08_Eurocodes_Steel_Workshop_DUBINA.pdf

Transcript of 08_Eurocodes_Steel_Workshop_DUBINA.pdf

ColdformedSteelDesign

EUROCODE3:DesignofSteelStructures

PART13 DesignofColdformedSteelStructures

ProfessorD.eng. DanDUBINAPolitehnica UniversityTimisoara

Romania


Eurocode 3:DesignofSteelStructuresPart13 DesignofColdformedSteelStructures

ProfessorDanDubina
Introduction

Typesofcoldformedsteelsections

Peculiarcharacteristicsofcoldformedsteelsections

Peculiarproblemsofcoldformedsteeldesign

Basisofdesign

MainApplicationsofColdFormedSteelSections

Collectionofdifferentcoldformedsteelsectionsshapes(Trebilcock,1994)

Collectionofdifferentcoldformedsteelsectionsshapes

IntroductionGeneral

Backgroundandpeculiarities
IntroductionTypesofcoldformedsteelsections

Singleopensections

Openbuiltupsections

Closedbuiltupsections

Typicalformsofsectionsforcoldformedstructuralmembers


Profiledsheetsandlineartrayssections

IntroductionAdvantages

AdvantagesInBuildingConstructions(WeiWenYu,2000) Ascomparedwiththickerhotrolledshapes,coldformedlightmemberscan

bemanufacturedforrelativelylightloadsand/orshortspans; Unusualsectionalconfigurationscanbeproducedeconomicallybycold

formingoperations,andconsequentlyfavourable strengthtoweightratioscanbeobtained;

Nestable sectionscanbeproduced,allowingforcompactpackagingandshipping;

Loadcarryingpanelanddeckscanprovideusefulsurfaceforfloor,roof,andwallconstruction,andinothercasestheycanalsoprovideenclosedcellsforelectricalandotherconduits;

Loadcarryingpanelsanddecksnotonlywithstandloadsnormaltotheirsurfaces,buttheycanalsoactassheardiaphragmstoresistforceintheirownpanelsiftheyareadequatelyinterconnectedtoeachotherandtosupportingmembers.

IntroductionAdvantages

AdvantagesofUsingColdFormedSteelSections Lightness; Highstrengthandstiffness; Abilitytoprovidelongspans; Easyprefabricationandmassproduction; Fastandeasyerectionandinstallation; Substantialeliminationofdelayduetotheweather; Moreaccuratedetailing; Nonshrinkingandnoncreepingatambienttemperatures; Formworkunneeded; Termiteproofandratproof; Uniformquality; Economyintransportationandhandling; Noncombustibility; Recyclablematerial.

IntroductionManufacturingtechnologies

Rollforming; Folding; Pressbraking

START

Flat sheet Finishedsection

1 2 3 4 5 6

6 6 5 5

4 4 3 3 2 2

1 1

Themostimportantpropertiesofsteel: Yieldpointandyieldstrength Tensilestrength Stressstraincharacteristics Modulusofelasticity,

tangentmodulusandshearmodulus

Ductility Weldability Fatigueresistance Toughness

IntroductionPeculiarCharacteristicsofColdFormedSteelSections

ImperfectionsinThinWalledColdFormedSteelMembers


IMPERFECTIONS

mecanical

geometric

Loadingeccentricities

Supporteccentricities

Local (sectional)

Global (member)

material Formingprocess

Yieldingstrength

Residualstresses

EffectofStrainHardeningandStrainAgingonStressStrain Characteristics


Ductility afterstrain hardening

Strain

Virgin ductility

Ductility afterstrain aging

Strain aging

Strain aging

Increase in Fy Increase in Fu

Strainhardening

C

AD

C

B

A

IncreaseoftheYieldStrengthandUltimateStrengthDuetoColdForming


Forming method Cold rolling Corner Flange Yield strength

fy

Ultimate strengthfu

Forming method Press bracking Corner Flange Yield strength

fy -

Ultimate strengthfu

-

MeasuredResidualStressesforColdFormed SteelSections(Rondal etal.,1994)


