engineering (ITC) o the University
o Technology Warsaw (Poland), Sponsor*
* Sponsor entity which is not designated by its government (see:www.iea.org)
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The Energy Storage Programme
is an R&D Agreement established
in 1978 between a number o IEA
countries with the aim o coop-
erative research, development,
demonstrations and exchanges o
inormation regarding energy con-
servation through energy storage.
The ull name reads: Programme
o Research and Development on
Energy Conservation through En-
ergy Storage.
The separate activities put into
execution within the ramework
o an Implementing Agreement,
are called Tasks or Annexes (more
general inormation is available in
the IEA-homepage (www.iea.org)).
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Sensible Thermal Energy Storage: Water Tanks and Underground TES
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T he use o hot water tanks is oneo the best known thermal en-ergy storage technologies. The hot
water tank serves the purpose o
energy saving when e.g. applied to
a solar tap water system and an en-
ergy supply system with cogenera-tion. One major aim o an electrically
heated hot water tank in a tap water
system is to shave the peak in elec-
tricity demand. A state-o-the-art
review as part o the energy storage
programme has resulted in the con-
clusion that stratifed water tank stor-
age technology has become mature
and reliable. Further R&D eorts are
devoted to reduce the specifc stor-
age costs which at present are still too
high or many applications o energy
conservation and utilization o solar
energy.
The most requently used storage
technology o heat and cold is un-
derground thermal energy storage
(UTES). The aquier Thermal Energy
Storage (ATES) uses natural water sat-
urated and permeable underground
layer as a storage medium (see sche-
matic above). The transer o ther-
mal energy is realized by extracting
groundwater rom the aquier and by
re-injecting it at the modifed temper-
ature level at a separate well nearby.
Low temperature heating and high
temperature cooling with groundwa-ter fts very well with new concepts o
large surace area heating and cooling
in walls and at the ceilings (so called
low exergy heating and cooling sys-
tems, www.lowex.net)
Most applications are about the
storage o winter cold to be used or
the cooling o large ofce buildings
and industrial processes. It can easily
be explained that aquier cold storage
is gaining more and more interest:
Savings on electricity bills or chill-
ers are approx. 75 %, and in many
cases, the payback time or additional
investments is shorter than fve years.
A major condition or the application
o this technology is the availability o
a suitable geologic ormation. Obvi-
ously in the annual average the tem-
perature swing has to be balanced.
Other technologies or under-
ground thermal energy storage are
borehole storage, cavern storage and
pit storage. Which o these technolo-
gies is selected, strongly depends on
the local (hydro)-geologic site condi-
tions.
With borehole storage, verticalheat exchangers are inserted into
the underground, which ensure the
transer o thermal energy towards
and rom the ground (clay, sand,
rock, etc.). Many projects are about
the storage o solar heat in summer
or space heating o houses or o-
fces. Ground heat exchangers are
also requently used in combination
with heat pumps (geothermal heat
pump), where the ground heat ex-
changer extracts low-temperature
heat rom the soil.
With cavern storage and pit storage,
large underground water reservoirs
are created in the subsoil to serve
as thermal energy storage systems.
These storage technologies are
technically easible, but the actual
application is still limited because o
the high level o investment.
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Phase change materials and chemical reactions
S ensible heat energy storage hasthe advantage o being relativelycheap but the energy density is low
and there is a variable discharging
temperature. To overcome those dis-
advantages phase change materials
(PCMs) could be used or thermal
energy storage. The phase changecould be a solid/liquid or a liquid/
gas process. Melting processes have
energy densities in the order o 100
kWh/m, e.g. ice, compared to 50
kWh/m or sensible heat storage
o a temperature change o 50 Kel-
vin, which is common o hot water
stores.
The incorporation o micro-en-
capsulated PCM materials such as
paran wax into the gypsum walls
or plaster increases considerably the
thermal mass and capacity o light-
weight buildings. By night the PCM
in the microcapsules cools and solidi-
es. During the day the cool walls,
reducing the daily temperature swing
by several degrees, and therebyavoiding the need or electric chill-
ers or, at a minimum, reducing the
cooling requirements. Another ap-
plication o active cooling systems is
macro-encapsulated salts that melt
at an appropriate temperature. The
PCM is stored in a buildings air vent
duct and the cold air is delivered via
large-area ceiling and foor a/v sys-
tems.
