09 binary number systems
-
Upload
lee-chadwick -
Category
Education
-
view
165 -
download
1
Transcript of 09 binary number systems
![Page 1: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mathematics for IT
BinaryNumberSystem
Unit 26
Lee Chadwick
![Page 2: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Binary Number System
• Topic Definitions• A Question!• Lesson learning outcomes• Hex Character Range• Binary – Hex Conversion• Hex – Binary Conversion• Hex – Denary Conversion
![Page 3: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Hexadecimal: "Hexadecimal" means "based on 16" (From Greek hexa: "six" and Latin decima: "a tenth part").
• Decimal: Based on 10; Example: the numbers we use in everyday life are decimal numbers, because there are 10 of them (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9).
• Denary:Same as Decimal – Base 10 • Binary: The word binary comes from "Bi-" meaning two. We see "bi-" in
words such as "bicycle" (two wheels) or "binocular" (two eyes). Binary only uses 2 digits; 1 & 0
• Octal: An Octal Number uses only these 8 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Examples:
• 10 in Octal equals 8 in the Decimal Number System.• 167 in Octal equals 119 in the Decimal Number System. Also called Base 8.
Definitions:
![Page 4: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Identify the concept of Binary• Establish the purpose of Binary• Compare Base 2, Base 10 and Base 16• Convert Binary to Denary and Back• Multiply Binary values• Divide Binary values
Learning Aims:
![Page 5: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Have a look at your kettle…• Electronically, binary numbers are
stored/processed using off or on electrical pulses, a digital system will interpret these off and on states as 0 and 1.
• 0 = Off State• 1 = On State
![Page 6: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Binary Numbers Overview
Binary is a number system used by digital devices like computers, cd players, etc.
Binary is Base 2 unlike our counting system decimal which is Base 10 (denary).
![Page 7: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
LSB versus MSB: Significance
• Binary has only 2 different numerals (0 and 1), unlike Decimal which has 10 numerals (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9).
Here is an example of a binary number: 10011100
As you can see it is simply a bunch of zeroes and ones, there are 8 numerals in all which make this an 8 bit binary number, bit is short for Binary Digit, and each numeral is classed as a bit.
The bit on the far right (in this case a zero) is known as the Least significant bit (LSB), and the bit on the far left (in this case a 1) is known as the Most significant bit (MSB)
![Page 8: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Notations used in digital systems:
4 bits = Nibble (1101)
8 bits = Byte (11010010)
16 bits = Word (1100110111001010)
32 bits = Double word (10101111010011101010111010111010)
64 bits = Quad Word (or paragraph) (10101111010011101010111010111010
…………10101111010011101010111010111010)
![Page 9: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Base 2• When writing binary numbers you will need
to signify that the number is binary (base 2).
• for example take the value 101, as it is written, it would be hard to work out whether it is a binary or decimal (denary) value.
![Page 10: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Expressing the difference• to get around this problem it is common to
denote the base to which the number belongs by writing the base value with the number, for example:
• 1012 is a binary number and 10110 is a decimal (denary) value.
![Page 11: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
And from there…• Once we know the base then it is easy to
work out the value, for example:
1012 = 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 = 5 (five)
10110 = 1*102 + 0*101 + 1*100 = 101 (one hundred and one) (Think of HTU)
![Page 12: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Sign Bit• One other thing about binary numbers is
that it is common to signify a negative binary value by placing a 1 (one) at the left hand side (most significant bit) of the value, this is called a sign bit, we will discuss this a little later
![Page 13: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Converting base numbers
Base 2
1010
Base 10
10
![Page 14: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Converting binary to decimal
• To convert binary into decimal is very simple and can be done as shown below:
Say we want to convert the 8 bit value 10011101 into a decimal value, we can use a formula like that below:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
![Page 15: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Binary to Denary• As you can see we have placed the numbers 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
32, 64, 128 (powers of two) in reverse numerical order and then written the binary value below.
• To convert you simply take a value from the top row wherever there is a 1 below and add the values together, for instance in our example we would have 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 157. For a 16 bit value you would use the decimal values 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384, 32768 (powers of two) for the conversion.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
![Page 16: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Alternatively…
Because we know binary is base 2 then the above could be written as:
1*27 + 0*26 + 0*25 + 1*24 + 1*23 + 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 = 157.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
![Page 17: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Converting decimal to binary
• To convert decimal to binary is also very simple.