-

+

-+ =

+

-

thic

knes

s

bending/flexural membraneout

Membraneresidualstresses(rm)Flexuralresidualstresses(rf)

FlexuralResidualStressesObtainedatthePOLITEHNICAUniversityofTimisoara


Schafer and Pekoz

39%

23%27%

14%

15%

25%

17%

24%

12%

26%

24%

12%

39%

23%27%

(a) Roll-Formed8%

17%

33%

(b) Press-Braked

TypeandMagnitudeofResidualStressInSteelSections


Formingmethod Hotrolling ColdformingColdrolling PressbrakingMembrane

residualstresses(srm)high low low

Flexuralresidualstresses(srf)

low high low

Bucklingstrengthwithrespectto: Localbuckling Distortionalbuckling

Globalbuckling

Shearbuckling

Sectionalbuckling

local distortional flexural torsional flexuraltorsional

IntroductionPeculiarProblemsofColdFormedSteelDesign

Bucklingmodesforalippedchannelincompression

a) b) c) d) e)

Singlemodes:(a) local(L);(b) distortional(D);(c) flexural(F);(d) torsional(T);(e) flexuraltorsional(FT).

f)g)h)i)j)k)

Coupled(interactive)modes:(f)L+D;(g)F+L;(h)F+D;(i)FT+L;(j)FT+D;(k)F+FT


Bucklingstrengthversushalfwavelengthforalippedchannelincompression(Hancock,2001)


Flexural-Torsionalmode

AB

B

u

c

k

l

i

n

g

S

t

r

e

n

g

t

h

(

M

p

a

)

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

010 100 1000 10000

Local mode Distorsional mode

Timoshenko Flexural-Torsional Buckling

All modes (coupled) buckling curve

65mm 280mm

C

D E

Behaviour ofcompressionbar(a)slendertickwalled(hotrolledsection)(b)thinwalled(coldformedsection)


FailureModeofaLippedChannelInCompression(Ungureanu&Dubina,2004)


Effectoflocalbucklingonthemembercapacity


N=N/Npl (Npl=Afy)

NE (Euler)

Reduced section (Aeff)

1.0 N=Aeff/A
ErosionConcept Erosionlevels


Eroziunemaxim,

LoadNcr

Nu

mod real

Coupling point

mode 2mode 1

Nu=Ncr I: Weak interaction (WI), 0.1II: Moderate interaction (MI), 0.1 0.3III: Strong interaction (SI), 0.3 0.5IV: Very Strong interaction (VSI), >0.5

Thin walled members

ErosionConcept Erosionlevels


Nu

e

Ncr

1.00

0.75

0.50

ideal actual

weakerosion

moderateerosion

importanterosion

veryimportanterosion

Nu=Ncr I: Weak interaction (WI), 0.1II: Moderate interaction (MI), 0.1 0.3III: Strong interaction (SI), 0.3 0.5IV: Very Strong interaction (VSI), >0.5

Thin walled members

Flambaj prin ncovoiere

ncrcare axial n centrul de greutate

Flambaj prin ncovoiere-rsucire

e

Centru tiere

Centru greutate

Deplasarea centrului de tiere din ncovoiere

Rsucire

ncrcare (P)

Torsionalrigidity


Reducedtorsionalstiffeness

WebCrippling(CriticalProblems) Incoldformedsteeldesign,itisoftennotpracticaltoprovideloadbearing

andendbearingstiffeners.Thisisalwaysthecaseincontinuoussheetinganddeckingspanningseveralsupportpoints.

Thedepthtothicknessratiosofthewebsofcoldformedmembersareusuallylargerthanhotrolledstructuralmembers.

Inmanycases,thewebsareinclinedratherthanvertical. Theintermediateelementbetweentheflange,onwhichtheloadisapplied,

andthewebofacoldformedmemberusuallyconsistsofabendoffiniteradius.Hencetheloadisappliedeccentricallyfromtheweb.