Higher energy densities can be
achieved by the utilization o chemi-
cal reactions or thermal energy stor-
age. Energy densities in the order o
00 kWh/m are possible. Thermo-
chemical reactions like adsorption
(the adhesion o a substance to the
surace o another solid or liquid) owater vapor to Silicagel or Zeolites
(micro-porous crystalline alumo-sili-
cates) can be used to generate heat
and cold as well as to regulate hu-
midity. O special importance in hot,
humid climates or conned spaces
where humidity levels are high, these
open sorption systems use lithium
chloride to cool water and Zeolites
to absorb ambient humidity.
Applications: Cooling, transportation, industrial processes
T he dierent technologies orthermal energy storage can beused in a huge variety o applica-
tions. Domestic hot water, space
heating and cooling are probably
the most common ones. Most o the
sensible thermal energy storage sys-
tems are operated or that purpose.
Over the last years other applications
came up, like cooling, transportation
o thermal energy and TES in indus-
trial processes. This development is
surely connected to the latest devel-
opments in advanced storage tech-
nologies like PCMs and chemical
reactions. New activities are more
application oriented. This includes
also combinations o TES technolo-
gies or certain applications.
New activities within the ECES
are meeting these new challenges.
The growing demand or cooling
world wide is one o them. TES can
provide in this case short term stor-
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age or peak shaving as well as long
term storage or the introduction o
renewable and natural energy re-
sources. The utilization o waste heat
e.g. rom industrial processes opensa huge potential concerning the re-
duction o the primary ener-
gy demand and CO2 emissions. For
this utilization the transportation o
thermal energy in high capacity TES
is necessary. For the optimization oindustrial processes themselves and
a better use o renewable energies
or power generation high tem-
perature TES have to be developed.
These new felds or thermal energy
storage systems will be worked on inthe uture.
A number o Annexes was perormedover the last decades. These Annexeshave been working on all kinds o en-ergy storage technologies. A completelist can be ound on the ECES homep-age: http://www.iea-eces.org/annexes/
completed-annexes.html. Here are themost recent Annexes:
Annex 18 The general objectives othe proposed annex on Transporta-tion o Energy by Utilization o ThermalEnergy Storage Technologies are toidentiy state-o-the-art or using di-erent technologies or energy storageand transportation, to broaden and co-ordinate the knowledge within the eld,and to disseminate inormation. In par-ticular, research on high capacity stor-age materials and high thermal powercharging and discharging technologiesthat are easy to implement in an energy
transport system will be encouraged,along with research on system aspectswhere heat sources are linked to thecustomers need and where these linksimpact on system design is assessed.Potential cost-eective applicationsmust be identifed (start: June 2006)
Annex 19 The objectives o the An-nex Optimized Industrial Process Heatand Power Generation with ThermalEnergy Storage are to overcome theragmented research and to achievesynergies rom existing and new uture
high temperature thermal energy stor-age (HTTES) activities. The objectiveso the work to be perormed underthis Annex are to conduct a general re-view and assessment study o existingand emerging HTTES technologies, to
identiy obstacles that need to be over-come to make industrial process heatand power generation with TES moreeconomically and environmentally vi-able, to identiy efcient and economicstorage materials, to compare and as-sess dierent HTTES concepts and de-sign, to dene strategies or ecientstorage integration and operation andto support technology transer (start:December 2006)
Annex 20 This annex is called Sus-tainable Cooling with Thermal EnergyStorage. Within IEA ECES IA previ-ous Annexes 7, 8, 10, 1 and 14 have
looked at various aspects o coolingwith TES alternatives. The results othese Annexes have lead to an increasein awareness ollowed by initiation oTES activities. There is a need or a newannex to provide new combinations oTES or dierent energy systems in di-erent climates and spread implemen-tation o TES systems (start: January2006)
Annex 21 Thermal Response Test (TRT)is a measurement method to determinethe heat transer properties o a borehole
heat exchanger and its surroundingground in order to predict the thermalperormance o a ground-source energysystem. The two most vital parametersare the eective thermal conductivityo the ground and thermal resistance
within the borehole. The TRT equipmentis usually mounted on a trailer oreasy transportation to test sites. Thismethod has been very important in therapid spreading o BTES systems. It hasbeen a door opener or introducing thetechnology in new countries. Theoverall objectives o Annex 21 are tocompile TRT experiences worldwidein order to identiy problems, carryout urther development, disseminategained knowledge, and promote thetechnology. Based on the overview, aTRT State o the art, new developments
and urther work are studied.