• You simply divide the decimal value by 2 and then write down the remainder.
• Repeat this process until you cannot divide by 2 anymore, for example let's take the decimal value 157:
![Page 18: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Remainders…
157 ÷ 2 = 78 with a remainder of 178 ÷ 2 = 39 with a remainder of 039 ÷ 2 = 19 with a remainder of 119 ÷ 2 = 9 with a remainder of 19 ÷ 2 = 4 with a remainder of 14 ÷ 2 = 2 with a remainder of 02 ÷ 2 = 1 with a remainder of 01 ÷ 2 = 0 with a remainder of 1
To convert write this remainder first.
![Page 19: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Next…• Write down the value of the remainders
from bottom to top (in other words write down the bottom remainder first and work your way up the list)
• Which gives:
10011101 = 157
![Page 20: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Alternatively…• Divide your first binary value into your
decimal number (157 / 128 = 1 remainder 29) Place the 1 under 128;
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Then divide 29 by 64 = 0• Place a 0 below 64
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Then divide 29 by 32 = 0• Place a 0 below 32
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Then divide 29 by 16 = 1 remainder 13• Place a 1 below 16
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
• Then divide 13 by 8 = 1 remainder 5• Place a 1 below 8
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
• Then divide 5 by 4 = 1 remainder 1• Place a 1 below 4
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
• Then divide 1 by 2 = 0• Place a 0 below 2
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
• Then divide 1 by 1 = 1 • Place a 1 below 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Answer =10011101
![Page 21: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
![Page 22: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Binary Addition
![Page 23: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Convert these to binary:• 227• 3• 9• 19• 28• 76• 129
![Page 24: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Adding binary numbers• Adding binary numbers is very similar to
adding decimal numbers, first an example: 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
+ 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1Binary Addition Rules:
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
0 + 0 = 0
1 + 1 = 0 (Carry One)
1 + 1 + Carry = 1 (Carry One)
![Page 25: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Break Down…• Let's break down the previous example step by step:
1 + 1 = 0 (carry one)1 + 1 (+ the carry) = 1 (carry one)0 + 1 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)1 + 0 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)1 + 0 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)0 + 1 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)1 + 0 (+ the carry) = 0 (carry one)
The last carry is placed at the left hand side of the result giving: 10000010
![Page 26: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Add these:• 0101 + 0010• 01101010 + 01000011• 01010101 + 01111110• Convert to denary and check• Add 01010111 and 10101001 Then Comment upon your result
![Page 27: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Summary of Last Session:• Discussed binary and it’s importance• Identified binary bit patterns• Converted binary to denary and back• Established rules of binary addition• Started binary addition tasks
![Page 28: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Today’s Aims• Summarise binary progress• Explore binary subtraction• Discuss and apply “Twos Complement”• Progress onto binary multiplication• Review binary division• Apply binary subtraction and multiplication
rules to set tasks• What was that number?
![Page 29: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Binary Subtraction
![Page 30: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Subtracting binary numbers • The most common way of subtracting binary
numbers is done by first taking the second value (the number to be subtracted) and apply what is known as two's complement, this is done in two steps:
1. complement each digit in turn (change 1 for 0 and 0 for 1).
2. add 1 (one) to the result. • note: the first step by itself is known as one's
complement.
![Page 31: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Positive to Negative• By applying the following steps you are effectively
turning the value into a negative number, and as when dealing with decimal numbers if you add a negative number to a positive number then you are effectively subtracting to the same value.
• In other words 25 + (-8) = 17, which is the same as writing 25 - 8 = 17.
An example, let's do the following subtraction 11101011 - 01100110 (23510 - 10210)
![Page 32: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Important note:• When subtracting binary values it is
important to maintain the same amount of digits for each number, even if it means placing zeroes to the left of the value to make up the digits.
• For instance in our example we have added a zero to the left of the value 1100110 to make the amount of numerals up to 8 (one byte) 01100110.
![Page 33: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Ok, here goes…• First we apply two's complement to 01100110
Which gives us: 10011010
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 (Reverse zeroes and ones)Step One 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 (Take result and add 1)Step Two + 11 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1
![Page 34: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Stage two• Now we need to add 11101011 +
10011010, NOTE: When you do the addition you always disregard the last carry, so our example would be:
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1+ 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 11 1 1 1 1 1
Ignore the last carry
![Page 35: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Our outcome?• which gives us 10000101, now we can
convert this value into decimal, which gives 13310
So the full calculation in decimal is: 23510 - 10210 = 13310 (correct !!)
