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Modern Computer

Systems

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 2Chapter 9

Basic Personal Computer System

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Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 3Chapter 9

Mainframe Computer System

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 4Chapter 9

System PerformanceImprovementsMultiple CPUs

Faster clock speed, buses and circuits

Wider instruction and data paths

Faster disk access

More and faster memory

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 5Chapter 9

Multiprocessing Reasons

Increase the processing power of a system

Parallel processing

Types of multiprocessor systemsTightly coupled systems

Loosely coupled systems

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 6Chapter 9

Tightly Coupled Systems Refer to two or more computers linked

together and dependent on each other.

Two computers tied together for

multiprocessing. Also called multiprocessor systems

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 7Chapter 9

Tightly Coupled Systems (cont.) Identical access to programs, data, shared

memory, I/O, etc.

Easily extend multi-tasking, and redundant

program executionTwo ways to configure

Master-slave multiprocessingSymmetrical multiprocessing (SMP)

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 8Chapter 9

Tightly Coupled Systems

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 9Chapter 9

Master-Slave MultiprocessingMaster CPU

Manages the system

Controls all resources and scheduling

Assigns tasks to slave CPUs

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 10Chapter 9

Master-Slave Multiprocessing(cont.)Advantages

Simplicity

Protection of system and data

DisadvantagesMaster CPU becomes a bottleneck

Reliability issues if master CPU fails entiresystem fails

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 11Chapter 9

Symmetrical Multiprocessing Each CPU has equal access to resources

Each CPU determines what to run using astandard algorithm

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 12Chapter 9

Symmetrical Multiprocessing(cont.) Disadvantages

Resource conflicts memory, i/o, etc.

Complex implementation

AdvantagesHigh reliability

Fault tolerant support is straightforwardBalanced workload

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 13Chapter 9

Loosely Coupled Systems Clusters or multi-computer systems

Each system has its own CPU, memory,and I/O facilities

Stand-alone computers connected via anetwork.

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 14Chapter 9

Loosely Coupled Systems (cont.) Advantages

Fault-tolerant, scalable, well balanced,distance is not an issue

Two ways to configureShared-nothing model

Shared-disk model

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 15Chapter 9

Cluster Models

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 16Chapter 9

Shared-Nothing Model High speed link between nodes

No sharing of resourcesPartitioning of work through division of data

AdvantageReduced communication between nodes

DisadvantageCan result in inefficient division of work

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 17Chapter 9

Shared-Disk Model High speed link between nodes

Disk drives are shared between nodes

Advantage

Better load balancing

Disadvantage

Complex software required for transactionalprocessing (lock, commit phases)

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 18Chapter 9

Computer Interconnection Communication channel pathway for

data movement between computers

Point-to-point connectivity

Multipoint connectivity

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 19Chapter 9

Point-to-Point Connectivity Communication channel that passes data

directly between two computers

Serial connection

Telephone modemTerminal controller handles multiple

point-to-point connections for a hostcomputer

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 20Chapter 9

Example: Point-to-Point

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 21Chapter 9

Multipoint Connectivity Multidrop channel or shared

communication channel

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 22Chapter 9

Multipoint Connectivity

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Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 23Chapter 9

Local Area Network (LAN) Used to interconnect computers and other

resources over a small area (eg. within anoffice, or building)

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and SystemsSoftware An Information Technology

Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 24Chapter 9

LAN Topology

Arrangement of workstations in a sharedmedium environment

Logical arrangement (data flow)

Physical arrangement (cabling scheme)

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and SystemsSoftware An Information Technology

Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 25Chapter 9

LAN Topology: Tree

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Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 26Chapter 9

LAN Topology: Ring

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Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 27Chapter 9

LAN Topology: Star

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Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 28Chapter 9

Client-server architecture Computer servers provide services

File storage, databases, printing services,login services, web services

Client computersExecute programs in its own memory

Access files either locally or can request filesfrom a server

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and SystemsSoftware An Information Technology

Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 29Chapter 9

Client-Server Network

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Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 30Chapter 9

Ethernet Standard local area network (LAN) access

method.

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and SystemsSoftware An Information Technology

Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 31Chapter 9

Switched Ethernet

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Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 32Chapter 9

Ethernet (cont.)

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Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 33Chapter 9

Ethernet (cont.)

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and SystemsSoftware An Information Technology

Approach, 3rd ed., 2003 34Chapter 9

Hubs A network device to which all clients and

servers are wired. Shares the total bandwidth among all

users

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 35Chapter 9

Switch A network device that cross connects

stations or LAN segments.

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 36Chapter 9

Hubs/Switches

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 37Chapter 9

Hubs/Switches (cont.)

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Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 38Chapter 9

Hubs/Switches (cont.)

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 39Chapter 9

Other Devices Bridges

Routers

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Englander, The Architecture ofComputer Hardware and Systems

Software An Information TechnologyApproach, 3rd ed., 2003 40Chapter 9

WAN Sites are physically distributed over a

large geographical area.