09 Product Architecture

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Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 1

KMEM 2218Product Design and Development

Product Architecture


Planning

Product Development Process

Concept

Development

System-Level

Design

Detail

Design

Testing and

Refinement

Production

Ramp-Up

Product architecture is determined early in the development process.

Platformdecision

Conceptdecision

Decompositiondecision

Definition of Product Architecture

Product architecture is the scheme by which the functionalelements of the product are arranged into physical chunks

and by which the chunks interact

This definition links architecture to system-level design andthe principles of system engineering

Architecture also has profound implications for how theproduct is designed, made, sold, used, repaired, etc

Architecture makes its influence felt during assembly

Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 3 Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 4

Product Architecture: Definition

The arrangement of functional elements into physicalchunks which become the building blocks for theproduct or family of products.

Product

module

module

module

module

module

module

module

module


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Product Architecture Example:Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Printer


Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 7 Faizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 8


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Trailer Example:Modular Architecture

box

hitch

fairing

bed

springs

wheels

protect cargofrom weather

connect tovehicle

minimizeair drag

supportcargo loads

suspendtrailer structure

transfer loadsto road


Trailer Example:Integral Architecture

upper half

lower half

nose piece

cargo hangingstraps

spring slotcovers

wheels

protect cargofrom weather

connect tovehicle

minimizeair drag

supportcargo loads

suspendtrailer structure

transfer loadsto road


What is this?


Nail Clippers?


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Modular Product Architectures

Chunks implement one or a few functions entirely.

Interactions between chunks are well defined.

Modular architecture has advantages in simplicity andreusability for a product family or platform.

Swiss Army Knife Sony Walkman


Platform Architecture ofthe Sony Walkman


Integral Product Architectures

Functional elements are implemented by multiple chunks, or achunk may implement many functions.

Interactions between chunks are poorly defined.

Integral architecture generally increases performance and reducescosts for any specific product model.

Compact CameraFaizul 2012 KMEM 2218 Product Design and Development 16

Choosing the Product Architecture

Architecture decisions relate to product planning and concept

development decisions:

Product Change (copier toner, camera lenses)

Upgrade Add-ons Adaptation Etc.

Product Variety (computers, automobiles)

Standardization (motors, bearings, fasteners)

Performance (racing bikes, fighter planes)

Manufacturing Cost (disk drives, razors)

Project Management (team capacity, skills)

System Engineering (decomposition, integration)


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Ford TaurusIntegrated Control Panel


Modular or Integral Architecture?

RollerbladeIn-Line Skates

FordExplorer

AppleiBook


The concepts of integral and modular apply atseveral levels:

system

sub-system component


Product Architecture = Decomposition +Interactions

Interactions within

chunks

Interactions across

chunks


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Establishing the Architecture

To establish a modular architecture, create a

schematic of the product, and cluster the elementsof the schematic to achieve the types of productvariety desired.


DeskJet Printer Schematic

Flow of forces or energy

Flow of material

Flow of signals or data

StoreOutput

StoreBlankPaper

EnclosePrinter

ProvideStructuralSupport

PrintCartridge

PositionCartridgeIn X-Axis

PositionPaper

In Y-Axis

SupplyDC

PowerPickPaper

ControlPrinter

CommandPrinter

Connectto

Host

CommunicatewithHost

DisplayStatus

AcceptUser

Inputs

Functionalor PhysicalElements


Cluster Elements into Chunks

StoreOutput

StoreBlankPaper

EnclosePrinter

ProvideStructuralSupport

PrintCartridge

Position

CartridgeIn X-Axis

PositionPaper

In Y-Axis

SupplyDC

PowerPickPaper

ControlPrinter

CommandPrinter

Connectto

Host

CommunicatewithHost

Display

Status

AcceptUser

Inputs

Paper Tray PrintMechanism

Logic Board

Chassis

Enclosure

User Interface Board

Host DriverSoftware

Power Cordand Brick

Functionalor PhysicalElements

Chunks


Geometric Layout

printmechanism

paper tray

user interface board

printcartridge

logicboard

chassis

chassis

paper

roller

print cartridge

paper tray

enclosure

logic board

height


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Incidental Interactions

Enclosure

Paper Tray

Chassis

PrintMechanism

User InterfaceBoard

LogicBoard

Power Cord

and Brick

Host DriverSoftware

Styling

Vibration

ThermalDistortion

ThermalDistortion

RFInterferenceRF

Shielding

Product Model Lifetime

From Sanderson and Uzumeri,

The Innovation Imperative, Irwin 1997.

0 1 2 3 4 5Survival Time (years)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

Fract ion

Surviving Sony

AIWA

ToshibaPanasonic

Sony1.9 7 yr

Others1 .1 8 yr

Average Life



Types of Modularity

Swapping Modularity Sharing Modularity

Sectional Modularity Bus Modularity

Fabricate-to-Fit Modularity Mix Modularity

AdaptedfromK.

Ulrich,

TheRoleof

ProductArchitecture

intheManufacturingFirm,ResearchPolicy,

1995.


Fundamental Decisions

Integral vs. modular architecture?

What type of modularity?

How to assign functions to chunks? How to assign chunks to teams?

Which chunks to outsource?


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Practical Concerns

Planning is essential to achieve the desired variety and

product change capability.Coordination is difficult, particularly across teams,

companies, or great distances.

Special attention must be paid to handle complexinteractions between chunks (system engineeringmethods).


Product Architecture: Conclusions

Architecture choices define the sub-systems andmodules of the product platform or family.

Architecture determines:

ease of production variety

feasibility of customer modification

system-level production costs

Key Concepts:

modular vs. integral architecture

clustering into chunks

planning product families


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09 Product Architecture

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