Annex 22 Thermal Energy StorageApplications in Closed Greenhouses The possibilities o the applicationo thermal energy storage systemsin closed greenhouses should beinvestigated in this new annex. Bycontrolling temperature and humidityin the greenhouse the production ovegetables and ruits can be optimized.TES might be a key component o suchadvanced greenhouse concepts.
Annexes to the Implementing Agreement (cont. page 10)
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Electrical energy storage
T here is currently considerableinterest in electrical energy stor-age technologies, or a variety o rea-sons. These include changes in the
worldwide utility regulatory environ-
ment, an ever increasing reliance on
electricity in industry, commerce and
the home, the growth o renewable
energy sources to meet the growing
demand or electricity, and all com-
bined with ever more stringent envi-
ronmental requirements.
Electrical energy storage enables
the decoupling o electricity genera-tion rom demand. This is o par-
ticular importance to the electricity
industry since electricity demand is
subject to substantial hourly, daily
and seasonal variations. Also, elec-
tricity generation, particularly rom
renewable sources, is also subject
to signicant variability, both short
term (over a ew seconds) and lon-
ger term (e.g. hourly, daily, and sea-
sonally).The rapidly accelerating rate o
technological development in many
o the emerging electrical energy
storage systems, together with
anticipated unit cost reductions, now
makes their practical application look
very attractive.
Pictures:
1. Ice cutting or cold storage2. Mobile electricity storage. Ice storage transportation4. Industrial energy demand5. Solar thermal power plant6. Photovoltaic installation7. Individual air conditioning8. City black-out. Photo: Flavio Masson9. Laptop cooler latent heat storage
10. Thermal underground storage system un-derneath the German Reichstag in Berlin
11. Laboratory set-up or liquid desiccantstorage systems
12. Storage medium water1. Storage medium Paran14. Storage medium Zeolite15. Aquier thermal energy storage16. Tube or UTES systems17. Combined water tank and borehole
storage in Attenkirchen/Germany18. Drilling o a borehole storage system in
Belgium
19. Combined heat and power installationat a Canadian government lab
20 ae. PCM in dierent containers andstructures
21. Adsorption storage system in Munich/Germany
22. Absorption system in Amberg/Germany
2. Compressed air storage24. Mobile latent heat storage25. Mobile electrical energy storage system26. Pumped hydro in Japan27. Batteries or PV in India
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Collaborative Groups, Workshops and MeetingsJoint Executive Committee
Meetings with IEA Implementing
Agreement Energy Conserva-
tion in Buildings and Community
Systems, Solar Heating and
Cooling, District Heating and
Cooling, and the Heat PumpProgram. A Joint workshop was
held together with the District
Heating and Cooling IA.
Participation in the Building
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Coordination Group (BCG) o
Building Related Implementing
Agreements (BRIAs), e.g. Future
Building Forum: Cooling Buildings
in a Warmer Climate.
Collaboration with the Experts
Group on Science or Energy(EGSE) o the IEA, participation
in their workshops and support
by the EGSE or the Symposium
on Material Development or
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Thermal Energy Storage, June
2008 in Bad Tlz, Germany.
Participation and engagement o
industry through organization o
workshops in conjunction with
experts meetings o Annexes.
Organization o internationalconerences on thermal (Stock
conerences) and electrical (EESAT
conerences) energy storage appli-
cations and technologies.
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Annex2 Applying Energy Storagein Buildings o the Future Sustainablebuildings will need to be energy ecient
well beyond current levels o energyuse. They will need to take advantageo renewable and waste energy to ap-proach ultra-low energy buildings. Suchbuildings will need to apply thermaland electrical energy storage techniquescustomized or smaller loads, more dis-tributed electrical sources and communitybased thermal sources. Lower exergyheating and cooling sources will be morecommon. This will require that energystorage be intimately integrated intosustainable building design. Many pastapplications simply responded to conven-
tional heating and cooling loads. Recentresults rom low energy demonstrations,distributed generation trials and resultsrom other Annexes and IAs such asAnnex 7 o the ECBCS IA, Low ExergySystems or Heating and Cooling needto be evaluated. Although the ECES IAhas treated energy storage in the earth,in groundwater, with and without heatpumps and storing waste and naturally
occurring energy sources, it is still notclear how these can best be integratedinto ultra-low energy buildings capable
o being replicated generally in a varietyo climates and technical capabilities.