Connections(UsualTypes) bolting blindrivets selfdrillingscrews selftappingscrews firedpins arcwelding

ConnectionsTypology(basedonthematerial) metaltometalconnections metaltosheathing(woodbasedandgypsumbasedsheathings)connections metaltoconcreteconnections.


ConnectionsTypology(clasification basedonthetypology)


screws

welding

pins nails bolts

blindrivets

Connections SpecialTypesofConnections

(Rosettesystem)


DuctilityandPlasticDesign


Moment

Mpl

Mel

123

4

Corrosion

Mainfactorsgoverningthecorrosionresistance: corrosionmediumrisk; typeandthicknessofprotectivetreatment.

MainTypes ofProtections: Metalcoating; Paintcoating


Cold-formed steel has the advantage that the protective coatings can be applied to the strip during manufacture and before roll forming.

Corrosion maintypesofprotections: MetalCoating

Usually,steelprofilesarehotdipgalvanizedwith275gramofzincpersquaremeter(Zn275),correspondingtoazincthicknessof20moneachside.

Estimateddurabilityisaround100years.

Hotdipgalvanized 100%zinc Aluminiumzinc 55%aluminium

43,4%zinc1,6%silicon



Aluzink threemetals onematerial!


Aluminiums excellent corrosion properties against general corrosion

Zincs ability of self healing

Zincs resistance against pitting corrosion

Strength of steel

Protectivevery thin not

visual aluminium oxide/ zinc

carbonate layer(a number of

molecule layers thickness)


Aluzink threemetals onematerial!


Corrosion maintypesofprotections: PaintCoating


Corrosion maintypesofprotections: PaintCoating Prelaq PaintedSheet


Opt.protectivefilm

Topcoat

PrimerPassivationlayer

Metalcoating

Steel

Metalcoating

Reversesidecoating

Passivationlayer

Generalities

IntroductionBasisofDesign

LimitStateDesign>EN1990(CEN,2002a) Alltheseparateconditionsthatmakeastructureunfitforusearetakeninto

account.Thesearetheseparatelimitstates; Thedesignisbasedontheactualbehaviour ofmaterialsandperformanceof

structuresandmembersinservice; Ideally,designshouldbebasedonstatisticalmethodswithasmall

probabilityofthestructurereachingalimitstate.


ULS SpecificThinWalledIssueslocalinstabilityandstrengthofsections

interactiveinstabilityandinfluenceofspecificimperfection

connectingtechnologyandrelateddesignprocedures

reducedcapacitywithreferencetoductility,plasticdesignandseismicresistance

fireresistance

ActionsonStructures.CombinationsofActions(EN1991) VerificationattheUltimateLimitState VerificationattheServiceabilityLimitState


ActionsonStructures.CombinationsofActions(EN1991) VerificationattheUltimateLimitState VerificationattheServiceabilityLimitState

safetyfactorsaccordingtoEN1990(asforhotrolledsteel) factors:

M0 resistanceofcrosssectionstoexcessiveyieldingincludinglocalanddistortionalbuckling

M1 resistanceofmembersandsheetingwherefailureiscausedbyglobalbuckling

M2 resistanceofnetsectionsatfastenerholes


Recommendedvalues(EN1993 1 3)

M0 =1.0

M1 =1.0

M2 =1.25

Materials(EN199313)


Materials(EN199313) yieldstrengthfyb andultimatetensilestrengthfu shouldbeobtained:

eitherbyadoptingthevaluesfy =Reh (upperyieldstrength)orRp0,2(proofstrength)andfu =Rm (tensilestrength)directfromproductstandards

byusingthevaluesgiveninTable2.7aorbofEN199313 byappropriatetests(EN100021)

propertiesofcoldformedsectionsandsheeting modificationofthestressstraincurveofthesteel(increaseoftheyield

strengthisduetostrainhardening,theincreaseoftheultimatestrengthisrelatedtostrainaging)

coiling,uncoiling,coldreducingandthecoldformingprocess

usedfor crosssectionresistanceofanaxiallyloadedtensionmember bucklingresistanceofmemberswithfullyeffectivecrosssection


MethodsofAnalysisandDesign Methodsofanalysis Globalframeanalysis FiniteElementMethods(FEM)foranalysisanddesign Designassistedbytesting



determinethedistributionoftheinternalforcesandthecorrespondingdeformationsinastructuresubjectedtoaspecifiedloading

globalanalysisofframesisconductedonamodelbasedonmanyassumptionsincludingthoseforthestructuralmodel,thegeometricandmaterialbehaviour ofthestructure,ofitssections/membersandjoints.