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
![Page 36: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Negative numbers
• The previous example is subtracting a smaller number from a larger number, if you want to subtract a larger number from a smaller number (giving a negative result) then the process is slightly different.
Usually to indicate a negative number the most significant bit (left hand bit) is set to 1 and the remaining 7 digits are used to express the value. In this format the MSB is referred to as the sign bit.
![Page 37: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The steps involved:1. Apply two's complement to the larger
number. 2. Add this value to the smaller number. 3. Change the sign bit (MSB) to zero. 4. Apply two's complement to value to get
final result. • The most significant bit (sign bit) now
indicates the value is negative.
![Page 38: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
For example: 10010101 - 10110100
(14910 - 18010)
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 (Reverse zeroes and ones)Step One 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 (Take result and add 1)+ 10 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 (Add this result to the smaller value)Step Two + 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 11 1 1
![Page 39: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Moving on…1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 (Change Sign Bit (MSB) to
zero)Step Three 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 (Reverse zeroes and ones)Step Four 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 (Take result and add 1)+ 11 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Final result = 10011111 (MSB indicates a negative value)
![Page 40: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Final outcome:
Now we can convert this value into a negative decimal, which gives -3110
So the full calculation in decimal is 14910 - 18010 = -3110 (correct !!)
![Page 41: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Try these:
• 11111111 - 00000001• 01010101 - 00101010• 1001 - 1111• 10111000 – 1101 *• 1111 – 01010101 *
*Remember!
![Page 42: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Binary Multiplication
![Page 43: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Multiplying binary numbers
• Binary multiplication can be achieved in a similar fashion to multiplying decimal values.
Using the long multiplication method, ie, by multiplying each digit in turn, and then adding the values together.
For example, lets do the following multiplication: 1011 x 111 (decimal 1110 x 710)
![Page 44: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Regular Multiplication? Easy!
• which gives us 1001101, now we can convert this value into decimal, which gives 7710
So the full calculation in decimal is 1110 x 710 = 7710 (correct !!)
![Page 45: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Note!• Notice the pattern in the partial products,
as you can see multiplying a binary value by two can be achieved by shifting the bits to the left and adding zeroes to the right.
![Page 46: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Binary Division
![Page 47: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Dividing binary numbers • Like multiplication, dividing binary values
is the same as long division in decimal.
For example, lets do the following division: 1001 ÷ 11 (decimal 910 ÷ 310)
![Page 48: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Division - Further• which gives us 0011, now we can convert
this value into decimal, which gives 310
So the full calculation in decimal is 910 ÷ 310 = 310 (correct !!)
![Page 49: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
FYI:
• note: Dividing a binary value by two can also be achieved by shifting the bits to the right and adding zeroes to the left.
![Page 50: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
CHALLENGE: Due:
• What is the largest binary number that can be held in:– 8 bits– 16 bits– 32 bits– 64 bits
• How many bits make one byte?• What are the possible values that one bit can take?• Convert the decimal numbers 20 and 10 into binary –
Add the binary numbers together - Show your working. Then convert the result back to denary to check your answer.
![Page 51: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
0h 1h 2h 3h 4h 5h 6h 7h 8h 9h Ah Bh Ch Dh Eh Fh
0h 0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240
1h 1 17 33 49 65 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241
2h 2 18 34 50 66 82 98 114 130 146 162 178 194 210 226 242
3h 3 19 35 51 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243
4h 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244
5h 5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245
6h 6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246
7h 7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247
8h 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248
9h 9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249
Ah 10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
Bh 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251
Ch 12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252
Dh 13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253
Eh 14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 190 206 222 238 254
Fh 15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
To c
onve
rt be
twee
n de
cim
al a
nd
hex
is q
uite
sim
ple
with
this
cha
rt:
![Page 53: 09 binary number systems](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022012905/58eca89e1a28abc1758b4595/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Number Systems – Task:Number Systems Working Together
Using a structured approach, complete a range of conversions between the number systems discussed previously. The conversions needed are:• Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal• Binary to Decimal, Octal, Hexadecimal • Octal to Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal• Hexadecimal to Decimal, Binary, Octal