Energy storage has oten been appliedin standard buildings that happened to beavailable. The objective was to demon-strate that the energy storage techniquescould be successully applied rather thanto optimize the building perormance.Indeed the design o the building andthe design o the energy storage wereoten not coordinated and energy stor-age simply supplied the building demandwhatever it might be.
Annex24 Material Development orImproved Thermal Energy Storage Sys-tems - For the perormance o thermalenergy storage systems their thermal en-ergy and power density are crucial. Bothcriteria are strongly depending, besideother actors, on the materials used in thesystems. This can be the storage mediumitsel, but also materials responsible orthe heat (and mass) transer or or theinsulation o the storage container.
Ater a number o thermal energy stor-age technologies have reached the stateo prototypes or demonstration systems a
urther improvement is necessary to bringtheses systems into the market. The devel-opment o improved materials or TESsystems is an appropriate way to achievethis. The material solutions have to becost eective at the same time. Otherwisethe state o the existing technologies cannot be brought closer to the market.
The world wide R&D activities onnovel materials or TES applications arenot suciently linked at the moment.A lot o projects are ocusing on thematerial problems related to their specialapplication and not towards a wider
approach or TES in general. The pro-posed Annex should help to bundle theongoing R&D activities in the dierentTES technologies.
I you are interested to participate in suchan Annex, or i you have related topics,applications, materials or techniqueswhich should be included in the workprogram o these new Annexes, pleasecontact: [email protected].
Planned Annexes to the Implementing Agreement
In various Implementing Agreements
within the IEA ramework there is
presently some knowledge on stor-
age, and in particular within the En-
ergy Storage IA (ECES) a proound
expertise has been brought together
over the last 0 years. There is a large
potential o synergies that should be
used to defne possibilities and lim-
its o storage-solutions and to agree
on urther necessary actions. In joint
eorts urther RD&D programmes
as well as the commercialization o
technology can be launched more
successully than in numerous indi-
vidual actions.
The vision is to establish a plat-
orm or exchange and discussion
on energy storage, which should be
an instrument to better coordinate
existing activities, to avoid double
work and as a common eort to
oster new activities.
To start the discussion on this Fo-
rum on Storage a workshop with all
interested Implementing Agreements
is planned in September 2009.
Forum on Storage
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Outlook
B oth thermal and electricalenergy storage are recognizedas key technologies or the energy
supply o the uture. The reasons
or this are evident:
energy storage can contribute to
an efcient energy use and re-
lated conservation o ossil uels;
energy storage enables the use o
renewable energy sources;
energy storage reduces the re-
quired power generating capacity
through peak (energy) shaving;
energy storage simplifes the con-
trol o energy supply systems;
energy storage improves the reli-
ability o energy supply systems.
Edited by Dr. Andreas Hauer
Executive Secretary
IEA Energy Storage Programme
ZAE Bayern
Walther-Meissner-Strae 6
85748 Garching
Germany
ECES Implementing Agreement
last updated: 29.04.2009
E F F S T O C K 2 0 0 9
Stockholm, 14 17 June 2009Thermal Energy Storage or Energy Efciency and Sustainability
The 11th International Conerence on Thermal Energy Storage
Photo:NorbertLeipold/PIXELIO
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Further inormation on the IEA Energy Storage Programme and on
energy storage can be ound on the ollowing websites:
http://www.iea.org (general inormation about IEA)
http://www.energy-storage.org and http://www.iea-eces.org
(general inormation, tasks and annual reports)
http://www.skab.com/annex10/ (Annex 10)http://cevre.cu.edu.tr/annex14/ (Annex 14)
http://www.skab.com/Annex17/ (Annex 17)
http://www.weborum.com/annex18/home/index.asp (Annex 18)
http://www.hptcj.or.jp/annex20/index.html(Annex 20)
http://www.geo-journal.stockton.edu (electronic journal)
http://uturestock.itc.pw.edu.pl/ (Stock conerence 200)
www.stockton.edu/ecostock (Stock conerence 2006)
http://www.estock2009.com/ (Stock conerence 2009)
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Is that all you saved rom last summer? Energy Storage
helps to conserve Energy and to protect the environment!
International Energy Agency
Energy Conservation throughEnergy Storage Programme
www.iea-eces.org