(1)Firstorderelasticanalysis; (2)Secondorderelasticanalysis; (3)Elasticperfectlyplasticanalysis(Secondordertheory); (4)Elastoplasticanalysis(secondordertheory); (5)Rigidplasticanalysis(firstordertheory)



firstorderanalysismaybeusedforthestructure,iftheincreaseoftherelevantinternalforcesormomentsoranyotherchangeofstructuralbehaviour causedbydeformationscanbeneglected.

forelasticanalysis

Whenaframeisanalysed usinganelasticmethod,theinplanesecondordereffectscanbeallowedforbyusing: a)firstorderanalysis,amplifiedswaymomentmethod; b)firstorderanalysis,Iterativemethod; c)firstorderanalysis,withswaymodebucklinglength.



guidancecanbefoundinAnnexCofEN199315 TheFEmodelling maybecarriedouteitherfor:

(1)thecomponentasawhole (2)asubstructureasapartofthewholestructure.Also,designof

membersanddetailscanbeassistedbynumericalsimulations(e.g.numericaltesting).



guidancecanbefoundinAnnexCofEN199315 TheFEmodelling maybecarriedouteitherfor:

(1)thecomponentasawhole (2)asubstructureasapartofthewholestructure.Also,designof

membersanddetailscanbeassistedbynumericalsimulations(e.g.numericaltesting).


Loaddisplacementcurvesfoundusingdifferentanalysesofthesamestructure(Rotter,2011)

Designassistedbytesting maybeundertakenunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances: ifthepropertiesofthesteelareunknown; ifitisdesiredtotakeaccountoftheactualpropertiesofthecoldformed

memberorsheet; ifadequateanalyticalproceduresarenotavailablefordesigninga

componentbycalculationalone; ifrealisticdatafordesigncannototherwisebeobtained; ifitisdesiredtochecktheperformanceofanexistingstructureorstructural

component; ifitisdesiredtobuildanumberofsimilarstructuresorcomponentsonthe

basisofaprototype; ifconfirmationofconsistencyofproductionisrequired; ifitisdesiredtodeterminetheeffectsofinteractionwithotherstructural

components; ifitisdesiredtodeterminetheeffectsofthelateralortorsionalrestraint

suppliedbyothercomponents;


Designassistedbytesting maybeundertakenunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances: ifitisdesiredtoprovethevalidityandadequacyofananalyticalprocedure; ifitisdesiredtoproduceresistancetablesbasedontests,orona

combinationoftestingandanalysis; ifitisdesiredtotakeintoaccountpracticalfactorsthatmightalterthe

performanceofastructure,butarenotaddressedbytherelevantanalysismethodfordesignbycalculation.

ECCSNo1242008:TestingofconnectionswithmechanicalfastenersinsheetingandSections

ECCSno.1272009TestinganddesignoffasteningsinSandwichpanels En151292009:Steelstaticstoragesystems Adjustablepalletracking

systems EN1990,AnnexD:designassistedbytesting(reliabilityandstrength)


Designassistedbytesting maybeundertakenunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances: ifitisdesiredtoprovethevalidityandadequacyofananalyticalprocedure; ifitisdesiredtoproduceresistancetablesbasedontests,orona

combinationoftestingandanalysis; ifitisdesiredtotakeintoaccountpracticalfactorsthatmightalterthe

performanceofastructure,butarenotaddressedbytherelevantanalysismethodfordesignbycalculation.




Resistanceofsections
ResistanceofCrossSectionGeneral

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionPropertiesofgrosscrosssection

Nominaldimensionsandidealisation

ERRORS

DimensionallimitsofcomponentwallsofCFS


Modellingofcrosssectionforanalysis


BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionFlangecurling

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionFlangecurling

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionShearLag

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionLocalBuckling

Sectionalbucklingmodesinthinwalledsections

Elasticbucklingofthinplates


BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionDistortionalbuckling:analyticalmethods

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionDistortionalbuckling:analyticalmethods

ThemethodgiveninEN199313:2006

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionDesignAgainstLocalandDistortionalBuckling(EN199313)

General


Planeelementswithoutstiffeners


Planeelementswithedgeorintermediatestiffeners


Planeelementswithedgestiffeners conditions


Planeelementswithedgestiffeners generalprocedure


Calculationofeffectivesectionpropertiesforcoldformedsteelsectionsundercompressionorbending FlowChart

EffectivesectionpropertiesoftheflangeandlipincompressionGeneral(iterative)procedure FlowChart



EXAMPLE1:Calculationofeffectivesectionpropertiesforacoldformedlippedchannelsectioninbending

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionEXAMPLE1:CFSinbending

EXAMPLE1:Calculationofeffectivesectionpropertiesforacoldformedlippedchannelsectioninbending

Checkingofgeometricalproportions


Grosscrosssectionproperties


Effectivesectionpropertiesoftheflangeandlipincompression


Effectivesectionpropertiesoftheweb


Effectivesectionproperties



EXAMPLE2:Calculationofeffectivesectionpropertiesforacoldformedlippedchannelsectionincompression

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionEXAMPLE2:CFSincompression

EXAMPLE2:Calculationofeffectivesectionpropertiesforacoldformedlippedchannelsectionincompression

Checkingofgeometricalproportions


Grosscrosssectionproperties



TrapezoidalsheetingprofileswithintermediatestiffenersWebswithuptotwointermediatestiffeners

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionResistanceofCrossSections

General


Axialtension

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionResistanceofCrossSections Axialtension

Example Designofacoldformedsteelmemberintension


Axialcompression


Axialcompression


Axialcompression

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionResistanceofCrossSections AxialCompression

Example Designofacoldformedsteelmemberincompression


BendingMoment Elasticandelastoplastic resistancewithyieldingatthecompressedflange


BendingMoment Elasticandelastoplastic resistancewithyieldingatthetensionflangeonly


BendingMoment Effectsofshearlag


TorsionalMoments


TorsionalMoments


TorsionalMoments

BehaviourandResistanceofCrossSectionResistanceofCrossSections BendingMoment

Example Designofacoldformedsteelmemberinbending



ResistanceofsectionsResistanceofsections

LocalTransverseForces General


LocalTransverseForces Crosssectionswithtwoormoreunstiffenedwebs


LocalTransverseForces Crosssectionswithtwoormoreunstiffenedwebs


LocalTransverseForces Crosssectionswithasingleunstiffenedweb


Combinedtensionandbending


Combinedtensionandbending


Combinedcompressionandbending


Example Designofawallstudincompressionanduniaxialbending


Combinedshearforce,axialforceandbendingmoment


Example DesignofaZpurlinwithboltedlappedconnections.


Combinedbendingmomentandlocalloadorsupportreaction


Example Designofasteelroofsheetingunderverticalloads.



Resistanceofmembers
Behaviour andDesignResistanceofBarMembers

General

Compressionmembers

Bucklingstrengthofbendingmembers

Bucklingofmembersinbendingandaxialcompression

Beamsrestrainedbysheeting

Designofbeamsatserviceabilitylimitstates

Resistanceofmembers
Behaviour andDesignResistanceofBarMembersCompressionmembers

Theoreticalbackground Imperfectmember

Resistanceofmembers

Theoreticalbackground Imperfectmember

Resistanceofmembers

Theoreticalbackground Class4sections:localglobalinteractivebuckling

Resistanceofmembers

Theoreticalbackground Class4sections:localglobalinteractivebuckling DirectStrengthMethod

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers

Theoreticalbackground Class4sections:localglobalinteractivebuckling ECBLapproach

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers

Bucklingresistanceofuniformmembersincompression.DesignaccordingtoEN199313

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Flexuralbuckling

Resistanceofmembers


TorsionalandFlexuralTorsionalbuckling

Resistanceofmembers


TorsionalandFlexuralTorsionalbuckling

Resistanceofmembers

Example Designofaninternalwallstudincompression

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers
Behaviour andDesignResistanceofBarMembersBucklingstrengthofbendingmembers

Theoreticalbackground

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers
DesignaccordingtoEN199313Lateraltorsionalbucklingofmemberssubjecttobending


Resistanceofmembers
DesignaccordingtoEN199313Lateraltorsionalbucklingofmemberssubjecttobending


Resistanceofmembers
DesignaccordingtoEN199313Simplifiedassessmentmethodsforbeamswithrestraintsinbuilding


Resistanceofmembers
Example Designofancoldformedsteelbeaminbending


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers

BucklingofmembersinbendingandaxialcompressionTheoreticalbackground

Resistanceofmembers
DesignofbeamcolumnsaccordingtoEN199311andEN199313

Behaviour andDesignResistanceofBarMembersBucklingofmembersinbendingandaxialcompression

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers

DesignofbeamcolumnsaccordingtoEN199311andEN199313Generalmethodforlateralandlateraltorsionalbucklingofstructuralcomponents

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers
Behaviour andDesignResistanceofBarMembersBeamsrestrainedbysheeting

General.Constructionaldetailingandstaticsystem

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers

Modelingofbeamsheetinginteraction

Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers


Resistanceofmembers

DesignofbeamsrestrainedbysheetingaccordingtoEN199313Designcriteria

Resistanceofmembers


Conceptualdesign
IntroductionCaseStudies StructuralPerformances

Conceptualdesign

ConceptualdesignprinciplesDesigningcoldformedsteelbuildingstructuresisbasedontheconceptualframingofdesignedconventionalsteelstructuresHowever,thedesignerhastomanagefourspecificcategoriesofproblemswhichcharacterisethebehaviourandperformanceofthinwalledsectioni.e.Thesepeculiaritiesrefermainlyto:

Stabilityandlocalstrengthofsections; Connectingtechnologyandrelateddesignprocedures; Reducedductilitywithreferencetoductility,plasticdesignandseismicresistance; Lowfireresistance

Ifcompareswithconventionalsteelconstruction,thefactthestructuralmembersofacoldformedsteelstructureare,ingeneral,ofclass4, involvestoworkwitheffectivecrosssectionsofmembersincompression bending.Theoverallstabilityofthesestructures,theirsensitivitytoimperfectionsandto2ndordereffectsmustcarefullycontrolledbyproperanalysesanddesign.

Conceptualdesign

HallTypeModularSystem(HTMS) POPETHall

Conceptualdesign


Conceptualdesign


Conceptualdesign


Conceptualdesign


Conceptualdesign


Conceptualdesign

DesignexampleZroofpurlinsdesign

Conceptualdesign

Overlapdistances

Staticsystem

Conceptualdesign

Overlapdistances

Designedfor(loadanddeformation) Corrugatedsheetinside outside(pressure andsuction) Corrugatedsheetoutside(pressure,gravitational) Corrugatedsheetoutside (suction)

AlloweddeflectionL/200 Alloweddeflection L/300

Conceptualdesign

Initialdata Loadonpurlin 5kN/m gravitationalload

2kN/m suction Span 5m Structuralsystem 5

Conceptualdesign


2kN/m suction Span 5m Structuralsystem 5 Analysistype 2,3,5

Designedfor(loadanddeformation) Corrugatedsheetinside outside(pressure andsuction) Corrugatedsheetoutside(pressure,gravitational) Corrugatedsheetoutside (suction)

AlloweddeflectionL/200 Alloweddeflection L/300

Conceptualdesign


2kN/m suction Span 5m Structuralsystem 5 Analysistype 2,3,5

Static system no. 5 Z Profile

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